Repository of Belarusian National Technical University (BNTU)

Volchek, M. N.

Hayeva, H. M.

64 
УДК 621.74 (091) 
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CASTING  
TECHNOLOGY 
 
Volchek M.N., student 
Scientific supervisor – Hayeva H. N., lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
Foundry production is a method of forming metal products by pour-
ing molten metal into specially prepared molds. This technology is wide-
ly used in various industries, including automotive, mechanical engineer-
ing, construction and other areas. Foundry production provides the abil-
ity to manufacture parts of any complexity and configuration, while 
guaranteeing the accuracy and quality of the finished product. Various 
casting methods are used for this purpose, including chill, vacuum, cen-
trifugal and others. Each of these methods has good efficiency and can 
be adapted depending on the specific requirements for a variable prod-
uct. Foundry production ranks second in modern industry, providing 
manufacturers with the necessary parts and components for the produc-
tion of various goods. The method of obtaining products by casting met-
als has been known for more than five thousand years. The design was 
cast with simple household items and jewelry made of copper and 
bronze, such as boilers, washbasins, earrings, crosses and rings [1]. 
Due to the advancement of human society and the emergence of new 
requirements for metal products, the number of alloys has increased sig-
nificantly. The history of foundry production shows that from various 
types of ores after appropriate processing, alloys were obtained that were 
individual not only in composition, but also in functionality depending 
on the purpose of the product. In most cases, castings are made in dis-
posable or reusable molds. The development of foundry production is 
associated with the formation of material culture. Changes in the types of 
materials affect important concepts related to the production of products. 
When ancient man was able to obtain liquid metal, he realized that by 
pouring it into a prepared form, it is possible to make various combina-
tions, which became the basis of foundry production. Metal casting arose 
5000 years BC. After the Stone Age, the era of metals began, which be-
65 
gan in the period (5-7 thousand years BC). The original type of metal 
processing was forging. Copper was used for casting, which melted well. 
Acceleration of production occurred due to the innovation of better al-
loys for casting molds.  
The first alloy was billon, a compound of platinum and gold. This 
material was used because it was flexible. Over time, methods of pro-
cessing products were improved, which helped to create works of art. 
Castings were often made of two layers – a casting and a coin. In the 
third millennium BC, this method of casting turned into impulse art cast-
ing. Hollow products were made, including a rod and soft alloy casting. 
The largest casting is considered to be a statue of Buddha, which was 
made in the 8th century. In the 19th century, there was a separation of 
blast furnaces and foundries, which helped the development of foundry 
production. Cast iron products were very popular. When studying tech-
nical re-equipment and modernization of plants, mechanical engineering 
centers were formed, steel was studied more. Improvement of steel from 
cast iron, to American cast iron with the addition of harmful substances. 
And in 1884, Emil Martin made the famous open-hearth furnace. Mod-
ernization of the production of machines for the production of steel cast-
ing requires more complex products [2]. 
In conclusion, we can that that foundry production to this day remains 
a developing area that is ready for new discoveries and breakthroughs in 
technologies. Currently, the casting industry is actively progressing 
thanks to the introduction of innovative methods that allow not only to 
maintain the achieved positions, but also to achieve a level of accuracy 
and productivity that previously seemed unattainable.  
Only thanks to foundry production, in our time there is mechanical 
engineering, which allows us to produce various products aimed at satis-
fying human needs. Almost all automobiles and similar products have 
cast parts that have gone through a huge manufacturing process and 
stages of production. 
 
References 
1. История литейного производства // chuguny. – URL: 
https://chuguny.ru/page_12.html (дата обращения: 03.04.2025). 
2. История литейного производства. Заводы литья // Otlivka.info. 
– URL: https://otlivka.info/articles/istoriya-litejnogo-proizvodstva/ (дата 
обращения: 03.04.2025). 


The historical development of casting technology

Kirdun, D. A.

Benyacevich, M. V.

Korzun, O. F.

