Publikationer från Uppsala Universitet
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Psychotic-like experiences in young offenders : Prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and personality traits
No full textPsychotic-like experiences (PLEs) i.e., subthreshold psychotic symptoms, which include hallucinatory experiences (HE) and delusional beliefs (DB) are common in adolescents in the general population. However, much less is known about their occurrence in young offenders. To address this deficit, the current study examined PLEs and their associated features in a sample of young offenders in Russia. A semi-structured psychiatric interview (the K-SADS-PL) and self-reports were used to assess the prevalence of PLEs, psychopathology and personality traits in 370 incarcerated male young offenders (Mean age=16.4 (SD=0.9)). Chi-square tests and independent samples t-tests were employed to assess mental health problems and compare personality traits in adolescents with and without PLEs. We found that adolescents with lifetime HE (n= 94, 25.4%) and DB (n= 67, 18.1%) differed from their non-PLE counterparts in terms of having higher rates of major depression, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance dependence and scored higher on social and attention problems, aggressive and self-destructive behavior and externalizing problems. Adolescents with lifetime DB scored higher on novelty seeking and self-transcendence, and lower on self-directedness. We also found that adolescents with HE reported a similar personality pattern, but the difference in novelty seeking was not significant. Study findings demonstrate that PLEs are common in young offenders and are associated with an increased prevalence of other mental health problems and with certain personality traits. These findings suggest there is a need for effective screening and assessment procedures to enable timely identification and potential interventions for PLEs in incarcerated youth
Prospects for detecting generic fast-time features in the neutrino lightcurve of nearby supernovae in neutrino telescopes
No full textNeutrino emission offers a direct probe into the hydrodynamics and energy transport processes within a supernova. Fast-time variations in the neutrino luminosity and mean energy can provide insights into phenomena like turbulence, convection, and shock revival. In this paper, we explore the detection capabilities of large-volume neutrino telescopes such as the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and the planned IceCube-Gen2 detector in identifying generic fast-time features in the neutrino lightcurve. We also investigate the potential enhancement in detection sensitivity using wavelength shifters, which can improve light collection efficiency. By employing a short-time Fourier transform analysis, we quantify the excess power in the frequency spectrum arising from fast-time modulations and compute the detection horizon for a range of generic models. We find that with IceCube we can already see the strongest modulation models (>50% amplitude) for progenitors located anywhere in the Milky Way. Sensitivity to weaker modulations (>20% amplitude) is possible in future detectors like IceCube-Gen2, in particular with the use of wavelength shifters. For all detector configurations, the frequency and central time of the fast-time feature at the 5 sigma detection horizon can be measured with a resolution of 7.0 Hz and 17 ms, respectively
Hormonal adaptations to weight loss : Responses to an oral glucose load 4 weeks after obesity surgery and low-energy diet
No full textAims: In addition to weight loss, obesity surgery (OS) leads to metabolic improvements that seem at least partly independent of weight loss and are also mediated by various endocrine pathways and the brain. For the first time, we compared the short-term effects of weight loss achieved by either OS or a low-energy diet (LED) on several hormonal systems, at fasting and upon an oral glucose challenge. Materials and Methods: This study presents sub-analyses from a randomized controlled trial including 24 participants with obesity but without diabetes (BMI 35-45 kg/m(2)), randomized 2:1 to either OS or 4-week LED leading to comparable weight loss. Circulating levels of gut, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid hormones, glucagon, insulin-like growth factor-1 and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured at baseline and 4 weeks after either intervention, both at fasting and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results: At 4 weeks, similar weight loss was achieved for the two interventions (7.7 for OS vs. 7.4% for LED). glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY secretion during the OGTT increased after OS (p < 0.001 for OGTT(AUC) for both hormones), but not LED, while glucagon