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Does messaging matter? : A registered report on appearance-versus health-based message framing in exercise appeals targeted towards women
Get PDFObjective: Prospect theory proposes that message framing differentially impacts the likelihood of engaging in health-related behaviors. Specifically, gain-framed messages that highlight the benefits of engaging in a behavior are more effective at promoting preventative behaviors than loss-framed messages highlighting the costs associated with a lack of engagement. Research suggests that gain-framed messages may more successfully reduce psychological reactance compared to loss-framed messages, which in turn, may promote behavioral change. However, reactance as a mechanism has been largely overlooked in the literature and support for this hypothesis is mixed. These conflicting results may be due to additional factors, such as outcomes of the targeted behavior (health vs. appearance) and goal orientation. Therefore, the present study examined whether message framing (gain- vs. loss-framing) and the fit between a health message's outcomes of focus (i.e., health vs. appearance) and an individual's goal orientation predict psychological reactance, and in turn, cognitive and behavioral outcomes related to exercise. Design: This study employed a randomized trial with four experimental groups composed of insufficiently active women. Specifically, participants were randomized to view a loss- or gain-framed video emphasizing either health- or appearance-related outcomes. Results: Counter to expectations, there were no between-group differences on exercise-related attitudes and intentions immediately post-intervention, or self-reported behavior at 1-week post intervention. However, when health outcomes were emphasized, loss-framed messages generally elicited more reactivity than gain-framed messages. This finding was not replicated for the appearance conditions. Appearance messages also generally elicited more reactance than health messages. Meanwhile, reactance did not predict changes in exercise-related attitudes, intentions, or self-reported behavior, and the relationship between messaging content and reactance was generally not moderated by goal orientation. Conclusion: For young inactive women, receiving messages geared towards appearance-related risks of inactivity (e.g., weight gain) tended to produce more reactivity than messages geared towards health-related risks of inactivity (e.g., weakened immune system). However, this did not change exercise-related attitudes, intentions, or self-reported behaviors. Health gain-framed education regarding exercise may be an important part of a comprehensive intervention toolkit, but is likely not enough in and of itself to support or hinder exercise engagement, regardless of framing or emphasized outcomes.Peer reviewe
The times they are a-changin' : markets after neoliberalism, and how to study them
Get PDFThis is a lightly edited version of the inaugural lecture given by Professor Philip Roscoe, at the University of St Andrews, 19 February 2025. Philip has been Editor-in Chief (joint) of this journal since late 2022 and served as Associate Editor for three years before that. During this time the journal has grown in scale, reach, and vision and we owe much of this to his meticulous stewardship. His work once described as a ‘Dickensian hoot’, Philip puts his money where his mouth is in his commitment to combining scrupulous academic scholarship with performance and wit. We think this is captured perfectly in his inaugural lecture and we are delighted to reproduce it here – Prof. Liz McFall, Editor-in Chief (joint), Dr Elif Doyuran, R&C Editor.Peer reviewe
Coronal heating driven by random foot point motions : the effects of magnetic field topology
Get PDFFunding: TH received funding from the Carnegie Trust grant number RIG013386. The research leading to these results has received funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (grant number ST/W001195/1). IDM received funding from the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence scheme, project number 262622.We investigate the effects of magnetic field geometry on energy injection and dissipation, current sheet formation, magnetic reconnection rates and plasma dynamics in the solar corona when energized by random foot point motions. Using a series of 3D magnetohydrodynamics simulations, we compared the effects of high- and low-amplitude random velocity drivers acting on two different initial magnetic fields; (a) a uniform field case and (b) a tectonics case, in which the field is anchored in localized flux patches. In all simulations, the imposed drivers stress the field, generating small scales and leading to energy dissipation through Ohmic and viscous heating. The rates of energy injection, current formation, magnetic reconnection, and the associated energy dissipation are higher when the field is concentrated in flux patches at the simulation boundary. As such, expected heating rates are larger with a tectonics field. However, when high-amplitude driving is imposed on an initially uniform field, flux patches spontaneously form as the field evolves to become a tectonics field. As a result, energy injection and dissipation rates converge to become independent of the initial field state in the high-amplitude cases. As coronal field foot points are typically embedded in concentrated flux patches, we confirm that tectonics is a viable model for coronal heating. Unsurprisingly, we find that the nature of an initial field only influences heating rates as long as this field persists. However, whether solar atmospheric heating is dominated by transverse foot-point motions, as considered here, or by flux emergence events remains an unanswered question.Peer reviewe