75 
УДК 811.111:574.4 
THE ROLE OF AVIATION IN THE LIQUIDATION 
OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT 
 
Kirdun D.A., student 
Benyacevich M.V., student 
Scientific supervisor – Korzun O.F., senior lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
On the night of April 26, 1986, a reactor exploded at the Chernobyl 
Nuclear Power Plant. This disaster is one of the largest man-made disas-
ters of the 20th century and the largest in the history of nuclear energy. 
Many people did not understand how terrible a man-made and ecological 
disaster it was at the time of the accident, and they did not fully realize 
the consequences for everybody and the environment in the following 
years. The Soviet Army showed particular heroism in eliminating the 
consequences of the emergency. As a result of the explosion, the nuclear 
reactor was completely destroyed, which led to the release of a huge 
amount of radioactive substances into the environment. Many people 
suffered from radiation sickness. However, there could have been much 
more victims, but thanks to the professionalism of the liquidators, its 
scale was reduced. 
A large number of people were evacuated from the affected area and 
nearby areas. In the first 20 years since the disaster, a significant increase 
in thyroid cancer has been noted among people who were children and 
adolescents at the time of the accident and lived in the areas most affect-
ed by the release of radioactive substances. 
Over 600 thousand people and a large amount of special equipment 
took part in the liquidation of the consequences of the disaster. Military 
pilots played a major role in the liquidation of the consequences of the 
accident. The role of the USSR Air Force cannot be overestimated. Thus, 
the first crews of military aircraft and helicopters flew out to extinguish 
the nuclear fire in the spring of 1986. Pilots from all over the Soviet Un-
ion took part in extinguishing the fire, conducting reconnaissance to as-
sess the consequences of the accident, and taking radiation measure-
ments. Formally the accident occurred on the territory of the Ukrainian 
76 
SSR, but at that time there was no division into republics, so crews from 
all over the country took part in extinguishing. The fire was localized, 
but work on studying the consequences of the accident continued. 
But in the autumn of the same year, a new disaster arose. Seasonal 
cyclones drove dust from the "dirty" territories to the east. Densely popu-
lated areas were under threat of radioactive contamination: from the 
Caspian Sea to Moscow, including the capital itself. Therefore, military 
aircraft, which were called meteorological laboratories, were equipped 
with special cartridges filled with silver iodide, which made a "hole" in 
the clouds with a radius of one and a half kilometers. And this threat was 
also stopped. 
This accident directly affected my family. In 1986 my grandfather 
Nikolai Antonovich served in the ranks of the USSR Air Force in a mili-
tary unit based in the city of Chernivtsi in the Ukrainian SSR. When the 
accident occurred, my grandfather, as part of a military crew, carried out 
flights from April 27 till May 10. Their flights were connected with pho-
tographic recording of the immediate source of fire, carrying out recon-
naissance activities: measuring the outside air temperature and some oth-
er parameters.  
Of course, at that moment he was following orders and could not 
think about the possible consequences for his health, but I think he un-
derstood that thanks to his work people would be saved. 
After finishing his service in 1989, my grandfather and his family re-
turned to his homeland in the city of Zhodino. At first, health problems 
caused by irradiation and radiation damage were not fully realized. In 
1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist, and in order to obtain the status 
of a Chernobyl liquidator, he had to put in a lot of effort, because the 
military unit in which he served was already in another country - in 
Ukraine.  
And they did not really want to declassify information about what the 
military crews were doing at that time. 
My grandfather died at the age of 50 from diseases caused by the 
consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Unfortunately, I didn't see him, 
but my mother and grandmother tell me about his service to the extent 
that he dedicated them. 
I am proud of my grandfather! I would like to say that being a mili-
tary student, I hope that I will fully dedicate myself to the most noble 
profession - to defend the Motherland! 


The role of aviation in the liquidation of the Chernobyl accident

Zhylko, I. V.

Magolin, E. S.

98 
УДК 811.111:378.1 
INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES 
 
Zhylko I.V., student 
Magolin E. S., student 
Scientific supervisor – Korzun O.F., senior lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
In the 20th century, the military potential of countries was determined 
by the number of tanks, ships and planes, and in the twenty-first century, 
intercontinental ballistic missiles have become the main factor in the 
power of a state. They are capable of crossing the ocean in a matter of 
minutes and causing irreparable damage to the enemy. 
First of all, the history of the creation of intercontinental ballistic mis-
siles (ICBMs) begins in the middle of the 20th century, or more precisely 
in 1938, when German scientists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann split 
the nucleus of the uranium atom, which means that a huge amount of 
energy can be extracted from it, which can be used both to create large 
explosions and to obtain a very large amount of cheap electricity. Urani-
um 235 is the key element of this era. Uranium 235 is so called because 
it has 143 neutrons and 92 protons, and the force that holds them is one 
of the strongest in nature. 
But most importantly, when adding just one neutron, the nucleus im-
mediately disintegrates into pieces, which leads to a chain reaction. And 
then scientists realized that if the aggressor, namely Nazi Germany, had 
the latest weapons, it would be impossible to defeat Germany. Therefore, 
the well-known Albert Einstein, who emigrated to the United States, 
hinted to American President Franklin Roosevelt that Germany should 
not be allowed to create a weapon that could change the course of events, 
which prompted all American physicists to begin studying and creating 
their own bomb. In 1946, the Cold War began between the United States 
and the Soviet Union, which led to an arms race. Initially, the concept of 
creating ballistic missiles arose on the basis of technologies developed 
during World War II, especially related to the German V-2 rocket. In 
1945, after the end of the war, the USSR and the USA gained access to 
German missile technology. In 1955, the Soviet Union tested its first in-
99 
tercontinental ballistic missile, the R-7, which had a range of about 8,000 
km and could deliver a nuclear warhead. This event was an important 
stage in the missile race, demonstrating the ability of the USSR to threat-
en American territory. The United States also began actively developing 
its own ICBMs. 
The ICBM got its name because it moves along a so-called ballistic 
trajectory. Ballistics is a science based on physics and mathematics that 
studies the motion of a body thrown in space, or more precisely, a 
thrown body, and refers to the description of the operation of ballistic 
missiles. Unlike conventional missiles, which are powered by an engine 
and move along a straight trajectory, ballistic missiles work due to the 
so-called "throw" into the air. Based on this, any ballistic missile, despite 
the fact that it is a complex device that has absorbed many high technol-
ogies, by and large consists of two main parts, namely: the accelerating 
part and the so-called payload. To be more precise, the missile consists 
of a core, a guidance and control system, a cruise engine and a warhead. 
The core is the central part of the missile, which houses all vital systems. 
The guidance system ensures the accuracy of hitting the target, which is 
achieved through the use of various technologies based on inertial navi-
gation, satellite communications and trajectory correction tools. The 
cruise engine is usually liquid or solid fuel and many other components 
and technologies. 
The future of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) technology is 
an area rich in both opportunities and challenges. Taking into account 
rapidly developing technologies and the changing international situation, 
the emphasis in the development of ICBMs is shifting towards improv-
ing accuracy, speed, mobility and protection against missile defense. 
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) play a significant role in 
ensuring international security and stability. They are the main means of 
strategic deterrence, being part of the nuclear arsenal of countries with 
powerful military potential.  
Their presence changes the dynamics of the military balance and cre-
ates difficult conditions for diplomatic relations. On the one hand, IC-
BMs serve as a deterrent, but on the other hand, they are a very danger-
ous weapon, the use of which can lead to very terrible consequences for 
both people and the planet. 
So let ICBMs always be a deterrent, and not be used for the purpose 
of destroying people and winning. 