secretion remained unaffected. Adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and prolactin levels during OGTT were increased after OS (p = 0.04, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively), while parathyroid hormone levels were decreased (p = 0.007). Fasting triiodothyronine levels were reduced after OS (p = 0.01). Fasting sex hormone-binding globulin levels decreased after both interventions (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Rapid and extensive hormonal changes occur after OS, but not LED, despite similar weight loss. Of note, few differences were seen in the fasting state, whereas multiple endocrine pathways were affected during the oral glucose challenge. The findings suggest altered responses to oral glucose after OS in several hypothalamus-pituitary endocrine axes and peripheral endocrine glands
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of loss of consciousness on clinical outcomes in mild traumatic brain injury
No full textWhile loss of consciousness (LOC) is a key factor in assessing head injuries, its impact on clinical outcomes, including persistent post-concussive symptoms, mental health disorders, quality of life, and neurodegeneration, remains unclear. This systematic review explores the association of LOC in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) with clinical outcomes such as mental health, quality of life, and risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Comprehensive systematic review methodology; two electronic databases (PubMed, Embase) were systematically searched from January 1990 to December 2024. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were obtained using a random effects model. A total of 595 studies were assessed with 30 trials meeting inclusion criteria. The presence of LOC is associated with worsened clinical outcomes including persistent post-concussive symptoms (OR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.59-2.25), post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 1.81, 95% CI: 1.54-2.12), depression (OR 2.69, 95% CI: 2.10-3.43), and overall health-related quality of life (OR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.49-2.26). These findings suggest that the role of LOC in the outcomes of mTBI supports a higher risk of poorer short and long-term outcomes. Future studies may investigate variation in post-mTBI sequelae among those with similar LOC timelines
Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production by a Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework Thin Film on p-Type Silicon
No full textThe ongoing demand to power our society dictates the need for fossil-free fuels. Herein, the metal-organic framework (MOF) catalyst Al2(OH)2CoTCPP was grown as a thin film on a p-type silicon semiconductor (SC) for photoelectrochemical (PEC) fuel production. The MOF@Si composite catalyzes hydrogen production under illumination at an applied potential that is 320 mV more positive than that of the same MOF on a dark conducting substrate. An interesting feature of the study relates to the product speciation, as metalloporphyrins are known to catalyze both H2 evolution as well as CO2 reduction. In aqueous bicarbonate electrolyte and in the presence of CO2, hydrogen is detected as the sole product after chronoamperometry (CA). In fact, the MOF@Si composite catalyzed H2 evolution with a faradaic efficiency of close to 100%. The role of the MOF as a catalyst could be established by comparing the current response of the MOF@Si photoelectrode with that of bare silicon, with the former showing more than 30-fold higher currents. Comprehensive characterization of the Al2(OH)2CoTCPP@Si composites by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after PEC experiments confirms the stability of the MOF under the experimental conditions
Generalization of the Schmidt Sphere to Qutrit-Pairs and Geometric Two-Qutrit Schmidt Gates
No full textThe notion of the Schmidt sphere, introduced for qubit-pairs in [Phys. Rev. A 62, 022109 (2000)], is generalized to higher dimensions. The generalization is performed by analogy with how the Bloch sphere is generalized from qubits to qudits of arbitrary dimension d. The qutrit-pair generalization of the Schmidt sphere, consisting of the Schmidt hemisphere and the Schmidt torus, is used as guidance when generalizing the geometric two-qubit Schmidt gates constructed in [Phys. Rev. A 109, 042610 (2024)] to geometric two-qutrit Schmidt gates associated with a particular set of maximally entangled two-qutrit states. Notably, the generalization of this construction required the derivation of a sum rule for geometric phases. Three categories among the obtained two-qutrit gates were identified: general non-maximally entangling gates, phase-type gates, and permutation gates, some with relative phase factors.
