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Kellie Castle : some observations on its restoration and architectural development
No full textThis dissertation focusses on Kellie castle, Fife. Its aims are two fold: to unravel the at times complex architectural history of the castle, and to relate this to the historically important restoration of the fabric, initiated by Professor James Lorimer in 1878. The so-called Red Book of Kellie, compiled by Lorimer but never published, is presented as crucial to both objectives. Through a close analysis of this manuscript the architectural evolution of the castle is reassessed and a context established for the restrained and scholarly restoration of 1878.
A substantial body of new documentation has been drawn upon, including the legal transactions between the Earl of Mar and Kellie and the Lorimers during negotiations far the lease, together with correspondence relating to a second (but never implemented) restoration project. The latter was to have been executed under the direction of Robert Lorimer, to whom the 1878 restoration can be seen to have had a special formative significance. Finally, additional information is provided on the local workforce employed by Professor Lorimer on the 1878 programme, thereby adding substantially to an understanding of both the restoration and architectural and building activity in North East Fife at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century
Residential relocations and housing changes among immigrants and their descendants : an analysis of longitudinal register data from France
Get PDFFunding: This paper is part of the MigrantLife project that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union‗s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 834103).This paper investigates residential mobility and housing changes among immigrants, their descendants, and the native population, alongside the association between family and household characteristics and residential mobility. We apply discrete-time event history analysis to rich French administrative panel data covering the period 2012–2019. The results show distinct patterns of residential moves among migrant groups and generations. Immigrants from North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa are less likely to move to homeownership and more likely to move to social renting compared to the native French population. By contrast, immigrants from Southeast Asia, Turkey, and Europe have a similar likelihood of moving to homeownership as the native population. We find little differences in the probability of moving to homeownership across migrant generations; however, the second generation appears less residentially mobile than the immigrant generation. The descendants of immigrants from North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa are the least likely to move to homeownership and the most likely to move to social renting. This suggests that either structural barriers or cultural norms shape the mobility patterns of immigrants and their descendants in the same way. Finally, we observe similarities in the association between household characteristics and residential mobility for migrants, their descendants, and the native population. This suggests that life course events play a similar role in residential mobility across all population groups. For migrants and their descendants, those with low socioeconomic resources move less, suggesting that a lack of resources is a determinant of low mobility.Peer reviewe
Defying Kuwaiti censorship and addressing the crisis of intellectualism : Ḥāris saṭḥ al-ʿālam as a subversive feminine dystopian fairy tale
Get PDFThe “Arab Spring” posed a significant challenge to entrenched authoritarian regimes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), disrupting the pursuit of freedom and democracy while exacerbating existing social and political crises. In its aftermath, contemporary Arabic literature saw a marked rise in dystopian novels that reflect on past revolutions and project a bleak future. This widespread revolutionary spirit also inspired marginalised groups in Kuwait, including censored writers. Against this backdrop, Kuwaiti author Buthayna al-ʿĪsa, in her 2019 work Ḥāris saṭḥ al-ʿālam (Guardian of the World Surface), weaves well-known Western fairy tale figures into a dystopian narrative set in a Middle Eastern context. Her use of estrangement – now a survival strategy for activists and intellectuals in Kuwait and across the Arab world post-“Arab Spring” – enables her to critique book censorship and the growing totalitarianism in Kuwait while skilfully avoiding censorship herself. Framing the narrative through a bookstore proprietress who both writes and participates in the story, Ḥāris saṭḥ al-ʿālam offers a nuanced portrayal of female characters, both within the narrative and as the storyteller, emphasising the subversive potential of Arab women to confront the Symbolic order and the crisis of intellectualism in the post-revolutionary era.Peer reviewe
Accelerating reverse intersystem crossing by bridging two multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters with [2.2]paracyclophane
