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The Third Generation of an Arriviste Family: William Cecil, Second Earl of Salisbury, and the Consolidation of Noble Status in Unpropitious and Tumultuous Times
Get PDFThis PhD dissertation is a biographical study of the life and political career of the second earl of Salisbury (1591-1668). It examines his early life and the preparation for the aristocratic role he would be expected to play. It looks at the early influences he experienced in his highly politicised home and also from Pembroke, Raleigh, Harrington, Buckingham, as well as in the courts of King James and Prince Henry.
The second and third chapters discuss how he dealt with the deaths of his father and Prince Henry, which came at a crucial point in his life. He had to finish the first earl’s building programme and settle the debts that had been incurred by him. These chapters also look at the care he gave his family and staff; the rationalisation of his inheritance; and his success in passing on a large patrimony to his family.
The final four chapters deal with his long political career. They look at the difficulties he faced to get a Court appointment, the problems he experienced with Buckingham and the troubles he met later with King Charles’s personal rule and his anti-Calvinist policies. He was a loyal courtier, who also served as a competent Lord Lieutenant for thirty years and a Privy Counsellor for fifteen. Despite this he displayed an independent streak and was prepared to stand his ground when the occasion demanded, although he was cautious enough to be pragmatic where his sovereign was involved and did not risk political suicide. He could not be counted as a front rank political leader, but he was able, because he did not allow himself to be identified with any faction, to influence those lords who occupied the middle ground.
In the fraught years of 1641-2 he tried to bring the king and Parliament together, even risking his inheritance by going to York contrary to a Lords’ order. When civil war broke out he continued to work to bring the two sides together, whilst maintaining his loyalty to Parliament. After Charles’s execution he served Parliament in the Commons and also in Cromwell’s Council of State.
The thesis brings out Salisbury’s devotion to Calvinism and the part this played in his actions. It also deals with the stain that his reputation has suffered from historians who have neglected him and accepted unthinkingly the royalist Clarendon’s judgement.
Whilst researching this thesis the rapid introduction of digitisation has seen an increase in the material available to the student at home. This has increased the hours available for study and decreased travelling costs. I have found this beneficial but can see that younger students would not enjoy the increased isolation
An annotated critical edition of Emperor Manuel II Palaeolgus' Seven Ethico-political Orations.
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Control of Electrons through Patterning of Superstructures in Sodium Cobaltate
Get PDFSodium Cobaltate (NaxCoO2) has emerged as a material of exceptional scientific and technological interest since it is among the best P-type thermoelectric materials.
The superstructures in pure NaxCoO2 templates the Coulomb landscape on the Co layers and is found to control the physical properties. The combination of the high electrical conductivity in the Co layers with the low thermal conductivity due to the rattling of sodium ions in cages, are the precise conditions for thermoelectric materials with high figures of merit. Replacing Na by divalent ions was reported to lead to a dramatic improvement in thermoelectric performance. The superstructures of NaxCayCoO2 and NaxSryCoO2 have been determined by Laue diffraction using neutrons on SXD at ISIS and x-rays at Royal Holloway. Reverse Monte-Carlo methods were used to determine Na ion patterning including the locations of the divalent ions. Co and O displacements were also determined that show buckling following the Na structure. In the doped systems we find completely new multi-vacancy clusters. Di-vacancies form in Ca doped systems where the divalent ion sits at the central site. In the Sr doped systems two new superlattices are observed, explained by the clustering of separated Sr ions with associated vacancies. Multiple valence states have been detected by NMR, which is a local probe, but spatial charge ordering in the cobalt layer has not previously been observed. We report new measurements using Resonant X-ray Scattering on the Materials and Magnetism beamline I16 at Diamond. We find resonant x-ray scattering with the same periodicity as the sodium superstructure, directly demonstrating that the electronic ordering in these cobalt layers is controlled by the sodium ordering. We are able to reproduce the energy, polarisation and azimuthal dependencies of the resonant x-ray scattering in calculations using the FDMNES code
Change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior
No full textDue to the increased frequency of organizational changes, predicting employees’ voluntary involvement in the development of organizational practices and individual work is of particular importance in organizational psychology. This study focused upon change-oriented organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) as an expression of openness to change values, and also upon psychological factors which can moderate the value-behaviour relationship. We propose that personal values, group identification and a sense of power interact in predicting change-oriented OCB of employees. One hundred and eighty-four employees rated their values, their identification with the work unit and their sense of power. In line with our predictions, the results showed that openness to change values and work unit identification interacted positively in predicting supervisor-rated change-oriented OCB in workers with a high sense of power, but not in workers with a low sense of power. This finding suggests that workers who have a high sense of power and are highly identified with the work unit tend to pursue their openness to change values in a way that contributes to the organization. The authors further conclude that an interactive approach, rather than one of direct effect, is advantageous when studying values as antecedents to change-oriented OCB