Intercontinental ballistic missiles

Mostovskiy, A. V.

Kukso, I. N.

Beznis, Y. V.

23 
УДК 681.3.06 
OPTIMIZATION OF SLAM ALGORITHMS FOR MOBILE  
ROBOTS IN DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS 
 
Mostovskiy A.V., student 
Kukso I.N., student 
Scientific supervisor – Beznis Y.V., senior lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) algorithms are the 
basis for autonomous navigation of mobile robots, allowing them to sim-
ultaneously build a map of the environment and determine their location. 
However, in dynamic environments with moving objects (people, vehi-
cles), traditional SLAM methods face problems as dynamic objects in-
troduce errors into the map, reducing the localization accuracy [1]. 
The goal of the work is to propose SLAM optimization methods for 
such conditions, paying special attention to filtering dynamic objects and 
integrating data from various sensors. 
Traditional SLAM algorithms, such as ORB (Oriented Fast and Ro-
tated Brief)-SLAM and LSD (Large-Scale Direct)-SLAM, assume a stat-
ic environment. In reality, robots often operate in dynamic conditions, 
which leads to mapping inaccuracies, localization errors, and increased 
computational load. To solve these problems, an approach based on se-
mantic segmentation and sensor fusion is proposed. Semantic segmenta-
tion, implemented using neural networks, allows classifying objects into 
static (walls, furniture) and dynamic (people, cars) [2]. 
Dynamic object data is excluded from the map construction process. 
To improve SLAM accuracy, sensor fusion is used, combining data from 
the lidar, camera, and IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit). The lidar pro-
vides accurate distance data, the camera provides semantic information, 
and the IMU provides acceleration and orientation data. An Extended 
Kalman filter (EKF) is used to integrate the data. To reduce the computa-
tional load, sparse methods are used, which process only key points in 
the image, as well as optimization using the GPU. The experiments were 
conducted in the Gazebo simulator and in real conditions. Dynamic ob-
24 
jects (people, cars) were used in the simulation, and in real conditions, 
testing was carried out on a mobile robot in a room with moving people. 
To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the metrics of 
localization accuracy (RMSE), map quality (number of artifacts), and 
processing time were used. The results showed that the proposed ap-
proach reduces the localization error by 30% compared to traditional 
SLAM methods, reduces the number of artifacts on the map by 50%, and 
increases the processing time by 15%, which is still within the accepta-
ble limits for real-time operation [3]. 
One of the key advantages of the proposed method is its ability to 
adapt to changing environmental conditions. For example, in low-light 
conditions or in the presence of a large number of dynamic objects, the 
algorithm demonstrates stable operation. This is achieved by combining 
data from different sensors, which allows compensating for the short-
comings of each of them. For example, lidar provides accurate data even 
in the dark, and the camera provides semantic information that helps 
identify objects. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed 
methods. The integration of semantic segmentation and sensor fusion 
allowed to significantly improve the accuracy of SLAM in dynamic en-
vironments.  
However, the increase in computational complexity requires further 
optimization, especially for robots with limited resources. In the future, it 
is planned to explore the possibility of using reinforcement learning to 
adapt algorithms to various environmental conditions. The possibility of 
using quantum computing to further accelerate data processing is also 
being considered. 
 