Get PDFFunding: Y. X. acknowledges the China Scholarship Council (202106310038) for support. D.Chen acknowledges the support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022TQ0227) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China(BK20230508). S. W. acknowledges the China Scholarship Council (201906250199).X. Z. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 52130304) the Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nano & Soft Materials,the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, the 111Project. E.Z-.C. acknowledges support from the Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Council (EPSRC; EP/W015137/1, EP/W007517/1, and EP/Z535291/1). Thisproject has been partly funded by the European Union Horizon 2021 research andinnovation programme under grant agreement No. 101073045 (TADFsolutions) andthe EPSRC grant EP/X026175/1. RP and DJB acknowledge support from BBSRCBB/S017615/1, BB/X001172/1 and EPSRC EP/X040259/1.The development of circularly polarized multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials with fast reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process remains a challenge. Herein, we introduce high-lying excited states to assist the RISC process. Through arranging two known MR-TADF emitters t CzBN and DiKTa at the pseudo-ortho position of a chiral skeleton paracyclophane (PCP), the excited-state density was increased. The proof-of-concept emitter po -PCP- t CzBN-DiKTa shows nearly three times higher kRISC (5.31 × 104 s−1) than PCP- t CzBN (1.73 × 104 s−1) without compromising color purity and exhibiting circularly polarized luminescence with |gPL| values at the 10−4 level. The solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes with po -PCP- t CzBN-DiKTa show high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) reaching 23% with a moderate efficiency roll-off, showing EQE of 18% and 9% at 100 and 1000 cd/m2.Peer reviewe
Shear zone folds : structural analysis and interpretation
No full textFunding: This study was funded by the Irvine Bequest of the University of St Andrews, together with the Russell Trust, the Geological Society of London, and the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.Shear zones and associated folds form an important category of structures that are widely developed in the internal portions of orogenic belts. The analysis of such folds is crucial as they can be used to help determine kinematics, bulk strain and deformation histories of crustal-scale shear zones as well as influencing fluid flow and potential mineralisation. Our case study focuses on a Caledonian shear zone in NW Ireland that is marked by NW-directed crustal thickening (D1) that is followed by a later phase (D2) of SE-directed gravity-driven extensional collapse. We provide a detailed analysis of mesoscopic folds and fabrics formed during this greenschist-facies extension in order to answer some general questions including how to distinguish folds with hinges that initiate parallel to transport versus those folds that have rotated towards shear, the control that larger folds may have upon the geometry and orientation of smaller folds, and the influence that lithology plays in the evolution of shear zone folds. Our study comprises a mixed fold and fabric data set derived from a complex combination of i) flow perturbation folds with hinges that have initiated sub-parallel to transport, ii) sheath folds with hinges that have rotated towards transport during intense progressive shear, and iii) spiral folds with hinges that initiate normal to transport but fail to rotate as they roll and tighten. These mesoscopic folds form across a range of scales with smaller folds forming at a variety of angles, and in some cases transecting larger fold hinges indicating a non-Pumpellyan or incongruous relationship. Competent psammites host more open folds with hinges at higher angles to transport when compared to weaker pelites that contain tighter folds at variable angles to shear. Lithology and scale are therefore critical factors in controlling shear zone folds, with natural data sets commonly dominated by smaller-scale (<10 cm) folds that are more prevalent and easier to measure at outcrop. A consequence of this bias in recording data is that the amount of fold rotation (and hence bulk strain) may be over-estimated. A further complication is that fold pairs preserve more open upper hinges compared to tighter lower hinges that are closer to underlying detachments, meaning that the exact position of the hinge within fold pairs should be routinely recorded. The flattening of buckle fold hinges within competent psammites reflects the influence of gravity-driven deformation with an absolute sense of top-down-to the SE shear, which we interpret as being focussed into the shear zone during orogenic collapse.Peer reviewe
Stocking African catfish in Lake Victoria provides effective biocontrol of snail vectors of Schistosoma mansoni
Get PDFFunding: This research was funded by a Royal Society grant (CHL\R1\180111 ; www.royalsociety.org) awarded to ASB, SK and RK, a NERC Belmont Forum grant (NE/T013591/1; www.ukri.org) awarded to ASB and GDL and a MRC Harmonised Impact Acceleration Grant (www.ukri.org) awarded to ASB, FA, SK, and RK. GADL and AJC were partially supported by the USA National Science Foundation (# ICER-2024383 through the Belmont Collaborative Forum on Climate, Environment and Health), and by USA-NSF DEB #2011179 under the program Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.In areas of high infection prevalence, effective control of schistosomiasis – one of the most important Neglected Tropical Diseases – requires supplementing medical treatment with interventions targeted at the environmental reservoir of disease. In addition to provision of clean water, reliable sanitation, and molluscicide use to control