Publikationer från Uppsala Universitet
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Can ChatGPT recognize impoliteness? An exploratory study of the pragmatic awareness of a large language model
No full textThe practical potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) depends in part on their ability to accurately interpret pragmatic functions. In this article, we assess ChatGPT 3.5’s ability to identify and interpret linguistic impoliteness across a series of text examples. We provided ChatGPT 3.5 with instances of implicational, metalinguistic, and explicit impoliteness, alongside sarcasm, unpalatable questions, erotic talk, and unmarked impolite linguistic behavior, asking (i) whether impoliteness was present, and (ii) its source. We then further tested the bot’s ability to identify impoliteness by asking it to remove it from a series of text examples. ChatGPT 3.5 generally performed well, recognizing both conventionalized lexicogrammatical forms and context-sensitive cases. However, it struggled to account for all impoliteness. In some cases, the model was more sensitive to potentially offensive expressions than humans are, as a result of its design, training and/or inability to sufficiently determine the situational context of the examples. We also found that the model had difficulties sometimes in interpreting impoliteness generated through implicature. Given that impoliteness is a complex and multi-functional phenomenon, we consider our findings to contribute to increasing public awareness not only about the use of AI technologies but also about improving their safety, transparency, and reliability
Cobalt(II)-functionalized 2D covalent organic framework as a heterogeneous catalyst in selective oxidation of benzylic positions
No full textThe Language of Myth and Fairy Tale in the Art of Johan Thurfjell
No full textThis thesis investigates how myth and fairy tale are expressed and transformed in the artistic practice of Swedish contemporary artist Johan Thurfjell. The purpose is to understand how these narrative structures are activated through visual means and how they relate to the artist’s intentions and methods. The study is based on a combination of semiotic image analysis and qualitative interview, and draws on theories from Claude Lévi-Strauss, Joseph Campbell, Carl Jung, Roland Barthes, Mieke Bal, Suzi Gablik and Marina Warner. The analysis shows that myth and saga do not appear as linear narratives or illustrative motifs, but as symbolic and spatial structures that open liminal zones between life and death, dream and wakefulness, or visibility and absence. Thurfjell’s materials and methods, textiles, sculpture, shadow play and light, function as poetic forms for memory, loss and transformation. His references to popular culture (e.g., Bigfoot, Stephen King, Tintin) are used not ironically, but as collective and subjective mythologies. The study concludes that Thurfjell’s art exemplifies a postsecular visual language in which myth functions not as content or explanation, but as a poetic structure for perceiving meaning, the invisible, and the in-between.
Reducing food waste at the root through design for harvest : A Research through Design project addressing unharvested food in Swedish public spaces
No full textA third of the food produced globally is wasted, and addressing food waste early in the food production process is important for reducing the environmental impact. This thesis focuses on the first step of this process: unharvested food, specifically food in public places in Sweden. In Sweden, people are allowed to harvest publicly available food, making this topic suitable. With the use of research through design, this thesis has developed and evaluated an app that aims to support people in harvesting public food, and by so answering the following research question: How can a digital tool be designed for individuals to reduce food waste from unharvested public food in Sweden? This design process included interviews about people’s experiences with gardening and harvesting, ideation sessions connected to Fogg’s persuasive design model, usability testing of lo-fi prototypes to find out what features they liked, and usability testing of the hifi prototypes' ease of use. Key barriers identified were a lack of knowledge about where and when to harvest. The final prototype includes features such as a map with public food locations, a calendar to plan harvesting, and an educational library. However, the most appreciated feature was a map with colour-coded pins showing the food's ripeness, effectively addressing when and where to harvest. The study also highlights that for users to harvest, the app should help make the behaviour feel legally and socially acceptable. This study shows how user-centred design, informed by persuasive design principles, can support environmentally sustainable behaviour by increasing accessibility, awareness, and acceptance around public food, which can lead to reduced food waste.
Perceptions of Hotels on Gotland Towards Eco-Certification
No full textThis study explores the perceptions of hotels on Gotland, Sweden, regarding eco-certification, focusing on understanding the awareness, challenges, benefits, and opportunities that influence their decision to adopt or not adopt it. Using a combination of surveys and interviews, the study reveals that hotels are aware of and perceive the benefits of eco-certification positively, however, the actual adoption of such certificates is low. Several barriers exist, including the high costs, time demands, and administrative burdens associated with the certification process. The findings highlight the need for increased support for hotels seeking certification and call for more flexible, contextspecific certification systems that accommodate the diverse capacities of different types of hotels. Notably, many hotels reported engaging in sustainable practices independently, even without formal certification. This research contributes to the field of sustainable tourism by offering insights into the hotel sector’s views on Gotland regarding eco-certification and by recommending ways to make the certification process more accessible and relevant.