TOI-2005b : an eccentric warm Jupiter in spin-orbit alignment
Get PDFFunding: C.H. thanks the support of the ARC DECRA program DE200101840 and Future Fellowship program FT240100016. G.Z. thanks the support of the ARC DECRA program DE210101893 and Future Fellowship program FT230100517. This research also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 803193/BEBOP) and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grant No. ST/S00193X/1). A.J. acknowledges support from ANID—Millennium Science Initiative—ICN12_009, AIM23-0001 and from FONDECYT project 1210718.We report the discovery and characterization of TOI-2005 b, a warm Jupiter on an eccentric (e ∼ 0.59), 17.3 days orbit around a Vmag = 9.867 rapidly rotating F-star. The object was detected as a candidate by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and the planetary nature of TOI-2005 b was then confirmed via a series of ground-based photometric, spectroscopic, and diffraction-limited imaging observations. The planet was found to reside in a low sky-projected stellar obliquity orbit (λ = 4.8+2.3-2.5 degrees) via a transit spectroscopic observation using the Magellan Magellan Inamori Kyocera Echelle spectrograph. TOI-2005 b is one of a few planets known to have a lowobliquity high-eccentricity orbit, which may be the result of high-eccentricity coplanar migration. The planet has a periastron equilibrium temperature of ∼2100 K, similar to some highly irradiated hot Jupiters where atomic metal species have been detected in transmission spectroscopy, and varies by almost 1000 K during its orbit. Future observations of the atmosphere of TOI-2005b can inform us about its radiative timescales thanks to the rapid heating and cooling of the planet.Peer reviewe
Health care itineraries for women in situations of abortion : methodological aspects of a qualitative study for Birth in Brazil II survey
Get PDFIn recent decades, several academic studies on abortion have been produced in Brazil, with different designs, objectives, and methodologies. However, due to the diversity of situations in which Brazilian women experience abortion, the complexity of this topic, and its modulations in different political and sociocultural contexts, it still challenges academicians and the fields of health and reproductive rights. In this article, we present methodological aspects of a qualitative study on health care itineraries of women in situations of abortion, a component of the Birth in Brazil II survey, whose objective is to discuss the effects of gender; race/ethnicity; social class; generational, regional, and territorial inequalities on care itineraries. We discuss the study design development, the construction of the theoretical framework and specific analytical axes, the development of interview instrument, definition of participant selection criteria, strategies to contact participants and conduct the interviews, management of field work and materials produced, analytical procedures, and ethical issues. In total, 120 narrative interviews were conducted in order to include a diversity of women and obtain detailed results from the quantitative analysis under Birth in Brazil II survey. The context of criminalization of abortion has an impact on the production of knowledge on this subject, creat- ing challenges such as difficult access to women, women’s anonymity, privacy and data confidentiality, creation of objective and subjective conditions so that they can narrate their experiences in depth. With this article, we seek to con- tribute to the debate about these challenges in abortion research in Brazil.Peer reviewe
Vaccination of endangered wildlife as a conservation tool : hindsights and new horizons in the pandemic era
