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Depositional processes and stratigraphic architecture of an exhumed retrogradational to progradational submarine slope succession (Eocene, Aínsa Basin, Spain)
Get PDFFunding: This work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council as part of the Centre for Doctoral Training programme.Sedimentary successions recording the initiation and evolution of submarine slopes have rarely been documented in outcrop studies. Consequently, the temporal and spatial distribution of subaqueous slope deposits at sub-seismic resolutions are poorly constrained. Furthermore, many models of submarine slope initiation and evolution are based on subsurface datasets from tectonically passive margins, with a consequent limitation of their application to active settings. This study documents the facies architecture and depositional processes of the ≤ 800-m-thick Eocene Fosado System (Hecho Group, Aínsa Basin, Spanish Pyrenees), that records the initiation, evolution, and burial of a submarine slope in a tectonically active epicontinental basin margin. Facies mapping reveals that synsedimentary thrust propagation and differential subsidence across an oblique ramp system initiated a shelf–slope profile. The slope underwent two distinct phases of deposition. Initially, thrusting and folding led to recurrent slope over-steepening, collapse, and healing, resulting in an out-of-grade retrogradational slope. Tectonic deformation and the emplacement of mass-transport complexes generated an irregular seafloor topography that promoted accumulation of coarser grained slope pond- and channel-fills. Later, as the locus of thrusting propagated basinward, and the slope was incorporated into a thrust hanging wall, accommodation and instability on the slope were reduced, leading to a progradational, in-grade phase of slope deposition. This in-grade slope was dominated by unconfined mud deposition, with markedly less mass wasting and pond- and channel-fill sand deposition. Hyperpycnal flows, derived from shelf-edge deltas, were also common. These results are inconsistent with passive-margin models that link shelf-margin retrogradation (and degradation) to transgression, and slope mudstone deposition, and progradational shelf-margins to regression with associated delivery of coarser-grained sediment to the slope. This study shows that the opposite can be true in tectonically active settings.Peer reviewe
HLA-B*15:01-positive severe COVID-19 patients lack CD8+ T cell pools with highly expanded public clonotypes
Get PDFFunding: This research was funded in whole or part by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). This work was supported by NHMRC L1 to K.K. (#1173871), NHMRC EL1 to L.C.R. (#2026357) and T.H.O.N. (#1194036), NHMRC EL2 to D.A.W. (#1174555), J.A.J. (#2009308), and S.A.V. (#2007929). NHMRC Early Career Fellowships to C.L.G. (#1160963) and J.A.T. (#1139902). S.J.K. is supported by a NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (#1136322). J.R. is supported by a NHMRC Investigator Award. J.A.J. is funded by the Charles and Sylvia Viertel Charitable Foundation. W.Z. and J.R.H. are supported by the Melbourne Research Scholarship from University of Melbourne. This work was supported by Theme-based Research Scheme of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), China (#T11-712/19-N) to K.K., Theme-based Research Scheme of the Research Grants Council of HKSAR (#T11-705/21-N) to A.A.Q., M.R.M., M.P., L.L.M.P., and S.A.V., Health and Medical Research Fund (#1903003) to D.S.C.H., Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) Award (#1202445) to K.K., MRFF Award (#2005544) to S.J.K., J.A.J., D.A.W., A.C.C., and K.K., MRFF Award (#2016062) to L.C.R., S.J.K., J.A.J., J.A.T., J.R., T.H.O.N., and K.K., NHMRC Program Grant (#1149990) to S.J.K., Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project (#DP230102850) to A.A.Q. and M.R.M., and NIH contract CIVC-HRP (HHS-NIH-NIAID-BAA2018) to P.G.T. and K.K. This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases UO1 grant 1U01AI144616-01 “Dissection of Influenza Vaccination and Infection for Childhood Immunity” to P.S.P., P.G.T., and K.K. K.S.M.L. and J.T.W. were supported by Health and Medical Research Fund (#21200122, COVID190126 and CID-HKU2) and AIR@InnoHK administered by Innovation and Technology Commission of The Government of the HKSAR. M.P. and L.L.M.P. were supported by InnoHK, an initiative of the Innovation and Technology Commission, the Government of the HKSAR. S.T. is supported by a Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Clinician Scientist Fellowship. M.R.M. is supported by an ARC Future Fellowship (#FT200100928). This project is partly supported by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development under Grants number #JP243fa627005. We thank Eunice Shui, Karen YS Yui, Fionn Ma, and Alan Cheung for Hong Kong patient sample coordination. We would like to thank blood donors from Causeway Bay, Sha Tin, and Tsuen Wan Donation Centre of Hong Kong Blood Transfusion Service. We acknowledge all DRASTIC (The use of cytokines as a preDictoR of disease Severity in criTically Ill COVID-19) investigators from Austin Health, and thank participants involved. Samples from the PHOSP-COVID study were collected as independent research jointly funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Coronavirus Immunology Consortium (UK-CIC) [PHOSP COVID, UK-CIC grant references: MR/V027859/1, COV0319 and MR/V028448/1]. L.T. is supported by the US Food and Drug Administration Medical Countermeasures Initiative contract 75F40120C00085 and National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections (NIHR200907) at University of Liverpool in partnership the UK Health Security Agency, in collaboration with Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford.Understanding host factors driving asymptomatic versus severe disease outcomes is of key importance if we are to control emerging and re-emerging viral