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Exploring Developmental Psychopathology and Resilience in Cultural Context: The Role of Family, Stress, and Well-being in Youth Development
No full textA closer look at the role of nutrition in children and adults with ADHD and neurodivergence
Get PDFThe role of nutrition in Attention-Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other neurodivergent conditions is of growing public and research interest. There is little research reporting vitamin, mineral and omega-3 fatty acid levels in ADHD and brain health. This study presents nutritional and psychological data from a community UK sample of children ( = 47, : 10.1 years) and adults ( = 10, : 29.8 years) with ADHD, autism, dyslexia and other neurodivergent conditions (total = 57). The participants undertook a blood draw which measured a range of vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids as well as food allergies and food intolerances which were then correlated with psychological symptom scores measuring ADHD symptoms. The key findings, revealed that both children and adults presented with a range of insufficiencies in key nutrients which facilitate neurotransmitter function and, which are deemed as brain-essential, namely omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, B-vitamins and vitamin D. Furthermore, significant relationships were observed between nutrient levels and ADHD symptom severity in the children's group. For example, red blood cell magnesium was negatively correlated with the Conners CI-Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) Disruptive Behavior scores (rho = -0.597, = 0.024). The omega-3 index (sum of EPA + DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids) was negatively correlated with their Learning and Language Disorder scores, (rho = -0.601, = 0.018). Magnesium levels were also associated with overall ADHD symptom severity (rho = -0.612, = 0.02), implying that the greater the severity of ADHD symptoms, the lower the magnesium. This clinical cohort also presented with a range of food intolerances with over 80% of participants presenting with high reactivity scores to cow's milk, other dairy, and casein, and just over half the sample intolerant to wheat and wheat gluten. This is a novel study which presents preliminary data and insights in the role of nutrition in ADHD and neurodivergence. and relationships between nutritional insufficiencies and ADHD-symptoms. It specifically demonstrates a range of food intolerances and relationships between nutritional insufficiencies and ADHD-symptoms, which warrant further exploration in larger case-control groups. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2025 Hunter, Smith, Davies, Dyall and Gow.
Camera Traps Document Infant Corpse Carrying Behaviour in Multiple Unhabituated Chimpanzee Populations
Get PDFCamera traps are an important tool for wildlife research, particularly for estimating species distribution and habitat use. Although they are increasingly used to study animal behaviour, such as tool use and foraging, there are fewer examples of their use in detecting rare behaviours that cannot be predicted in terms of where and when they may occur. Comparative thanatology, the study of non‐human animal responses to death, has demonstrated that examining behaviours such as infant corpse carrying (ICC) can offer valuable insights into animal cognition, including maternal bonds, grief, and levels of death awareness. Here, we investigate the efficacy of camera traps in capturing ICC in four unhabituated chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) populations across West and East Africa, involving a total of 18 chimpanzee communities. We compare ICC detection rates and associated demographic and behavioural data derived from camera traps to published cases recorded through direct observations of habituated communities, the only previous source of ICC reports in wild chimpanzees. Camera traps recorded ICC in seven communities at an average rate of 0.46 cases/year, 2.3 times higher than the 0.20 cases/year recorded through direct observations in 10 habituated communities. The carrying duration in the 10 ICC cases recorded by camera traps ranged from a day or less to at least 28 days (median = 7 days). All 10 ICC cases involved deceased infants with an estimated age bracket between 0 and 0.5 and 2 and 3 years (median: 1 and 1.5 years), and eight out of 10 cases involved a single adult female carrier. Associated demographic and behavioural data support predictions around mother–infant bonds, post‐parturient conditions, and death awareness hypotheses. We conclude that ICC is more common than previously reported in chimpanzees and that camera traps can effectively capture infrequent behaviours such as ICC, making them a promising non‐invasive tool for studying animal behaviour across large spatial scales
Exploring the Role of AI and Teacher Competencies on Instructional Planning and Student Performance in an Outcome-Based Education System
No full textThe rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has transformed traditional teaching methodologies, particularly within Outcome-Based Education (OBE), in higher education. Based on the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) model and the OBE system, this present study investigates how teachers perceive AI applications, specifically ChatGPT, in enhancing instructional design and student performance. The research develops a new AI-based instructional planning model, incorporating AI ChatGPT capabilities, teacher competencies, and their direct and indirect effects on student outcomes. This study employs quantitative research design using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to validate the proposed model. Data were collected from 320 university teachers in Pakistan using a structured survey distributed through WhatsApp and email. Findings from the direct path analysis indicate that AI ChatGPT capabilities significantly enhance instructional planning (β = 0.33, p < 0.001) and directly impact student performance (β = 0.20, p < 0.001). Teacher competencies also play an important role in instructional planning (β = 0.37, p < 0.001) and student performance (β = 0.16, p = 0.020). The indirect path analysis reveals that instructional planning mediates the relationship between AI ChatGPT capabilities and student performance (β = 0.160, p < 0.001), as well as between teacher competencies and student performance (β = 0.180, p < 0.001). The R-square values indicate that instructional planning explains 41% of its variance, while student performance accounts for 56%. These findings provide theoretical contributions by extending AI adoption models in education and offer practical implications for integrating AI tools in teaching. This study emphasizes the need for professional development programs to enhance educators’ AI proficiency and suggests policy recommendations for AI-driven curriculum development