References 
1. What is Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)? – URL: 
https://www.flyability.com/blog/simultaneous-localization-and-mapping 
(date of access: 02.03.2025). 
2. The Types of SLAM Algorithms. – URL: 
https://medium.com/@nahmed3536/the-types-of-slam-algorithms-35619 
6937e3d (date of access: 27.02.2025). 
3. Li, L. An SLAM Algorithm Based on Laser Radar and Vision Fu-
sion with Loop Detection Optimization. – URL: 
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2203/1/012029 
(date of access: 04.03.2025). 


Optimization of slam algorithms for mobile robots in dynamic environments

Milyanenko, А. А.

Matusevich, O. A.

170 
УДК 621.039 
COMPARISON OF THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF  
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 
 
Milyanenko А.А., student 
Scientific supervisor  Matusevich О.А., senior lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
Now a large number of states around the world are starting to take a 
renewed interest in nuclear energy and are considering building their 
own nuclear power plants (NPPs). This is happening for several reasons: 
new safety measures have been introduced at NPPs, the proliferation of 
generation 3+ reactors has begun, and the fear of nuclear energy has 
gradually begun to take hold in states, which started after the explosion 
at the Chernobyl NPP and intensified with the accident at the Fukushima 
NPP. 
At the moment, the largest nuclear construction sites in Europe are 
the ―Akkuyu‖ NPP in Turkey and the ―Hinkley Point C‖ NPP in the 
United Kingdom (UK). The ―Akkuyu‖ station is being built by 
―Rosatom‖. The ―Hinkley Point C‖ station is being built by Nuclear New 
Build Generation Company, a subsidiary of EDF Energy, which is 
owned by the French EDF. 
―Akkuyu‖ is a NPP with 4 power units with VVER-1200 reactors 
with a total capacity of 4,800 MW. It is the first station built on the prin-
ciple of (Build – Own – Operate). The plant will generate up to 40 bil-
lion kWh of electric energy per year. The construction period of the sta-
tion, with all delays, will be 7 years (this was influenced by the Covid-19 
pandemic, European sanctions, and the 2023 earthquake in Turkey). The 
first power unit is scheduled to be launched in 2025, while the rest are 
under construction. The station will be able to provide up to 10% of Tur-
key's electricity consumption. The estimated service life is 60 years, with 
the possibility of extension for another 20 years. The cost of the entire 
project will be $24-25 billion [1]. 
The ―Hinkley Point C‖ project consists of two units with an EPR-
1750 reproducer with a total capacity of 3,200 MW. It is the first third-
generation NPP in the UK and has been under construction for the past 
171 
30 years. The plant will generate approximately 26 billion kWh of elec-
tric energy per year. The construction period of the station is not defini-
tively known, at the moment commissioning is expected in 2029-2031, 
respectively, the construction period of the station will be about 13 years. 
The station will provide 7% of the UK's electricity consumption. The 
estimated service life is 60 years. At the moment, the cost of the project 
is $62.6 billion [2]. 
After carrying out a number of calculations, it turns out that NPPs 
built according to the ―Rosatom‖ project have a lower cost of 1 MW of 
power and 1 kWh of energy compared to NPPs built according to a joint 
project of the French and the British. As a result, 1 MW produced by the 
future Turkish NPP is 3.756 times cheaper than the same capacity at the 
future French-British NPP. Also a NPP with 4 VVER-1200 reactors 
spends 5,128 times less money on generating 1 kWh of electricity than a 
plant with 2 EPR-1750 reactors [3]. 
At the moment, NPPs are being built all over the world according to 
the projects of various companies, each of which has its own cost and 
characteristics. A comparison was made of the economic efficiency of 
the future ―Akkuyu‖ and ―Hinkley Point C‖ NPPs. As a result, it turns 
out that a station with 4 VVER-1200 reactors has several times lower 
cost of power and electricity than a station with 2 EPR-1750 reactors. 
For the cost of a two-unit French-British NPP, it is possible to build 9-10 
power units with VVER-1200 reactors, which will have many times 
more power and generate many times more energy. This difference is 
due to the well-established large-scale production and construction of 
NPPs with VVER-1200 reactors around the world. 
 
References 
1. About the Project // AKKUYU NUCLEAR ROSATOM. – URL: 
https://akkuyu.com/en/about/info/ (date of access: 13.03.2025). 
2. Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station // Power technology. – 
URL: https://www.power-technology.com/projects/hinkley-point-c-
nuclear-power-station/?cf-view (date of access: 22.03.2025). 
3. VVER Reactors: Clean and Reliable Source of Energy in the Past 
and in the Future // Experimental & Design Organization GIDRO-
PRESS. – URL: https://www-
pub.iaea.org/MTCD/meetings/PDFplus/2009/cn164/Sessions/10KS_N.%
20Trunov.pdf (date of access: 21.03.2025). 


Comparison of the economic efficiency of nuclear power plants

Kruhly, I. P.