Get PDFVaccines are an established conservation tool that can reduce the threat of infectious disease in endangered wildlife populations. Vaccines exist for many infectious pathogens, and at a time of rapid technological advances in vaccinology, developing vaccines and vaccination programs for free-living endangered wildlife could help efforts to prevent extinctions from disease threats. Vaccination efforts could focus on protecting members of the target species or could be directed at reservoir populations to prevent pathogen spillover. Vaccination strategies need to be substantiated by research on safety and effectiveness, include risk and feasibility assessments, account for differences in host biology and disease epidemiology, and align with relevant regulatory frameworks. Engagement with stakeholders and the public is important to ensure the success of endangered species vaccination programs. Challenges such as funding, regulation, and societal acceptance are barriers to progress in vaccination programs for some species and geographic regions. We recommend the development of scientifically based international guidelines and a transdisciplinary forum with a specific emphasis on endangered wildlife vaccination. New technologies could be used collaboratively to prevent transmission of diseases for which vaccines are not currently available. Careful approaches and enhanced collaborations could help ensure the successful development of wildlife vaccination programs and promote resilience of endangered wildlife populations to increasing anthropogenic and environmental stressors on biodiversity.Peer reviewe
Measured and perceived effort : assessing three literary translation workflows
Get PDFFunding: This project has received funding from the European Union Horizon Europe (HORIZON) research and innovation programme under the Marie-Curie grant agreement No 101062428.Professional literary translators were asked to translate three short stories using MS Word, Trados Studio 2022, and a proprietary machine translation postediting platform. This article compares measured and perceived temporal, technical, and cognitive effort across the three workflows. Data was collected via questionnaires, keylogging, and screen capturing.Peer reviewe
The ethics of the state pension
Get PDFThis article suggests that future ethical analyses of state pensions should focus on either or both of two distinct ideal types of state pension, one of which is intended to serve a sufficientarian purpose and the other of which is supposed to serve a paternalistic purpose. Having set out this typology, this article sets out to tackle three central justificatory challenges for state pensions and to show that the typology is helpful in working through them. The first arises from the fact that state pensions are widely considered to constitute part of the social safety net of any country that has one, yet it is not entirely clear why they should be so considered. The main problem is that, while the social safety net is a set of programmes designed to alleviate burdens, it is not clear that state pensions are targeted at alleviating any burden. This constitutes the first justificatory problem for state pensions. The second justificatory problem, albeit one that cannot be entirely disentangled from the first, is that state pension systems offer benefits only to those above a certain age, even though simply being above a certain age constitutes in itself no plausible moral basis for being given a benefit. The third problem is that state pensions discourage those who benefit from them from doing paid work. This article tackles each of these problems individually, exploring the solutions to them that either have been offered in the literature or might plausibly be offered.Peer reviewe
International conspiracies : building a theory of covert foreign support for coups d'état
Get PDFThe literature on coups d’état has been especially vibrant in the past several decades. Scholars focus on coups as exclusively domestic events, though some academics consider them within an international context. However, there are prominent historical cases of foreign governments covertly supporting coup attempts. As such, no current theory explains if and how a foreign state can affect when a coup occurs or whether it succeeds. Drawing on declassified United States archival sources, I build a theory that argues that foreign governments are limited by the domestic coup risk in the target state and are able to increase the sponsored attempt’s chance of success by manipulating expectations. Foreign states need willing domestic conspirators in the target country to support a coup attempt, and the supply of military officials willing and able to execute a coup is determined by the local coup risk. As the various aspects of coup risk are slow to change and largely insulated from outside manipulation, a foreign coup sponsor must work with conditions already in place. During the execution of a coup attempt, a foreign state is able to affect the plot’s outcome primarily via covert propaganda and protests. These methods are effective because they manipulate the expectations of the target military that the coup’s success is inevitable. As a consequence of this theory, we can expect that foreign-sponsored coups are rare which contrasts with apparent public belief that intelligence agencies are able to foment coup attempts easily. Furthermore, foreign covert support is limited to specific mechanisms. My theory provides a first step in systematically examining the role and capabilities of foreign covert support for coup attempts
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