Biodegradable Kraft Lignin-Based Agro Hydrogels for Soil Hydration and Slow Release of Urea
No full textNatural polymer-based hydrogels hold significant potential for sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil hydration and enabling the controlled release of nutrients. This study shows an easy synthetic approach to substitute up to 75% of commonly used polyacrylamide (PAAm) for commercial agro hydrogels by kraft lignin, keeping swelling performance on the same level. A new semisynthetic hydrogel has been synthesized via cross-linking of kraft lignin produced via the LignoBoost process (LB) with PAAm. The ratio of LB and PAAm in the hydrogel composition and cross-linking density were optimized to obtain hydrogels with suitable performance properties. Hydrogel samples were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the main characteristics and suggest possible reaction mechanisms and by scanning electron microscopy to study features of the hydrogel network. The investigation of functional properties demonstrated that optimized hydrogel samples with 60% lignin in the composition possess water swelling capacity up to 235 g g–1 and can significantly increase the water retention of the soil when 2.5% hydrogel is added to the substrate. Moreover, obtained lignin-derived hydrogels have the ability to retain and slow-release urea fertilizer. Thus, lignin-derived urea formulations ensure the sustained cumulative release of urea within 8 days under laboratory conditions, while unencapsulated urea possesses a cumulative release of 97% within 1 h. Investigation of biodegradation using a soil burial test showed that weight loss ranges from 9.5% to 14.5% after 40 days for different hydrogel samples. The proposed method of synthesis of lignin-based hydrogels opens new frontiers in advancing sustainable agricultural technologies
Do investors value the ”E” or the ”S” in ESG? : An event study on stock market reaction to the announcement of green and social bonds issuance
No full textThe ESG bond market is rapidly increasing. However, data on how green and social bonds impact the equity market are limited and inconclusive. This event study aims to examine how the equity market reacts to green and social bonds over the years 2016 to 2024 on the global market. To do this we collected 1836 announcements of green bond issuances from 762 unique firms in 47 countries, and 150 announcements from 82 unique firms in 28 countries for social bonds. To calculate abnormal return, we used the market model by MacKinlay (1997). We found that the announcement of green bond issuance generated a significant negative stock market reaction while the announcement for social bonds issuance generated a non-significant reaction without any clear pattern of direction. Additionally, we found that the stock market's reaction to the announcement of green bond issuance varied over the study period. To conclude, our comparison between the findings for green bonds and the social bond respectively indicate that investors seem to place greater value on green bonds compared to social bonds
Synthesis of (-)-8a-epi-Lentiginosine via Tsuji-Trost Reaction of D-Glucose-Derived Allylic Alcohols and Crystal Structure Analysis
No full textAn indolizidine alkaloid, (-)-8a-epi-lentiginosine was synthesized from D-glucose using the Pd-BiPhePhos catalyzed intramolecular Tsuji-Trost reaction of non-derivatized allylic alcohol as a key construction of the hydroxylated pyrrolidine ring to give the desired product in good yield and high stereospecificity (dr = 97:3). The absolute configuration and structure of (-)-8a-epi-lentiginosine were confirmed by NMR and X-ray crystal structure analysis. The crystal structure of (-)-8a-epi-lentiginosne showed the envelope conformation of the five-membered ring, which is an N-atom in the endo-position, and the fused six-membered ring adopts a chair conformation similar to the DFT optimized structure. The solid-state packing is dominated by a 1D-hydrogen-bonded network along the a-axis involving both hydroxyl groups and the amine. The large HOMO-LUMO energy gap indicated the high stability of the compound
Acute effects of 150 mg caffeine on subjective, physiological, and behavioral components of anxiety in panic disorder and healthy controls - A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
No full textBackground: Caffeine in doses above 400 mg, approximately four cups of coffee, induces panic attacks in 50% of individuals with panic disorder (PD) and elevates anxiety, but it is not known how individuals with PD respond to normally consumed doses or how caffeine interacts with emotional tasks. Aims: We hypothesized that 150 mg caffeine would increase subjective anxiety (primary outcome) as well as interoceptive attention and anxiety from bodily signals in patients with PD, and more so than in healthy controls (HCs). Additional analyses targeted panic attacks, emotional reactivity, avoidance behavior, and subjective exteroceptive attention. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with PD and 53 HC with low habitual caffeine consumption (<= 300 mg/week) abstained from caffeine 36 h before receiving 150 mg caffeine or placebo in a double-blind randomized crossover design 2-14 days apart. Results: Contrary to our hypotheses, caffeine did not increase subjective anxiety, interoceptive attention, or anxiety from interoceptive signals. Only one panic attack was noted, in the PD group after caffeine intake during the emotional reactivity task. In both PD and HC, caffeine increased skin conductance responses to neutral and emotional faces, augmented costly avoidance behavior, and impaired exteroceptive attention. These results indicate that low caffeine doses do not have differential anxiogenic effects in patients with PD and HC at rest, and that they increase arousal and avoidance behavior in both PD and healthy individuals. Conclusions: In conclusion, we suggest that recommendations for caffeine abstinence for patients with PD should be based on higher doses and ideally on individual assessments