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The discussion of gender and citations in submission guidelines of 102 political science journals
Get PDFFunding: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Citations of journal articles are a measure of scholarly attention and scientific impact. Across disciplines, including political science, there is evidence indicating the presence of a gender citation gap. The gap represents a gender imbalance in publishing and citations that is likely to be perpetuated as it contributes to follow-up imbalances in hiring or funding decisions. In this paper, we review the submission and publication information of 102 English-language journals from political science. The review is guided by a descriptive research question: How many journals address gender imbalances and gender more generally in their guidelines? We present the results of a mixed-methods content analysis that combines a computational text analysis with the manual, qualitative coding of journal information. We observe that fifteen journals out of 102 address gender and citation behavior by encouraging authors to consider the gender balance of their reference lists. With seven mentions, the share of journals discussing gender and citations is higher for the top-25 journals. There is little discussion of this issue in ECPR journals and APSA section and association journals.Peer reviewe
The role of magnetic fields in the formation of high-mass star-forming cores
Get PDFFunding: This project was supported by the Science and Technologies Funding Council (STFC) training grant ST/W507817/1 (Project reference 2599346).Magnetic fields are often invoked as playing a primary role in star formation and in the formation of high-mass stars. We investigate the effect of magnetic fields on the formation of high-mass cores using the three-dimensional smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics code PHANTOM. We follow the collapse of six molecular clouds of mass 1000 M☉, four of which are initially magnetized with mass-to-flux ratios 3, 5, 10, and 100, respectively, and two purely hydrodynamic clouds with varying initial strengths of turbulence. We then apply an in-house clump-finding algorithm to the 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics data in order to quantify the differences in mass and properties of the cores across the degrees of magnetic and turbulent support. We find that although the magnetic fields cause differences in the global cloud evolution, the masses and properties of the cores which form are broadly similar across the different initial conditions. Cores initially form with masses comparable to the initial thermal Jeans mass of the clouds, and then slowly increase in mass with time. We find that regardless of initial magnetization, the fields become dynamically relevant at densities of ρ > 1 × 10−17 g cm−3 – comparable to core densities – and channel material along the field lines, decreasing the stable magnetic Jeans mass, such that the limiting factor for fragmentation is the thermal Jeans mass. We conclude that magnetic fields are not capable of forming and supporting initially high-mass cores against fragmentation.Peer reviewe
Boron-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride materials for photocatalytic applications : effects on chemical, adsorptive, optoelectronic, and photocatalytic properties
Get PDFFunding: I.I. and C.P. would like to acknowledge funding for this study through the ERC Starting Grant THEIA (Project number: 850624) and to the Department of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London for the PhD Departmental Scholarship. A.K. thanks the EPSRC for a Programme Grant (EP/W017075/1) and the Royal Society for an Equipment Grant (RSG/R1/180434). M.D. and S.E. acknowledge the EPSRC grant EP/S030727/1 for financial support. C.M.M. wants to acknowledge EPSRC for funding for the Cryo EPS facility strategic equipment grant EP/V007661/1. The authors would like to acknowledge the EPSRC equipment funding for SPIN-Lab (EP/P030548/1) (S.H. and I.N.). S.C.S would like to acknowledge funding from the Irvine Postgraduate Research Scholarship for Chemistry.Graphitic carbon nitride (gC3N4, or CN herein) is widely studied as a photocatalyst owing to its ease of synthesis, high stability, and optoelectronic properties. However, its photocatalytic performance often remains limited, and a common approach to tune its function and enhance its performance is by doping. Boron (B) functionalization of CN has showed a potential benefit on photocatalytic performance for several reactions. However, the reason for this improvement and the links between synthesis method, exact B chemical environment, and performance remain unclear. Here, we present a fundamental study that elucidates the influence of (i) B