Publikationer från Uppsala Universitet
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A stable finite difference method for Vlasov-Poisson equations
No full textThe Vlasov-Poisson equations describe the dynamics of collisionless plasmas, capturing the self-consistent interaction between particle motion and the electric field. These equations are foundational in plasma physics and astrophysics, with applications in galaxy dynamics, fusion research, and space physics. Solving the Vlasov-Poisson system is challenging due to its high dimensionality and the need for stable and accurate numerical methods. In this work, we develop a high-order finite difference approximation for the Vlasov-Poisson equations, introducing a novel grid-based two-dimensional two-velocity framework that enables detailed resolution of velocity-space dynamics. Our method incorporates summation-by-parts operators up to ninth-order accuracy for spatial discretization and effectively handles a variety of boundary conditions, ensuring strict stability and computational efficiency
Urbanization and Child Development
No full textIn recent decades, the rate of urbanization has been rapid, transforming the world and the people that take part in this global trend. Urbanization has often been studied and discussed with a focus on adults, societies, and social dynamics, without an emphasis on the psychological processes of young members of society, the children that grow up in transition. This review aims to address the significant and complex relationship between urbanization and child development, focusing on physical health, mental health, and cognitive outcomes. By outlining some of the links between socioeconomic themes associated with urbanization (i.e., internal migration, poverty, income inequality, neighborhoods, and discrimination) and by discussing their role in development, the present review situates the child in the urban context. Taken together, the relevant evidence suggests that urbanization, as a multidimensional construct, brings benefits and poses some risk factors for development. Therefore, a greater focus on the characteristics of the economic, cultural, and social context shaped by urbanization is essential for an in-depth understanding of urbanization and child development
Pharmacogenomics in pediatric oncology patients with solid tumors related to chemotherapy-induced toxicity : A systematic review
No full textChemotherapy-induced toxicities remain challenging in pediatric oncology, affecting patient outcomes, hospital stays, and quality of life. Genetic variation can partly explain these toxicities, and pharmacogenomics could potentially optimize treatment. This review provides an overview of pharmacogenomic studies in relation to chemotherapy-induced toxicity in children with solid tumors. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science following PRISMA guidelines. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility, risk of bias using ROBINS-I, and extracted data. Out of 9000 articles screened, 279 were deemed relevant, and 59 met the inclusion criteria by focusing on children with solid tumors and pharmacogenomics in relation to chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Following risk of bias assessment, 24 articles with low to moderate risk of bias were summarized. Identifying specific SNPs associated with toxicities proved challenging due to variability across studies. For methotrexate, the genes ABCC2, MTHFR, and SXR were associated with myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity. The genes ABCC3, COMT, ERCC2, GSTP1, GSTT1, LRP2, SLC22A2, and TPMT showed associations with ototoxicity due to platinum-based drugs. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity was associated with CBR2, CELF4, GSTM1, HAS3, RARG, and SLC28A3, and further with HNMT and SLC22A2 in younger children, with ABCB4 in females, and with SULT2B1 in males. A dose-dependent effect of CELF4 on cardiotoxicity was noted with anthracycline doses over 300 mg/m2. This review highlights the complexity and variability of pharmacogenomic associations with chemotherapy-induced toxicities in pediatric oncology. While certain genetic variants show associations with specific toxicities, larger multinational/center studies are needed to strengthen the associations and improve clinical guidelines
Grafitkristallinitet och metamorfa temperaturuppskattningar med användning av RSCM i Storsjön-Edsbyn deformationszon, Sverige