25 
УДК 621.8 
KAMAZ IS A LEGEND THAT CANNOT BE STOPPED 
 
Kruhly I. P., student 
Scientific supervisor – Beznis Y. V., senior lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
Hello everybody! Today I want to tell you a story that gives you 
goosebumps – about KamAZ. Yes, those are the hefty trucks that have 
been rumbling along Russian roads for half a century and beyond. It‘s 
not just hardware on wheels – it‘s like our answer to all skeptics: ‗Yes, 
they can!‘ 
How everything got messed up? Is it a joke: the 1960s, the USSR? 
After the war, the country is rising, and then bam – we need trucks that 
will start up at minus 50 °C and break through the sands. The govern-
ment is scratching turnips: ‗We need to build a factory!‘ And so, in 1969, 
the construction of the century began. An incredible 4 billion rubles were 
accumulated at that time – as if it were a trillion now! And seven years 
later – BAM! – the first KamAZ-5320 drove out of the factory gates. 
The people rejoiced, as after the victory in the war. The car turned out to 
be a fire! 
Why is KAMAZ about ‘reliable’? It‘s simple: These trucks weren‘t 
created for show. Imagine: the frost is cracking, and KAMAZ is drag-
ging construction materials to the north. Or the desert, plus 50°C, and it‘s 
puffing like a tank. The engine? More powerful than other off-road vehi-
cles. The frame? You‘ll break your leg if you kick. The suspension? 
Even my neighbors from above, who are always planning repairs, can 
stand it [1]. 
The first ‘grandfather’ of KAMAZ trucks. The KAMAZ-5320 is like a 
Lada in the truck world. They released it in 1976, and they knew right 
away that they had hit the nail on the head. Drivers loved it: it was con-
venient to carry cargo, it wouldn‘t get stuck in the field, and they even 
carried missiles on it (seriously, the military appreciated it). So many 
modifications were later riveted on its basis that even the engineers were 
confused [2]. 
26 
KAMAZ trucks are monsters. And here‘s a cool theme for you: 
KamAZ-7850. An experimental thing for the army. This beast could 
drive where even a tank would get stuck. They say it was tested in such 
conditions that the engineers cried with pride. And then there is the 
KamAZ-54901, the modern ―king of the tracks‖. 700 ―horses‖ under the 
hood, the cabin is like a luxury hotel, and the fuel consumption is like 
that of a modest foreign car. Driving like this to the end of the world is 
not scary. 
KAMAZ today: technology is driving. Now KAMAZ is not just a 
piece of hardware. New models like 54901 or 65807 are smart cars. Here 
you have an autopilot for a rangefinder, and engines that eat less and 
drag more. The cabin? There‘s air conditioning, heated seats, and even 
Wi-Fi (a trucker‘s dream!). 
Money loves an account. For half a century, KAMAZ has earned 
enough to buy a couple of islands. In 2021, for example, revenue is 200 
billion rubles. But in order to keep up with life, the plant is pumping bil-
lions into new technologies. It took 150 billion dollars to modernize 
alone – it‘s like building a new city! 
KAMAZ in sports: tearing everyone up! Did you know that KAMAZ 
trucks are used? The KamAZ-Master team is like a Ferrari in the truck 
world. Dakar: they have won 17 victories since 1990! In 2021, 2022 they 
tore everyone up three times in a row. It‘s as if Lokomotiv won the 
World Cup. Silk Road: in 2021, KAMAZ came first, leaving competitors 
in the dust. Africa Eco Race: they also won gold in 2013. It‘s not just 
racing, it‘s an advertisement for the whole world: ―Our trucks won‘t 
break down even if a meteorite hits them‖ [2]. 
KAMAZ is like a national superhero. It doesn‘t just transport cargo, it 
builds cities, feeds the country, and wins races. And the factory? It‘s like 
a grandfather who started working out at the gym at the age of 50 and is 
now breaking records.  
So when you see a KAMAZ truck on the road, you should know that 
it‘s not just iron. It‘s a story that continues.  
 
References 
1. КАМАЗ 55111 обзор. – URL: https://korib.ru/stati/kamaz-55111-
obzor.html (date of access: 01.03.2025). 
2. KAMAZ – URL: https://kamaz.ru/about/history/ (date of access: 
10.03.2025). 


Kamaz is a legend that cannot be stopped

Primkulova, V. H.

Pavlovskaya, A. A.

