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Ganztagsförderung für Grundschulkinder: Organisationsmodelle und Beschäftigungsbedingungen (Ganz-OB). Projektbericht, September 2025
No full textDer hier vorliegende Projektbericht gibt einen Überblick über die Organisation der Ganztagsförderung in Deutschland und die mit unterschiedlichen Organisationsmodellen verbundenen Potenziale und Herausforderungen. Er enthält zunächst eine Übersicht über die Gestaltung und Durchführung des Projekts GanzOB, die mit Verweisen auf weitere Publikationen verbunden ist, in denen Projektergebnisse zu unterschiedlichen Schwerpunktthemen vertieft dargestellt oder mit weiteren Erkenntnissen aus dem Themencluster am IAQ verknüpft wurden (1). Im Anschluss wird ein bundesweiter Überblick über unterschiedliche Systeme und Organisationsmodelle der Ganztagsförderung gegeben (2), der anhand von Darstellungen von vier Ländern mit sehr unterschiedlichen Systemen exemplarisch vertieft wird (3). Darauf folgt eine zusammenfassende Auswertung zu den Potenzialen und Herausforderungen, die mit unterschiedlichen Organisationsmodellen verbunden sind (4).Gefördert von der Max-Traeger-Stiftun
Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Evidence and policy guidelines for developing economies
No full textThis article offers a comprehensive review of Artificial Intelligence's (AI) effects on global labour markets, with a particular focus on developing economies. Drawing on an extensive body of evidence, it demonstrates that AI's disruptive potential diverges markedly from earlier waves of automation, extending its reach into occupations once deemed insulated-especially those demanding advanced education and complex cognitive abilities. The analysis reveals significant heterogeneity in AI exposure across countries at different development stages and among workers distinguished by skill sets, educational attainment, age, and gender, underscoring its unequal distributional consequences. To harness AI's benefits while safeguarding vulnerable groups, we propose four strategic policy levers: bolstering digital infrastructure, expanding vocational training and lifelong upskilling programmes, formalising labour markets, and integrating AI tools within social protection delivery. Collectively, these measures foster a human centred adoption of AI, bridge the digital divide, and promote inclusive growth, thereby mitigating adverse impacts on employment and wages
Energy-Efficiency Standards for Consumer Durables: Investment Decisions, Rebound Effects, and Distributional Consequences
No full textFrom Chalkboards to Steam Engines: Early Adoption of Compulsory Schooling, Innovation, and Industrialization
No full textEmpirical evidence on the historical role of Compulsory Schooling Laws (CSL) for the spread of mass education is mixed at best. This is also due to the difficulty of identifying exogenous variation in the application of CSL. We exploit an almost unique feature of a CSL in 1877 Italy which was gradually implemented across municipalities based on the teacher to population ratio. This criterion generates a sharp discontinuity which can be exploited to estimate the causal effect of the early implementation of CSL on economic outcomes. Estimates based on a regression discontinuity design show that CSL had a positive long-term effect on innovation and industrial employment. Consistent with the main objective of the reform, CSL had a positive effect on human capital by increasing enrollment rates in technical schools and, more in general, the literacy rate. The results are robust to a series of placebo, falsification and manipulation tests. This study provides important policy implications in favor of the early implementation of CSL to increase the average level of education which, in turns, brings about positive effects on innovation and industrialization
Assessing the Impact of Institutions on Social Development
No full textThis paper examines the impact of institutions on income inequality in 27 European Union member states over the period 2011-2022, using the method Panel Estimated Generalized Least Squares. To catch the quality of institutions we used World Governance Indicators published by World Bank, especially those related to rule of law and political stability and absence of violence/terrorism. The results confirmed a negative relationship between institutional quality (rule of law, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism) and income inequality, indicating that the quality of the rules driving human action really matter and influences the dynamic of social development. In addition, we used additional variables to improve the quality of the model, by using variables related to labour market, education and household sectors. In this respect, we found a positive association between income inequality and other explanatory factors, such as school dropout, unemployment rate and the housing cost overburden rate. Even if the model is limited to five income inequality drivers, we have demonstrated that the calculated coefficients are not affected by multicollinearity or other model issues. In this respect, the estimation provides high confidence results, which can be fully taken into consideration by governments, when drafting policy measures oriented to tackle income inequality
Survey: One Year into the COVID-19 Crisis - Views of the Self-employed