No full textGraphite is a significant mineral in the geological field due to its ability to estimate the metamorphic temperature of its host rock. This study investigates the crystallinity and thermal maturity of graphite-bearing metamorphic rocks from two localities in central Sweden. One from the western part of the Ljusdal unit (MA9005) and another from the northwestern part of the Bergslagen unit (SLH241008A). Both areas are a part of the Svecofennian orogeny and are situated in the Storsjön-Edsbyn Deformation Zone (SEDZ).Optical microscopy was used to examine the graphite as well as identify the mineral assemblage of the rocks and the textural position of graphite relative to the temperature estimations. Raman spectroscopy was performed on thin sections to assess graphite crystallinity and estimate the metamorphic temperature using the Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous matter (RSCM method). The spectral data, including D1, D2 and G, were analyzed using a software called Fityk, after applying baseline correction and Voigt peak fitting. Multiple data point was compared throughout the two samples.The results revealed that temperature estimation reached beyond the calibration range, exceeding 650°C. This result is higher than the previously documented metamorphic temperature of the area. Importantly, the highly ordered graphite withstood pervasive hydrothermal alteration of the studied rocks, demonstrating the advantages of RCSM thermometry in highly altered rocks.Grafit är ett betydelsefullt mineral inom geovetenskapen på grund av dess förmåga att uppskatta den metamorfa temperaturen hos den inhibiterade bergarten. Denna studie undersöker det kristallina och termala förhållandet hos grafitbärande metamorfa bergarter tagna från två orter i centrala Sverige. En kommer från den västra delen av Ljusdals litotektoniska enhet (MA9005) och en annan från den nordvästra delen av Bergslagens litotektoniska enhet (SLH241008A). Båda områdena är en del av Svecofenniska orogenesen och är belägna inom Storsjön-Edsbyn deformationszon (SEDZ). Optisk mikroskopi användes för att undersöka grafiten såväl mineralsammansättningen egenskaper som den textuella positionen i förhållande till temperaturuppskattningarna. Raman-spektroskopi utfördes på tunnslip för att bedöma grafitens kristallinitet och uppskatta den metamorfa temperaturen med hjälp av Raman-spektroskopi på kolhaltigt material (RSCM-metoden). De spektrala data, inklusive D1, D2 och G, analyserades med ett program som heter Fityk, efter baslinjekorrigering och Voigt-anpassning av topparna. Flera datapunkter jämfördes mellan de två proverna.Resultaten visade att temperaturuppskattningarna överskred kalibreringsområdet, över 650 °C. Detta resultat visar högre än tidigare dokumenterat metamorftemperaturer i området. Väsentligt är att den höggradigt ordnade grafiten motstod den genomgripande hydrotermala omvandlingen i de studerade bergarterna, vilket visar på fördelarna med RSCM-termometri i kraftigt omvandlade bergarter.
Characteristics, Motivations, and Preferences of Healthy Volunteers in Phase I Clinical Trials in Sweden
No full textThis study examined the characteristics, experiences, motivations, and preferences of healthy volunteers participating in Phase I clinical trials in Sweden. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 135 healthy volunteers who had participated in at least one Phase I clinical trial from 2021 to 2024. Volunteers considered trial personnel, financial compensation, and regulatory review and approval as highly important factors in their decision to participate. Willingness to participate varied depending on trial characteristics, with greater reluctance for trials involving discomfort or perceived higher risks. Experiences, motivations, and preferences were comparable irrespective of age, gender, occupation, or income. Participants had disproportionately low incomes but reported financial satisfaction comparable to the general population. Unlike findings in other regions, there was no overrepresentation of migrants or the unemployed. Insights from this study can help guide trial design considerations to facilitate equitable recruitment and reduce the burden of participation
Misinformation, Narratives, and Intergroup Attitudes : Evidence from India
No full textMuch research examines citizens' beliefs in misinformation and whether these beliefs can be corrected, but we know far less about how misinformation impacts social attitudes. We propose that misinformation can induce affective shifts that increase out-group animosity and fuel polarization. Politicians amplify these effects by embedding misinformation into larger narratives of threat from out-groups. We conduct a preregistered vignette experiment following the 2021 elections in West Bengal, India, exposing respondents to a misinformation message that invokes salient identity cleavages. We randomize whether citizens are asked about intergroup attitudes before or after exposure to misinformation and find that treated respondents report more hostile out-group attitudes. Corrective information fails to mitigate these negative effects, suggesting that the effects of misinformation may not operate through citizens' factual beliefs. While it is known that directional motives aid the proliferation of misinformation on social media, our study shows that misinformation itself can exacerbate social cleavages