202 
УДК 004:811.111 
THE IMPACT OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES  
ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
 
Primkulova V. H., student 
Scientific supervisors – Pavlovskaya A. A., lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
It is difficult to deny the rapid increase in the prevalence of modern 
gadgets among people. Phones, laptops, computers, smart watches – all 
these things imperceptibly change our lives and become an indispensable 
part of it. Changes related to the use of information technology are no-
ticeable in different areas of life. It is especially easy to notice those that 
are related to people's speech. 
How has information technology influenced our speech? In order to 
find out, let's analyze the differences in the speech of representatives of 
three generations: generation X (born in 1964 – 1983), generation Y 
(born in 1984 – 2002), generation Z (born in 2003). Linguists define the 
language of a generation as a type of sociolect – this term refers to the 
language of a certain social or socio–demographic group [1]. 
The speech of generation X is characterized by the following fea-
tures: culture, rigor, following the rules. Speech is most common for this 
generation, due to which a person tries to show his education and up-
bringing. People belonging to this generation are, on average, less profi-
cient in Internet and information technology skills and are less likely to 
use them in their lives. Due to this, they do not feel the need to use Inter-
net-related slang. Thus, due to the fact that the development of modern 
gadgets has had little effect on this generation, his speech is closest to 
the rules of the English language, which are observed in the most famous 
classical works of English literature [2]. 
The speech of generation Y differs from the above description. This 
generation is used to using the Internet at work and to communicate with 
loved ones, due to which words, often abbreviations, related to the use of 
information technology appeared and got into people‘s speech. used to 
reduce the time it takes to write a message. Examples of such slang are 
LOL (Laugh Out Loud), OMG (Oh My God), IMHO (In My Humble 
203 
Opinion). The speech of this generation is characterized by dynamism, 
less adherence to the rules of the English language and the presence of 
deliberate distortion of them. 
Generation Z was the most susceptible to changes related to Internet 
usage. The speech of this generation is characterized by a large number 
of new vocabulary that is not directly related to the Internet, but has be-
come widespread because of it. This generation does not seek to break 
existing rules – it invents new ones [3]. 
Statistics support the above information. According to 2023 statistics, 
92% of people belonging to Generation Z regularly use slang, while 77% 
of Generation X use it in their daily lives, and the number for Generation 
Y is in between at 83%. When it comes to how slang terms are learned, 
28% of Americans say they learn them from the Internet or social media, 
which is the most popular source of learning slang among people. 
Thus, there is a noticeable difference in the speech of representatives 
of the three generations. There is a noticeable trend in all spheres of life: 
the older the generation is, the more conservative it is. This is also evi-
dent in people's speech. The generation born before the 1980s had the 
least impact on the emergence and development of information technol-
ogy, and the generation born after the 2000s had the most impact. More-
over, modern technologies have influenced people's speech both qualita-
tively and quantitatively: not only the manner of speech and vocabulary 
differ among different generations, but also the number of modern words 
used (slang, abbreviations). To sum up, the influence of information 
technology on people's speech is difficult to deny, and it affects each 
new generation more and more. 
 
 
References: 
1. Борисова, Е. Г. Лингвополитологические аспекты возрастных 
(эйджинговых) особенностей языка / Е. Г. Борисова // Политическая 
лингвистика. – 2020. – № 1 (79). – С. 10 – 15. 
2. Борисова, Е. Г. Трансформация ценностно-смыслового кода в 
языке молодежи / Е. Г. Борисова // Верхневолжский филологиче-
ский вестник. – 2019. – № 2. – С. 138 – 143. 
3. Chambers, J. K. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and 
Its Social Significance / J. K Chambers. – Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995. 
– 200 – 209 p. 


The impact of the information technologies on the english language

Rimashevskiy, A. F.

Roshchenko, E. S.