Change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior
No full textDue to the increased frequency of organizational changes, predicting employees’ voluntary involvement in the development of organizational practices and individual work is of particular importance in organizational psychology. This study focused upon change-oriented organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) as an expression of openness to change values, and also upon psychological factors which can moderate the value-behaviour relationship. We propose that personal values, group identification and a sense of power interact in predicting change-oriented OCB of employees. One hundred and eighty-four employees rated their values, their identification with the work unit and their sense of power. In line with our predictions, the results showed that openness to change values and work unit identification interacted positively in predicting supervisor-rated change-oriented OCB in workers with a high sense of power, but not in workers with a low sense of power. This finding suggests that workers who have a high sense of power and are highly identified with the work unit tend to pursue their openness to change values in a way that contributes to the organization. The authors further conclude that an interactive approach, rather than one of direct effect, is advantageous when studying values as antecedents to change-oriented OCB
A model for dynamic reconfiguration in service-oriented architectures
No full textThe importance of modelling the dynamic characteristics of the architecture of software systems has long been recognised. However, the nature of the dynamics of service-oriented applications goes beyond what is currently addressed by architecture description languages (ADLs). At the heart of the service-oriented approach is the logical separation between the service need and the need-fulfillment mechanism, i.e., the provision of the service: the binding between the requester and the provider is deferred to run time and established at the instance level, i.e., each time the need for the service arises. As a consequence, computation in the context of service-oriented architectures transforms not only the states of the components that implement applications but also the configurations of those applications. In this paper, we present a model for dynamic reconfiguration that is general enough to support the definition of ADLs that are able to address the full dynamics of service-oriented applications. As an instance of the model, we present a simple service-oriented ADL derived from the modelling language srml that we developed in the Sensoria project. © 2012 Springer-Verlag
Disappearing decalage: Object search in light and dark at 6 months
No full textInfants search for an object hidden by an occluder in the light months later than one hidden by darkness. One explanation attributes this décalage to easier action demands in darkness versus occlusion, whereas another attributes it to easier representation demands in darkness versus occlusion. However, search tasks typically confound these two types of demands. This paper presents a search task that unconfounds them to better address these two explanations of the 'dark advantage'. Objects were hidden by submersion in liquid instead of occlusion with a screen, allowing infants to search with equally simple actions in light versus dark. In Experiment 1, 6-month-olds unexpectedly showed a dark disadvantage by discriminating when an object was hidden in the light but not the dark. Experiment 2 addressed the possibility that representation demands were higher in the dark than the light and showed that infants’ search in the dark increased to match that in the light, but not exceed it. Six-month-olds can thus search for a hidden object both when action demands are simplified and when a non-cohesive substance rather than a cohesive occluder hides the object, supporting aspects of both action-demand and representation-demand explanations of décalage in search behavior
Bees do not use nearest-neighbour rules for optimization of multi-location routes
No full textAnimals collecting patchily distributed resources are faced withcomplexmulti-location routing problems. Rather than comparing all possible routes, they often find reasonably short solutions by simply moving to the nearest unvisited resources when foraging. Here, we report the travel optimization performance of bumble-bees (Bombus terrestris) foraging in a flight cage containing six artificial flowers arranged such that movements between nearest-neighbour locations would lead to a long suboptimal route. After extensive training (80 foraging bouts and at least 640 flower visits), bees reduced their flight distances and prioritized shortest possible routes,whilealmost never following nearest-neighbour solutions. We discuss possible strategies used during the establishment of stable multi-location routes (or traplines), and how these could allow bees and other animals to solve complex routing problems through experience, without necessarily requiring a sophisticated cognitive representation of space
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