functionalization, (ii) B content, and (iii) choice of B precursor on the physicochemical, adsorptive, optoelectronic, and photocatalytic properties of bulk B-CN. We synthesized two sets of B-CN materials (0.5–11 at% B), using either elemental boron or boric acid as precursors. The samples were characterized using several imaging and spectroscopic techniques, which confirm the integration of B into the material through B–O bonding and the creation of B clusters in the case of the boron precursor, with density functional theory (DFT) calculations supporting our analyses. The distribution of B atoms within B-CN particles remained heterogeneous. Compared to CN, B-functionalized materials show enhanced porosity and CO2 uptake, with similar degrees of light absorption and deeper energy band positions. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) measurements showed that charge carrier populations, lifetimes, and kinetics were not significantly affected by B functionalization; however, at 5 at% B doping, an increase in the concentration of charge carriers was seen. Higher B content enhances the photocatalytic NOx removal under UVA irradiation (almost two-fold) and the selectivity to NO3– from NOx photooxidation, but has no significant effect on CO2 photoreduction, compared to pristine CN. Overall, this study provides fundamental insights to build on and more rationally produce better-performing B-CN photocatalysts.Peer reviewe
How do you solve a problem like Màiri? : nineteenth-century Gaelic song, rewilding, and audience creation
Get PDFMàiri Mhòr nan Oran (Mary MacPherson, Big Mary of the Songs) was the most influential Scottish Gaelic songwriter/poet of the late nineteenth century and one of the most high-profile land and language activists of the period. This article examines some of her (incredibly popular) work and the manner in which she weaves contemporary comment, biography, and a reworking of traditional tunes and motifs in a way designed to have social and political impact. It discusses some of her most well-known songs alongside those which have rarely been translated into English, and places these alongside the work of her contemporary Mary MacKellar (bàrd of the Gaelic Society of Inverness), and within the context of debates in the 1870s and 1880s about the future of the Gaelic language and the political campaign for greater rights for crofting communities — and then asks what, if anything, can be learned from this for contemporary debates about land use in the Highlands of Scotland.Peer reviewe
Christ's dead limb
Get PDFIs Christ hypostatically united to his human nature during Holy Saturday? If so, how, given that he is (in effect) an object whose parts are in different ‘places’? In this article, I argue that God the Son does indeed remain hypostatically united to his human nature during Holy Saturday and that this is salvifically salient. One way to construe this ongoing union through somatic death is by means of the analogy of a ‘dead limb’ – Christ’s human body being that limb. I set out several ways of making sense of this claim consistent with a broadly orthodox account of the hypostatic union as a contribution to the theology of Holy Saturday and the intermediate state more broadly.Peer reviewe
Comparison of commercial decoder-only large language models for multilingual sentiment analysis of short text
Get PDFThis article explores multilingual sentiment analysis of short texts using three commercial decoder-only Large Language Models (“LLMs” ): OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Anthropic’s Claude, and Google’s Gemini. The training data for these models is approximately 90% English, and it remains an open question whether it is better to evaluate text data in its original language or translate it into English first. We build on previous research on sentiment analysis of multilingual short texts, such as those found on social media, using 1000 short text samples in seven languages (English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Arabic, Japanese, and Korean) translated into English using Google Translate. We processed these samples with decoder-only LLMs and compared their results with those fromother methods (encoder-only LLMs, RNNs, lexicons). We found that decoder-only LLMs achieved the highest accuracy across all sentiment analysis methods when working with the original language data. The only exception was with the French data, where an RNN was the most accurate. Among the three decoder-only LLMs, ChatGPT had the highest accuracy in four of the seven languages, Claude in two, and Gemini, whichranked second in six of the seven languages.Peer reviewe
Spatial variation in fertility change at the county level in China