178 
УДК 629.785 
SPACE PIONEERS 
 
Rimashevskiy A.F., student 
Roshchenko E.S., student 
Scientific supervisor – Matusevich O.A., senior lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
Since ancient times, people, looking at the sky, thought about the in-
finity of the universe, sparkling stars, the hot Sun and the night Moon. 
Our ancestors, like today's inhabitants of planet Earth, wanted to know 
what was happening in space, where the gods lived, how cosmic bodies 
were formed, etc. Later, there were people who took the first steps in 
space exploration and sky flights. Let's recall the myth of Icarus, the cre-
ation of the first simple aircraft, parachutes, artificial Earth satellites. The 
achievements of Soviet scientists who were able to carry out the first 
human space flight are great here. The space age began in the Soviet Un-
ion with the launch of the first artificial satellite on October 4, 1957, and 
with the first Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, who made his famous his-
toric flight on April 12, 1961. 
The first living creature launched into orbit was the dog Laika on No-
vember 3, 1957. After making several turns, Laika died from overheating 
at the apogee of the orbit. On August 19, 1960, Sputnik-5 was launched 
in the USSR, with dogs Belka and Strelka on board. It was the world's 
first return animal orbital flight. In the USA, in 1961, a spacecraft with 
the chimpanzee Ham on board was launched. Ham returned alive. In 
1968, two Central Asian turtles were on board the Soviet Zond-5 space-
craft, which flew around the Moon [1]. In addition to dogs, monkeys and 
turtles, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice, quails, newts, frogs, snails and 
some fish species have also visited space. There are also known attempts 
to launch hamsters and geckos. And the first animals of the Earth born in 
space are cockroaches. 
On April 12, 1961, Gagarin made the first orbital flight on the Vos-
tok-1 spacecraft. This flight is full of myths. Many details of the flight 
and rocket were classified, as the spacecraft was nothing more than a 
modified intercontinental missile designed to launch a nuclear strike on 
179 
America. Also, the myth that Gagarin is not the first person is an abso-
lute lie. Only animals and ―Ivan Ivanovich‖ had flown before him. That's 
what scientists called the mannequins that flew into orbit. It wasn't just a 
doll: the doctors tried to stuff it with all sorts of sensors. As for the flight 
itself, it has never been normal. A total of 14 emergency situations are 
known including quite serious ones. 
As a result, human attraction to space has allowed us to obtain new 
data for research, and technologies created for space exploration and 
solving problems in it have found applications on earth. In addition to 
scientific and technological achievements, space programs have resulted 
in an impact on politics and social life: a) ideological rivalry between the 
USSR and the USA; b) the threat of using outer space for military pur-
poses; c) the creation of international treaties and agreements on space 
activities  that space is the property of all mankind and no country has 
the right to claim it [1]. 
Space flights have had a more than positive impact on the lives of or-
dinary people. They allowed to create entire book and film genres, and 
also contributed to the popularization of science. Space flights brought 
people together, they were interesting to everyone, from young to old. 
Every third child in the USSR dreamed of becoming an astronaut. Space 
was very mysterious to the average person. As a result, being a citizen of 
the country where your compatriot was the first in history to go into 
space, you will be proud of your Motherland. In addition to all of the 
above, Yuri Gagarin himself has become a global figure. Almost every 
major city has a Gagarin Street or avenue. 
When a huge country with tremendous geopolitical influence, almost 
limitless resources and high scientific development takes on a task, suc-
cess is more than guaranteed. The achievements of Soviet scientists are 
still used by the whole world. Their names, and the names of other fig-
ures in the space industry of those years, are still widely known and not 
only in the post-Soviet space. The last century is rich in historical events, 
and definitely, human spaceflight occupies a very important and signifi-
cant place in it. 
 
References 
1. Remembering Yuri Gagarin 50 Years Later // NASA. – URL: 
https://www.nasa.gov/history/remembering-yuri-gagarin-50-years-later/ 
(date of access: 13.03.2025). 


Space pioneers

Chaika, A. E.

Moroz, I. G.

Slesaryonok, E. V.

231 
УДК 65.291.592 
EFFICIENCY OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN LOGISTICS 
 
Chaika A.E., student 
Moroz I.G., student 
Scientific supervisor – Slesaryonok E.V., senior lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belarusian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
In the modern world, logistics is the most important element of the 
economy, ensuring the uninterrupted movement of goods and raw mate-
rials between manufacturers, distributors and end consumers. However, 
logistics processes are fraught with many potential threats, such as de-
lays in deliveries, cargo damage, supply chain disruptions, and the im-
pact of political factors. Competent management of these risks allows 
you to reduce costs, increase efficiency, strengthen the company's repu-
tation and improve customer loyalty.  
One of the key benefits of logistics risk management is the reduction 
of financial losses. Unmanageable logistics risks can lead to significant 
losses. For example, delays in delivery can lead to increased storage 
costs and penalties for failure to meet deadlines. Improving efficiency 
also plays an important role in logistics management. Various failures in 
the supply chain can slow down the entire system. Companies that ana-
lyze possible risks in advance and develop strategies to prevent them can 
significantly improve their operational efficiency. According to Statista, 
the introduction of digital logistics management technologies, such as 
process automation and real-time cargo tracking, has increased the 
productivity of supply chains by 25% [1]. The reliability of the logistics 
process directly affects the level of customer satisfaction. Consumers 
expect timely and accurate delivery of goods. A logistics risk manage-
ment system minimizes disruptions, which has a positive impact on cus-
tomer perception.  
A company that consistently fulfills its obligations to deliver goods 
and ensures its proper condition forms a reliable reputation, which helps 
to increase the customer base and attract new partners. According to the 
Harvard Business Review, businesses with highly reliable logistics oper-
ations are 30% more likely to be awarded long-term contracts [2]. 
232 
Logistics disruptions can have serious consequences for companies. 
For instance, according to a report by the World Economic Forum, glob-
al supply chain disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a 
loss of $1.5 trillion. Companies that actively implement a logistics risk 
management strategy can significantly reduce the likelihood of major 
business disruptions [3]. 
Modern technology can reduce the human factor and increase trans-
parency in the supply chain. The introduction of GPS-tracking, block-
chain, and predictive analytics has improved supply control and predict-
ed potential disruptions. In addition, regulation and compliance are im-
portant aspects of logistics risk management. Violations of international 
trade rules can lead to delays, fines, and reputational damage, so compa-
nies should keep an eye on changes in legislation, tax rules, and product 
certification requirements. Building sustainable partnerships can also 
help reduce the risks associated with logistics. Working with reliable 
suppliers, transport companies and brokers reduces the likelihood of 
problems arising, while long-term contracts with clear obligations to all 
parties help minimize possible difficulties. 
Effective logistics risk management requires a systematic approach 
that includes threat analysis, route diversification, use of digital technol-
ogies, legal protection, and the development of partnerships. In the face 
of global uncertainty, flexibility and preparedness for rapid change are 
emerging as key competitive advantages. Companies that focus on logis-
tics risk management can minimize losses and ensure the long-term sus-
tainability of supply. 
 