Harnessing the Efficiency of Twin Boron Nitride and Graphene Monolayers for Anticancer Drug Delivery : Insights from DFT
No full textAn extensive amount of research has been focused on the development of state-of-the-art methodologies for drug administration. In this study, we have utilized density functional theory (DFT) for assessing the ability of a Twin monolayer of boron nitride and graphene, i.e., Twin-BN and Twin-Gr monolayer, as a carrier for delivering four anticancer drugs (ACDs) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine (GC), cyclophosphamide (CP), and mercaptopurine (6-MP). Also, the properties of all drug molecules along with the Twin-BN and Twin-Gr and the complex of the ACD-Twin-BN/Gr monolayer were investigated to explore the usefulness of the Twin-BN and Twin-Gr monolayer as ACD carrier. The interaction between the monolayers and ACDs confirmed that the adsorption is feasible as the adsorption energy ranged from -0.41 eV to -0.95 eV in the case of Twin-BN, while it ranged from -0.43 eV to -0.61 eV in the case of Twin-Gr. Additionally, the change in the band gap of the Twin-BN and Twin-Gr monolayers after the adsorption of ACDs was considerable. We can conclude that among both monolayers, Twin-BN can be utilized as a highly effective carrier for delivering ACDs. Our findings showed that the monolayer Twin-BN could be explored as a drug transporter for highly efficient carrying of the considered ACDs
Triangulating Peace : How Adversaries Build Sustainable Peace through Negotiated Settlements
No full textHow do adversaries build sustainable peace through negotiated settlements? The last few decades of conflict resolution efforts across the globe have provided us with an extensive body of knowledge and experience on pathways out of protracted and seemingly unsolvable armed conflicts. In this study, we set out to discuss more precisely how this transformation can come about. We do so by exploring three important turning points on the path from war to peace: the opening of negotiations, the reaching of peace agreements, and the establishment of durable peace. We depart from a triangular model of conflict resolution, which suggests that there are three dimensions to all conflicts, each of which must be transformed or managed to achieve sustainable peace: the conflict issues at stake, the parties' violent conflict behavior, and their contentious conflict attitudes. Illustrative examples from twelve cases of conflict resolution are provided. The primary intended audience for this study is peace practitioners who are struggling to address and resolve protracted civil wars
Growing up in the shadow of HIV : post-AIDS generation of HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Sweden and their perceptions of HIV and stigma
No full textDespite growing understanding and acceptance of the concept of Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) among gay men, HIV stigma remains a burden for people living with HIV. This study explored perceptions of HIV among HIV seronegative gay men in Sweden in this new context. Using snowball sampling, 15 gay men born between 1980 and 2000 were recruited to the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and data were subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. Men grew up experiencing gay stigma and were repeatedly informed by parents, schools, communities, peers, and popular culture about the dangers of HIV, and that gay men were a high-risk group. As men grew older, and the premise of HIV shifted dramatically due to U = U, some remained emotionally anchored to the pre-U = U era, while others realigned their perceptions, often after a process of reconciling emotional responses (e.g. HIV = death) with the logical-rational claims made about U = U. The study highlights key areas for future efforts, namely establishing a balance between HIV education strategies and stigma reduction initiatives. Study findings underscore the need to care for the memory of those lost during the crisis years, while also addressing the stigma faced by those currently living with HIV
First notes on Muno (Papua New Guinea)
No full textMuno [grx] is an endangered language spoken by about 1500 people in Sandaun province, Papua New Guinea. Muno is only sparsely documented. The author reports previous documentation work done on the language and describes some linguistic features of Muno, especially relating to verb morphology, based on recent fieldwork data. Currently Muno is considered an isolate, and its linguistic classification is also briefly discussed