Get PDFFunding: This research is funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)-St Andrews Scholarship (No. 202008220131). Research by Hill Kulu and Júlia Mikolai was supported by the ESRC Centre for Population Change Connecting Generations research programme (Grant ES/W002116/1).Fertility change varies spatially in China, however, the trend and factors that influence the variation at the county level are not fully understood. We analysed the spatial variation in fertility change at the county level in China between 2000 and 2010 using spatial Durbin models. We focused on understanding whether and how changes in population composition, local context, and migration influence changing fertility levels across counties. The results show that fertility change varied in different regions from 2000 to 2010, supporting the idea that the stages of fertility transition are spatially different. An increase in females' educational level and a decrease in the share of the married population in a given county and its neighbouring counties are associated with fertility decline. The results highlight that the determinants of the second demographic transition (e.g. education, marital status, gender equality) are more appropriate than economic development and urbanisation to explain spatial variation in fertility change in China from 2000 to 2010. There are significant spillover effects, i.e. changes in neighbouring areas also influence fertility changes in a given region.Peer reviewe
Is divine simplicity biblical? A fresh argument on behalf of a traditional doctrine
Get PDFDivine simplicity is plausibly seen as a biblical doctrine, given a standard account of the way doctrine is derived from Scripture. The polemic of Jeremiah 10 against ancient Near Eastern mis pî or ‘mouth opening’ rituals involves a commitment to a radical account of divine aseity. In dialogue with Thomas Aquinas and a number of contemporary figures, I suggest this view of divine aseity might plausibly be thought to lead to the inference to divine simplicity.Peer reviewe
SDSS-IV MaNGA : exploring the local scaling relations for N/O
No full textFunding: C.T. acknowledges NSF CAREER award AST-1554877 M.A.B. acknowledges support from NSF-1814682. J.G.F-T. gratefully acknowledges the grant support provided by Proyecto Fondecyt Iniciación No. 11220340, and also from ANID Concurso de Fomento a la Vinculación Internacional para Instituciones de Investigación Regionales (Modalidad corta duración) Proyecto No. FOVI210020, and from the Joint Committee ESO-Government of Chile 2021 (ORP 023/2021).We present, for the first time, the relationship between local stellar mass surface density, Σ*, and N/O derived from SDSS-IV MaNGA data, using a sample of 792,765 high signal-to-noise ratio star-forming spaxels. Using a combination of phenomenological modeling and partial correlation analysis, we find that Σ* alone is insufficient to predict the N/O in MaNGA spaxels and that there is an additional dependence on the local star formation rate surface density, ΣSFR. This effect is a factor of 3 stronger than the dependence of 12+log(O/H) on ΣSFR. Surprisingly, we find that the local N/O scaling relations also depend on the total galaxy stellar mass at fixed Σ* and the galaxy size at fixed stellar mass. We find that more compact galaxies are more nitrogen rich, even when Σ* and ΣSFR are controlled for. We show that ∼50% of the variance of N/O is explained by the total stellar mass and size. Thus, the evolution of nitrogen in galaxies is set by more than just local effects and does not simply track the buildup of oxygen in galaxies. The precise form of the N/O–O/H relation is therefore sensitive to the sample of galaxies from which it is derived. This result casts doubt on the universal applicability of nitrogen-based strong-line metallicity indicators derived in the local universe.Peer reviewe
Tracing lines, forging connectivity : the tapestries of Amine El Bacha and Antoine Saadé (1984-1985)
Get PDFThree colourful tapestries, made by Amine El Bacha and Antoine Saadé in 1984 and 1985, emphasize processes of creating connectivity in wartime Beirut. Their shared project of intermedial imagination and translation adapted Aubusson-style techniques to a modified loom embedded in a longer history of silk weaving in Lebanon. Their slow, creative process not only ensured the medium’s continuance during the war but was also an enlivening force that deepened their artistic affinity and friendship. Forged within an experience of forced displacement, this bond speaks to the entwinement of artistic process and modes of social and ecological connection. Based on personal testimonies and collections, this article reconstructs an intimate art history gleaned from the layered processes of making and remembering, in which picnics in nature, shared meals, and loom building form an integral part of the engagement.Peer reviewe
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