No full textIn spring 2021, DIW Berlin, ZEW Mannheim, and the University of Trier conducted an online survey among self-employed persons to collect data about the situation of the self-employed in Germany one year after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The online survey was disseminated in cooperation with the Verband der Gründer und Selbstständigen Deutschland (VGSD) e.V. and other professional associations. The questionnaire includes 58 questions and focuses on the following topics: impact of the pandemic on the venture, financial situation during the pandemic, application for government support programs, business strategies to overcome the crisis, assessments of the future, well-being, and sociodemographic and business-related characteristics
Place-based approach to rural development: Ethiopia in context
No full textPlace-specific socioeconomic features are unique and, unlike first-nature geography, are shaped and reshaped by human and institutional interactions. In Ethiopia, however, policy thinking has not progressed much beyond first-nature geography, overlooking the multidimensional socio-spatial formations of rural areas. This study, based on nationally representative socioeconomic panel data from 2018/19 and 2021/22, used a place-based framework to explore the complex nature of rural development and its relationship with multidimensional, place-specific key determinants, namely rurality and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Indices for the key variables were developed by reducing their dimensions using Principal Component Analysis to measure multidimensional variables, including rural development, and undertake subsequent examinations. The study examines the effects of the key determinants on rural development using the Fixed Effects Instrumental Variables-Two-Stage Least Squares regression model, owing to endogeneity concerns with the key determinants. The study shows significant effects of both rurality and entrepreneurial ecosystems on rural development. It offers insights into the complex socio-spatial formations and explanatory power of rural contexts and contributes to the understanding of a place-based approach to rural development. The study also contributes to national and sub-national strategies to address rural challenges in Ethiopia and beyond
Do non-compete agreements help or hurt workers? Evidence from the NLSY97
No full textWhile non-compete agreements (NCs) are prevalent, the incentives driving their use and their causal effects on workers remain poorly understood. We develop a model with asymmetric information to show that NCs shift the nature of allocative inefficiency by reducing inefficient quits and increasing inefficient retention, while mitigating the canonical hold-up problem. The model predicts that NCs are more likely to be used in industries with high returns on industry-specific investments, and that signers have longer job tenures, higher wages, and receive more firm-provided investment than similar workers without such agreements. To test these predictions, we use panel data from the NLSY97 and a difference-in-differences research design to estimate the causal impact of signing an NC. We find that NCs raise job tenures by 6% and lead to an immediate wage increase of 10%. Six years after signing, the wage premium falls to 5%. There is also substantial heterogeneity across worker demographics, with non-White, non-college and lower-wage workers experiencing lower wage-growth after signing an NC. While the theory links NCs to firm investment, we find no evidence of increased investment in formal training, suggesting investments prompted by the agreement are likely informal. Our findings caution against blanket bans on NC usage, favoring a more targeted approach focusing on lower-wage workers
N-tuple network search in Othello using genetic algorithms
No full textAs one of the strongest Othello agents, Edax employs an n-tuple network to evaluate the board, with points of interest represented as tuples. However, this network maintains a constant shape throughout the game, whereas the points of interest in Othello vary with respect to game’s progress. The present study was conducted to optimize the shape of the n-tuple network using a genetic algorithm to maximize final score prediction accuracy for a certain number of moves. We selected shapes for 18-, 22-, 26-, 30-, 34-, 38-, 42-, and 46-move configurations, and constructed an agent that appropriately shapes an n-tuple network depending on the progress of the game. Consequently, agents using the n-tuple network developed in this study exhibited a winning rate of 75%. This method is independent of game characteristics and can optimize the shape of larger (or smaller) N-tuple networks
Support for renewable energy: The case of wind power
No full textThe rise of societal goals like climate change mitigation and energy security calls for rapid capacity growth in renewable electricity sources, yet citizens' support is put to a test when such technologies emit negative local externalities. We estimate the impact of wind turbine deployment on granular measures of revealed preferences for renewable electricity in product and political markets. We address potentially endogenous siting of turbines with an IV design that exploits quasi-experimental variation in profitability induced by subsidies. We find that wind turbines significantly reduce citizens' support locally, but this effect quickly fades with distance from the site. We assess policy instruments for enhancing citizens' support for renewable energy in light of our results