the obligate intermediate host snail, top-down biological control of parasite-competent snails has recently gained increasing interest in the scientific community. However, evidence that natural predators can effectively reduce snail abundance and, ultimately, transmission risk to vulnerable human populations remains limited. In this study, we used a Before-After-Control-Intervention (BACI) design implemented in seven lakeside areas, including three intervention areas and four control areas, on the southern shores of Lake Victoria (Tanzania) in 2019–2023. We tested whether the restoration of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, a native species of commercial value, could reduce both the abundance of Biomphalaria snails (intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni) and infection intensity in school age children (SAC). Where catfish were restored, mean site-level snail counts declined by 57% (95% CI: 29.4%, 74.3%). At primary schools located within each area, SAC infection intensity (mean parasite egg count in stool samples) also decreased significantly by 55% (95% CI: 26%, 73%). This study shows that natural predators of host snails have the potential for schistosomiasis control. Scaling up to a lake-wide approach will require systemic intervention, with snail host control contributing to a broader framework for schistosomiasis management.Peer reviewe
Reversible solid oxide electrochemical cells with regulated oxygen trapping nano-dots on Ni-Fe fuel electrode
Get PDFFunding: This research was financially supported by the National R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, grant numbers 2021M3H4A3A02086499 and 2022M3H4A1A04076616.Reversible Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells (ReSOCs) have been affirmed as the next-generation, high-performance energy conversion and storage devices. However, ReSOCs still encounter various challenges, including poor performance in either fuel cell or electrolysis mode, the absence of a cost-effective and scalable manufacturing process, and flexible application (etc., NH3, C3H8). Herein, we have pioneered an innovative fuel electrode comprising a Ni-Fe bimetallic phase decorated with nanosized ceria, aiming to enhance both fuel cell and electrolysis performance. Furthermore, we have designed and validated a distinctive direct solid injection method utilizing the ultrasonic spraying process to decorate the Ni-Fe fuel electrode with nanosized ceria, showcasing a remarkable oxygen trapping capacity. This intricately regulated structure serves as a mechanism for trapping oxygen molecules on nano-ceria dots, facilitating an efficient migration pathway during surface reactions. Consequently, ReSOCs were demonstrated, achieving a maximum power density of 1.40 W cm−2 at 800 °C in fuel cell mode, and an exceptional electrolysis current density of 1.01 A cm−2 at 1.3 V. Additionally, ReSOCs showed durable operation for 500 h in both fuel and electrolysis cell mode.Peer reviewe
Writing histories of everyday life in authoritarian regimes, from Europe to the Global South
Get PDFFunding: This work was supported by ERC grant (DICTATOREXPERIENCE, 772353) undertaken with Professor Kate Ferris as PI at the University of St Andrews, 2018–24.This article – arising from an ERC-funded project on the lived experiences of dictatorship – explores the development of and approaches to the history of everyday life under repressive political systems, presenting the historiographical, conceptual, and contextual points of contact, synergy, and divergence between historians working in and on Europe, Southern Africa, and Latin America. As a historiographical review article, this piece provides both a critical assessment of and novel intervention in these respective literatures, making the case for ‘decentring’ European histories and historiographies, to encourage greater engagement and collaboration between those working on different historical and geographical contexts.Peer reviewe
A history of shoreline management planning : lessons for governing the shoreface
Get PDFCoastal areas face unique challenges, with climate change impacts such as sea level rise exacerbating coastal hazards that put people, infrastructure, and habitats at risk. This study evaluates three generations of Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs) in the UK (1993–2024). The study considers whether the system of governance is encouraging sustainable solutions. Policy analysis identifies a range of sustainability principles which have become dominant for SMPs. Findings show that shoreline management planning has evolved considerably over the last 30 years. It has transformed governance from a reactive, engineering-focused, administratively based approach to a risk-based, geostrategic, technically informed approach. SMPs have slowed the increase of coastal vulnerability. In the most recent phase, they have increased consideration of adaptation to the impacts of climatic change. However, strategic goals are not always translated into locally implemented action, because of problems with criteria, collaboration, costs, cultural attitudes, competing priorities for coastal landuse, and contentious decisions, especially those which set public interest against individual interests. So, governing the shoreface will need to evolve further to deal with the tensions between ‘working with nature’, ‘working in partnership with people’, and ‘adapting to future climates’.Peer reviewe
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