References 
1. Seanews: Digital transformation in Russian logistics: potential and 
challenges // Statistics Explained. – URL: 
https://seanews.ru/2024/02/08/ru-cifrovaja-transformacija-v-rossijskoj-
logistike-potencial-i-vyzovy (date of access: 26.03.2025). 
2. Harvard Business Review: Building deep supplier relationships // 
Statistics Explained. – URL: https://hbr.org/2004/12/building-deep-
supplier-relationships (date of access: 26.03.2025). 
3. Weforum: Ways the Covid 19 pandemic has changed the supply 
chain // Statistics Explained. – URL: 
https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/01/5-ways-the-covid-19-
pandemic-has-changed-the-supply-chain/ (date of access: 26.03.2025). 


Efficiency of risk management in logistics

Kruglik, Ivan A.

245 
 
УДК 656.073.7 
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN  
THE CONSTRUCTION OF LOGISTICS SYSTEMS 
 
Kruglik Ivan A., student 
Scientific supervisor – Slesaryonok E. V., senior lecturer 
English language department №1 
Belorussian National University of Technology 
Minsk, Republic of Belarus 
 
In the modern world, artificial intelligence has spread to almost all 
areas of human activity. The economic sector in general and the logistics 
sector in particular were no exception and also came under the influence 
of AI. 
The application of artificial intelligence in logistics revolves around 
advanced computer systems and algorithms designed for various critical 
tasks, including planning, decision-making, optimization and automation 
in supply chains. 
There are some directions of transformation of logistics by artificial 
intelligence: 
- optimizing transportation operations; 
- automating delivery processes; 
- smart warehousing; 
- forecasting possible risks. 
Artificial intelligence has the property of predictive analytics, which 
allows to forecast delivery times, anticipate demand, and mitigate risks 
by proactively optimizing routes, resources, and inventory. Conveyor 
systems based on artificial intelligence efficiently sort goods using scan-
ners. This reduces the number of sorting errors. Warehouse management 
systems analyze data on storage patterns, inventory turnover, and order 
volumes to optimize storage density and placement. By automating re-
petitive tasks using artificial intelligence and robotics, warehouses in-
crease throughput, accuracy, and inventory control. AI uses real-time 
traffic, weather, and demand data to dynamically optimize delivery 
routes and load factors, minimizing fuel costs and reducing downtime.  
Large logistics companies are massively investing huge amounts of 
money in the development of autonomous vehicles. In the long run, driv-
246 
erless trucks significantly simplify the delivery process and minimize 
labor costs. Artificial intelligence techniques such as machine learning 
and computer vision are increasingly being used to improve efficiency, 
transparency, quality and responsiveness of delivery. 
Through continuous monitoring of equipment and analysis of perfor-
mance data, artificial intelligence systems can predict when machines 
may fail. This capability enables AI to detect subtle patterns and 
anomalies in data that traditional service methods might miss.. This 
allows you to identify and fix problems in advance and to prevent un-
necessary costs. 
AI integration in logistics increases efficiency by streamlining opera-
tions and automating repetitive tasks. It reduces costs through optimized 
resource allocation and predictive maintenance, minimizing downtime 
and unnecessary expenditures. Additionally, AI improves decision-
making by providing data-driven insights, allowing for better responses 
to dynamic market conditions and enhancing overall supply chain man-
agement. This combination leads to a more agile logistics network. In the 
future artificial intelligence in logistics will adapt to changing logistics 
requirements and efficiently scale operations, supporting business 
growth without compromising quality of services. The further develop-
ment of the industry will take leaps and bounds along with the develop-
ment of innovative computer technologies. Thus, artificial intelligence is 
a storehouse of benefits and tools for optimizing the process of building 
a supply chain. Nowadays it is getting obvious that‘s why logistics spe-
cialists need to be able to use AI technologies in the most advantageous 
and efficient way and do everything possible to ensure that artificial in-
telligence becomes a perfect assistant in the economic field. 
 
References 
1. Applications of artificial intelligence in logistics and supply chain 
management – URL: https://www.invensis.net/blog/applications-of-ai-in-
logistics-and-supply-
chain#:~:text=Artificial%20Intelligence%20(AI)%20in%20logistics,effi
ciency%20and%20reducing%20operational%20expenses (date of 
access: 30.03.2025). 
2. The Role of artificial intelligence in logistics – URL: 
https://saiwa.ai/blog/artificial-intelligence-in-logistics/ (date of access: 
30.03.2025).  


Belarusian National Technical University

Not a member yet