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On the use of Malmquist productivity indices for intertemporal performance assessment by means of composite indicators
No full textThe family of Malmquist non-parametric productivity indices using either a single constant input or a single constant output is a consistent approach for measuring performance change in terms of composite indicators. In this setting, testing for Hicks-neutral technical change is important, since in its presence the choice among these Malmquist indices is unnecessary, whereas its absence points towards the asymmetric effects of overarching events and policies across the evaluated units. In this paper, we provide an empirical test for Hicks-neutral technical change by relying on recent developments on inference in dynamic nonparametric models of production. We then use it to examine the pattern of technical change in two study cases related to the UNDP Human Development Index and a social inclusion composite indicator. In both cases, country performance change over time is entirely attributed to technical change, which however is economically significant only in the latter caseJRC.S.3 - Science for Modelling, Monitoring and Evaluatio
Perceptual Hashing on Images Encrypted with a Homomorphic Scheme
Get PDFIn this work we study the feasibility of using perceptual hash functions on homomorphically encrypted images in the context of the detection of child sexual abuse material shared via social media and messaging applications. We study both the encryption phase by the sender, and the detection phase performed by the server. Our work shows that, on top of time and memory limitations, the main issue is the effort needed to perform comparisons between ciphertexts. This last limitation is independent from the perceptual hash function and homomorphic encryption scheme used.JRC.T.2 - Cybersecurity and Digital Technologie
A closer look at conflict risk: The Dynamic Conflict Risk Model
Get PDFThe Dynamic Conflict Risk Model (DCRM) pro-vides subnational conflict risk assessments with monthly updates and a time horizon of 6 months. The model covers over 2600 administrative areas in 140 countries across Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. The DCRM is being integrated into the EU’s conflict early warning and analysis toolset, supporting country prioritisation, horizon scanning, and near-term risk monitoring. Authorised users can access the monthly DCRM forecast through the Science4Peace portal: https://science4peace.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.JRC.E.1 - Disaster Risk Managemen
EUROMOD Country Report - Spain
Get PDFThe EUROMOD Country Reports have the double function of describing the scope of the EUROMOD simulations, including the underlying assumptions, and providing the validation of these simulations against official statistics. The Country Report for Spain is prepared by the ES EUROMOD National Team each year, and made available by the JRC on time for the EUROMOD stable release of the model at the beginning of each year.JRC.B.2 - Fiscal Policy Analysi
EUROMOD Country Report - Estonia
Get PDFThe EUROMOD Country Reports have the double function of describing the scope of the EUROMOD simulations, including the underlying assumptions, and providing the validation of these simulations against official statistics. The Country Report for Estonia is prepared by the EE EUROMOD National Team each year, and made available by the JRC on time for the EUROMOD stable release of the model at the beginning of each year.JRC.B.2 - Fiscal Policy Analysi
EUROMOD Country Report - Bulgaria
Get PDFThe EUROMOD Country Reports have the double function of describing the scope of the EUROMOD simulations, including the underlying assumptions, and providing the validation of these simulations against official statistics. The Country Report for Bulgaria is prepared by the BG EUROMOD National Team each year, and made available by the JRC on time for the EUROMOD stable release of the model at the beginning of each year.JRC.B.2 - Fiscal Policy Analysi
EUROMOD Country Report - Luxembourg
Get PDFThe EUROMOD Country Reports have the double function of describing the scope of the EUROMOD simulations, including the underlying assumptions, and providing the validation of these simulations against official statistics. The Country Report for Luxembourg is prepared by the LU EUROMOD National Team each year, and made available by the JRC on time for the EUROMOD stable release of the model at the beginning of each year.JRC.B.2 - Fiscal Policy Analysi
EUROMOD Country Report - Cyprus
Get PDFThe EUROMOD Country Reports have the double function of describing the scope of the EUROMOD simulations, including the underlying assumptions, and providing the validation of these simulations against official statistics. The Country Report for Cyprus is prepared by the CY EUROMOD National Team each year, and made available by the JRC on time for the EUROMOD stable release of the model at the beginning of each year.JRC.B.2 - Fiscal Policy Analysi
Climate change induced carbonation and corrosion of EU building stock: recent findings
No full textThis paper presents the main findings of the JRC report “Impact of climate change on the corrosion of the European reinforced concrete building stock”. It evaluates the climate change-induced carbonation in reinforced concrete buildings in the EU Member States up to year 2100 and the time for corrosion onset and the repair costs under moderate and extreme CO2 emissions scenarios. The results indicate that, without climate change, natural aging of buildings would not lead to corrosion by 2100, as the carbonation depth would remain smaller than the concrete cover depth. However, if more severe climate change scenarios are considered, corresponding to the case when the emissions targets are not met, specifically the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C, the potential economic costs and welfare losses in some EU countries could be substantial. Climate change-induced carbonation is expected to affect the 20th-century building stock, but not the recently constructed buildings meeting modern European standards for concrete cover durability. Adaptation measures for the building stock are proposed.JRC.E.3 - Built Environmen
Impact of retirement transition on health, well-being and health behaviours: critical insights from an overview of reviews
No full textRetirement is a pivotal life course transition wich may have profound implications for health, well-being and health behaviours. Despite extensive research and theoretical debate, the impact of retirement on health remains inconclusive, with studies reporting positive, negative, or no effects.
This overview of reviews synthesises evidence from 15 systematic reviews (4 meta-analyses) assessing the relationship between retirement and physical and mental health outcomes (including mortality, mental health, cognitive decline and cardiovascular diseases) and health behaviours (including physical activity, diet, smoking and alcohol consumption). The review adheres to PRIOR guidelines and assesses the quality of the literature and existing methodological challenges.
Findings indicate that retirement's impact varies widely depending on socioeconomic status (SES), job characteristics, and individual lifestyle factors. Retirees with higher SES generally experience improved mental health and increased physical activity, whereas those with lower SES are more prone to declines in physical and mental health, increased sedentary behaviour, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Evidence on cognitive decline and mortality remains mixed.
This review highlights critical methodological issues in the available literature, including inconsistent definitions of retirement, reliance on self-reported health data, and biases like reverse causality and healthy worker effect. Future research should prioritise life course longitudinal designs and cross-country comparisons informed by stronger theoretical grounding to untangle the complex relationship between retirement and health. Policy efforts should target vulnerable groups, particularly those from lower SES, by promoting physical activity, mental well-being, and social engagement during and after the transition to retirement. Tailored interventions across retirement transition could mitigate health disparities and improve overall well-being in later life.JRC.S.3 - Science for Modelling, Monitoring and Evaluatio