CID‐RPL: Clone ID Attack Detection Using Deep Neural Network for RPL‐Based IoT Networks
No full textThe proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has reshaped industries based on seamless connectivity. However, it has also brought about immense security challenges, especially in the communication protocol of routing protocol for low‐power and lossy networks (RPL). One of these security threats vital to the RPL‐based IoT networks includes the Clone ID attack on malicious nodes when they clone the identity of legitimate nodes to access their sensitive data without authorization. Detecting Clone ID attacks in RPL‐based IoT networks is complex because network traffic data has high dimensions and substantial data imbalances while facing limited resources in these environments. The unmanaged control message system and insufficient identity authentication methods within the RPL protocol directly expose networks to state‐of‐the‐art cyber security threats. This paper proposes a new edge layer‐based deep neural network (DNN) approach to detect Clone ID attacks from IoT sensor networks by network traffic pattern analysis. The proposed method is based on deep data features to distinguish legitimate nodes from cloned nodes and improve the overall security, resilience, and operational efficiency of RPL‐based IoT networks. To check the efficiency of our proposed method, we designed a synthetic dataset called CID‐RPL. The CID‐RPL dataset consists of 25 attributes and 2,131,328 samples. The experimental results are best to describe that our proposed approach outperformed the previously designed methods by offering an accuracy improvement of 5.06%, precision improvement of 7.60%, recall increment of 7.0%, and F1 score enhancement of 11.0%. Similarly, residual energy at the network level increased by 32.84%, which infers that the lifetime of the network will be extended and its energy efficiency increased under attack situations. Thus, the results testify to the effectiveness of the DL‐based solution proposed herein to detect Clone ID attacks in dynamic and evolving network environments
‘Being there’ as providers and caregivers: caring masculinities in parenting and partnering among young fathers in the UK
Get PDFThis chapter presents analyses from a qualitative longitudinal study called ‘Following Young Fathers Further’ (FYFF), exploring how young fathers in the UK narrate their experiences and understanding of fathering and fatherhood in the context of recent cultural and generational shifts towards engaged fatherhood. Aged 25 and under when they conceive a first pregnancy or become a parent for the first time, these young men’s experiences of young fatherhood are often assumed to be problematic and therefore subject to stigma. Countering pervasive deficit views of these young men by developing a framework of socially engaged fatherhood that accounts for, and explains, the challenges of young fatherhood and its emancipatory potential, this chapter demonstrates how young fathers seek to reconcile and realise both their own and societal expectations of ‘good’ fatherhood. Conceptualising their parenting and partnering practices over time as caring masculinities, we also consider the extent to which this cohort of fathers’ caring practices and ideologies align with and interrogate the conditions that support and/or constrain them in their intentions to ‘be there’ for their children as ‘caring fathers’
‘Exploiting PP2A dependent and independent effects of forskolin for therapeutic targeting of KMT2A (MLL)‐rearranged acute leukaemia’
No full textBackground and Purpose: Activation of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A), via genetic and pharmacologic modulation of SET, has recently being identified as a promising strategy to therapeutically target acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) carrying KMT2A (MLL) chromosomal translocations (KMT2A‐r AML). Experimental Approach: In this study, we investigated the expression of PP2A subunits and the therapeutic potential of forskolin, a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) elevating natural compound that has been reported as a PP2A activator. Key Results: Our data show that PPP2CA encoding protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit α is abundantly expressed in KMT2A‐r AML cells. Treatment with forskolin arrests proliferation; induces cell death; represses the expression of MYC, HOXA9 and HOXA10; stimulates PP2A activity; and attenuates the activity of ERK1/2 in KMT2A‐r AML cells. Forskolin increases sensitivity to standard‐of‐care daunorubicin in KMT2A‐AML cell lines and PDX. Silencing PPP2CA partially rescues the cytotoxic effect of forskolin, stimulates ERK1/2, inhibits GSK3β, and abolishes the forskolin‐mediated repression of c‐MYC and HOXA10, but it did not affect the potentiation of response to daunorubicin. This effect was also not dependent on increase of cAMP, but it was because of increase in the intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin, through inhibition of drug efflux pump P‐glycoprotein 1 (multidrug resistance protein). Conclusions and Implications: In conclusion, our findings highlight a novel mechanism of action for forskolin and support a potential role of this natural compound in combination with current conventional agent daunorubicin in the treatment of KMT2A‐r AML
Long-term host parasite dynamics in eight odontocete species from south-eastern South Africa
No full textAlthough investigations of stranded and bycaught cetaceans have been conducted since the 1970s, little is known about parasites infecting the 25 species found in the South African subregion. For this study, we retrospectively identified parasites from eight bycaught and stranded odontocete species along the south-eastern coast of South Africa between 1970 – 2015 to produce a list of parasite species affecting southern African odontocetes and examine patterns of infection in host species with regards to age, sex, time intervals and collection method. Parasites were identified in 192 out of the 2599 individuals examined. Previously unreported parasite species were found for several southern African odontocete species, underscoring the importance of museum collections for biological research. Offshore and stranded odontocetes generally had a higher prevalence of parasites, although there were a few exceptions. Binomial logistic regression models showed significantly higher probability of parasitic presence (p0.05) was detected between the sexes of all odontocete species investigated (p>0.05). Parasitic prevalence was highest during the most recent years (2000–2015) for half of the odontocete species investigated, in agreement with the models. Accurate morphological identification of parasites affecting marine mammals is essential for comprehending disease epidemiology, assessing the health of cetacean populations, and developing effective conservation and management strategies