Optimization of spatiotemporally fractionated radiation therapy for brain cancer patients : Spatiotemporal fractionation schemes for SRS treatment of patients with multiple brain metastases
No full textBackground: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is increasingly preferred to whole-brain radiotherapy for a limited amount of brain metastases, but its extension to patients with many lesions is not without controversy. Concerns regarding distant brain failure, dose spillage and treatment times have put SRS into question as a viable treatment approach. This thesis investigates whether spatiotemporally fractionated (STF) plans, where the dose distribution between fractions may vary, can improve the therapeutic ratio for such patients. A constrained approach to STF plans (cSTF) is also proposed, with the goal of improving robustness. Method: Spatiotemporal fractionation schemes aim at an improvement in therapeutic ratio by achieving some degree hypofractionation in lesions, and hyperfractionation in healthy tissue, by varying the dose distribution in targets with a more uniform fractionation in healthy tissue. Three fraction intensity-modulated plans were generated in RayStation for two representative cases: Patient A (6 metastases) and Patient B (28 metastases). Fluence map optimization was performed directly, with convertion of fluence dose to biologically effective dose (BED). Additionally, a constrained approach to spatiotemporal fractionation schemes forced each fraction to treat the entire lesion in the cSTF formulation, which should improve robustness while preserving the ability to vary the total dose on the lesion. Plans were assessed with mean BED to normal brain, V60BED2 and V60BED2 Gy BED, gradient (GI) and conformity (CI) indices, and D98 to each planning target volume (PTV). Results: For Patient A, STF lowered mean brain BED2 by 9% but increased the volume of healthy tissue receiving high doses, whereas cSTF achieved a comparable 9% BED reduction with only a 3% rise in V84BED2 Gy and achieved similar tumor control, compared to uniformly fractionated plans. For patient B, STF reduced mean BED by 12% with an increase in V84BED2 of 5%. cSTF presented the largest benefit of 19% reduction in mean BED together with 13% and 7% reductions in V60BED2 and V84BED2 , respectively, while maintaining adequate BED10 D98 in almost all targets. Conclusions: Spatiotemporal fractionation schemes can reduce the biological dose delivered to the healthy brain, but the unconstrained form may compromise robustness and increase volumes of healthy tissue receiving higher doses. The cSTF approach retains the reduction of biological dose, yields dose distributions more similar to that of clinical practice, all with no increase in high dose areas of healthy brain and similar tumor control. These findings suggest that cSTF is a promising step toward clinically deliverable SRS plans with spatiotemporal fractionation schemes. Future work should focus on robustness analysis and machine-parameter optimization to investigate and review the demonstrated spatiotemporally fractionated plans as clinically deliverable treatment plans
In Situ Modeling of Mass Deposition Rates in a Magnetron Sputtering System
No full textWith various applications in the energy sector, thin film technology is more relevant than ever. Knowledge of how to create thin films with different elements and material properties is essential in order to advance next-generation technologies. Therefore, this project aims to model the mass deposition rates of five different sources in a magnetron sputtering system to improve thin film research. The project is conducted at Uppsala University, with the goal of developing different mathematical models in order to predict the mass deposition rates on the substrate in the sputtering chamber. Three single-source models are developed and their accuracy at three different points are compared, using quartz crystal microbalances. The models’ predictions are also compared to ex situ composition measurements of thin film substrates. Furthermore, two additional co-sputtering models are developed to consider adjustments of the predictions when two sources are sputtered simultaneously. The results show that the “exponential model” is the most accurate single-source model and the “delta model” is the most accurate adjustment model for co-sputtering
Manufacturing of a prototype silver-gold coated fused-silica capillary for direct infusion probe nano electrospray ionization
No full textAdolescent and parental proxy online record access : analysis of the empirical evidence based on four bioethical principles
No full textDuring recent decades, providing patients with access to their electronic health records (EHRs) has advanced in healthcare. In the European Union (EU), the General Data Protection Regulation provides individuals with the right to check their data in registries such as EHRs. A proposal for a European Health Data Space has been launched, which will further strengthen patients’ right to have online access to their EHRs throughout Europe. Against these policy changes, scant attention has been paid to the ethical question about whether adolescents and parents should access the adolescent’s EHR, and if so, under what conditions
Getting ready to reach more vulnerable : Comparing Spanish and Swedish Red Cross work in responding to increased climate related & urban disasters.
No full textAbstract: Climate related disasters such as heatwaves and floods increase in Europe, thus actors such as civil society organizations (CSOs) have reason to adapt their work in support of populations. This case study looks at the Disaster Risk Management related work of two CSOs; Spanish Red Cross and Swedish Red Cross as they have auxiliary, supporting roles to their respective state authorities before, during and after disasters. Through their staff and volunteers, they reach people in vulnerable situations in a principled way. They also advocate towards authorities to drive improvements when gaps in basic services, participation, and inclusion are identified. I explore the following research problem: Given the anticipated increase in floods and heatwaves in urban cities in Europe; how are the Spanish and Swedish Red Cross working to reach people with support before, during and after disasters? Focus of the study is on work in urban areas. Method; mainly literature review and semi-structured interviews. Findings include that the studied CSOs see the importance of: investing in capacity enhancement to build sense of urgency, common approach and diversity across the own Red Cross organizations, understanding that community trust-building takes time, using flexible approaches to reach different target groups and partnerships, ensuring coordination with stakeholders to provide good service, fight misinformation and advocate for investments related to climate change related disaster preparedness. These learnings have potential to influence other Red Cross or Red Crescent National Societies, but potentially also other CSOs and the authorities they collaborate with.