infections. HLA-B*15:01 has been associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhospitalized individuals of European ancestry, with protective immunity attributed to preexisting cross-reactive CD8+ T-cells directed against HLA-B*15:01-restricted Spike-derived S919-927 peptide (B15/S919+CD8+ T-cells). However, fundamental questions remained on the abundance and clonotypic nature of CD8+ T-cell responses in HLA-B*15:01-positive patients who succumbed to life-threatening COVID-19. Here, we analyzed B15/S919+CD8+ T-cell responses in COVID-19 patients from independent HLA-typed COVID-19 patient cohorts across three continents, Australia, Asia and Europe. We assessed B15/S919+CD8+ T-cells in COVID-19 patients across disease outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to hospitalized critical illness. We found that severe/critical COVID-19 patients mounted B15/S919+CD8+ T-cell responses lacking a highly expanded key public B15/S919+CD8+ T-cell receptor (TCR; TRAV9-2/TRBV7-2) which recurred across multiple individuals in COVID-19 patients with a mild disease. Instead, B15/S919+CD8+ T-cell responses in life-threatening disease had a prevalence of an alternate TCR clonotypic motif (TRAV38-2/DV8/TRBV20-1), potentially contributing, at least in part, to why B15/S919+CD8+ T-cells in severe COVID-19 patients were less protective. Interestingly, the frequency, memory phenotype, and activation profiles of circulating B15/S919+CD8+ T-cells did not differ across disease severity. Moreover, B15/S919+CD8+ T-cells were better maintained into convalescence compared to other SARS-CoV-2-specificities. Our study thus provides evidence on the differential nature of the TCR clonal repertoire in 22.37% of HLA-B*15:01-positive COVID-19 patients who developed severe or critical disease in our cohorts, comparing to HLA-B*15:01-expressing individuals with mild COVID-19.Peer reviewe
The emergence and impact of the entrepreneurship industry
Get PDFFunding: Open access funding provided by Stockholm School of Economics. Brattström and Wennberg acknowledge financial support by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, grant number P22-0651.This special issue introduces the concept of the “entrepreneurship industry” (EI), a rapidly expanding global sector comprising actors, services, and infrastructures that promote and commodify entrepreneurial activity. Moving beyond traditional demand-side views of entrepreneurship, the issue explores how EI shapes entrepreneurial behavior through cultural norms, institutional structures, and policy interventions. The six featured articles examine diverse facets of EI, including its cultural biases, framing dynamics, venture production regimes, intermediary roles, and sector-specific support mechanisms. Collectively, these contributions reveal how EI influences who becomes an entrepreneur, what ventures are legitimized, and how success is defined. The issue also highlights the paradoxes and unintended consequences of EI, such as exclusionary practices and innovation theater. By conceptualizing entrepreneurship as an industry, the issue opens new avenues for research into the socio-political construction of entrepreneurial ecosystems and calls for more inclusive, context-sensitive approaches in policy, education, and practice.Peer reviewe
Some startling consequences of how stereotypes deceive us
No full textThis paper argues that Puddifoot’s arguments in How Stereotypes Deceive Us have more radical consequences than those argued for in the book. It does this by pointing out two problems for evaluating stereotypes via Evaluative Dispositionalism, Puddifoot’s view. The first problem concerns the very large number of dispositions associated with any stereotype, and the second the difficulty of evaluating a stereotype in isolation from other elements of a person’s psychology. The paper suggests that, when we take seriously Puddifoot’s arguments, we’ll end up concluding that it’s not possible to assess the epistemic worth of any individual belief or stereotype. We could still discuss the epistemic merits of how it was formed, and discuss the epistemic consequences that this belief or stereotype has for a particular person in a particular situation. But overall epistemic evaluations of stereotypes, or even acts of stereotyping, would be something that we should try to avoid.Peer reviewe
Changes in the regional water cycle and their impact on societies
Get PDFFunding: F.H.L. was partly supported by Natural Environment Research Council grant CIRCULATES (NE/T006285/1). Part of this work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) component of the Earth and Environmental System Modeling Program under Award Number DE-SC0022070 and National Science Foundation (NSF) IA 1947282. This work was also supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. R.P.A. was supported by the UK National Centre for Earth Observation grant number: NE/RO16518/1. M.B. acknowledges support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement 794063. P.J.D. from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is supported by the Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) program area under the Earth and Environmental System Modeling (EESM) program within the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division (EESSD) of the United States Department of Energy’s (DoE) Office of Science (OSTI). This work was performed under the auspices of the US DoE by LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNL IM Release: LLNL-JRNL-839104. G.F. acknowledges financial support from the project “Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023–2027”, funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research at IUSS Pavia. H.J.F. was supported by the Co-Centre for Climate + Biodiversity + Water funded by UKRI (NE/Y006496/1). P.S. acknowledges support by the European Research Council (ERC) project constRaining the EffeCts of Aerosols on Precipitation (RECAP) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme with grant agreement no. 724602 and the FORCeS project under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research program with grant agreement 821205. A.L.S.S. acknowledges support from DOE DE-SC0021209 to the University of Washington.Changes in “blue water”, which is the total supply of fresh water available for human extraction over land, are quite closely related to changes in runoff or equivalently precipitation minus evaporation, P − E. This article examines how climate change-driven recent past and future changes in the regional water cycle relate to blue water availability and changes in human blue water demand. Although at the largest scales theoretical and numerical model predictions are in broad agreement with observations, at continental scales and below models predict large ranges of possible future P − E and runoff especially at the scale of individual river catchments and for shorter timescale subseasonal floods and droughts. Nevertheless, it is expected that the occurrence and severity of floods will increase and that of droughts may increase, possibly compounded by human-driven non-climatic changes such as changes in land use, dam water impoundment, irrigation and extraction of groundwater. Contemporary assessments predict that increases in 21st century human water extraction in many highly-populated regions are unlikely to be sustainable given projections of future P − E. To reduce uncertainty in future predictions, there is an urgent need to improve modeling of atmospheric, land surface and human processes and how these components are coupled. This should be supported by maintaining the observing network and expanding it to improve measurements of land surface, oceanic and atmospheric variables. This includes the development of satellite observations stable over multiple decades and suitable for building reanalysis datasets appropriate for model evaluation.Peer reviewe
Evaluating behavior change factors over time for a simple vs. complex health behavior
Get PDFBackground: Researchers are working to identify dynamic factors involved in the shift from behavioral initiation to maintenance—factors which may depend on behavioral complexity. We test hypotheses regarding changes in factors involved in behavioral initiation and maintenance and their relationships to behavioral frequency over time, for a simple (taking a supplement) vs. complex (exercise) behavior. Methods: Data are secondary analyses from a larger RCT, in which young adult women, new to both behaviors, were randomly assigned to take daily calcium (N = 161) or to go for a daily, brisk walk (N = 171), for 4-weeks. Factors (intentions, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, self-identity, habit strength) were measured weekly. Multi-level modeling evaluated their change over time. Bivariate correlations and multiple regression determined the relationships between factors and the subsequent-week behavioral frequency (self-report and objective). Finding: Results were partly in-line with expectations, in that individuals’ intentions and self-efficacy predicted initial behavioral engagement for both behaviors, and habit strength increased for both behaviors, becoming a significant predictor of behavioral frequency in later weeks of the study in some analyses. However, results depended on whether the outcome was self-reported or objectively measured and whether analyses were bivariate or multivariate (regression). Discussion: The factors theorized to play a role in behavioral maintenance (intrinsic motivation, self-identity, and habit strength) started to develop, but only habit strength predicted behavioral frequency by study-end, for both behaviors. Differences in initiation and maintenance between behaviors of differing complexity may not be as stark as theorized, but longer follow-up times are required to evaluate maintenance factors.Peer reviewe
Almost sure convergence of cover times for ψ-mixing systems
Get PDFFunding: The author acknowledges a grant from the Chinese Scholarship Council.Given a topologically transitive system on the unit interval, one can investigate the cover time, that is, the time for an orbit to reach a certain level of resolution in the repeller. We introduce a new notion of dimension, namely the stretched Minkowski dimension, and show that under mixing conditions, the asymptotics of typical cover times are determined by Minkowski dimensions when they are finite, or by stretched Minkowski dimensions otherwise. For application, we show that for countably full-branched affine maps, results using the usual Minkowski dimensions fail to give a finite limit of cover times, whilst the stretched version gives a finite limit. In addition, cover times for irrational rotations are calculated as counterexamples due to the absence of mixing.Peer reviewe
The partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants in the United Kingdom : an intersectional life course approach using three-channel sequence analysis
Get PDFFunding: This paper is part of the MigrantLife project that received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 834103).Background : Although immigrants’ employment, partnership, and childbearing are intertwined, most previous longitudinal studies have focused on only one of these life domains. Objective : We investigate gendered patterns of the co-evolution of the partnership, fertility, and employment trajectories of immigrants from different origin countries. Methods : We use the UK Household Longitudinal Study and multi-channel sequence analysis to establish types of joint trajectories of partnership, fertility, and employment among immigrants. Applying multinomial logistic regression, we determine the characteristics of immigrants who experience each trajectory type. We conduct the analyses both together and separately for women and men. Results : We find three types of trajectories. Immigrants in the ‘single, childless, students’ cluster arrive as and remain single and childless and are either in education or part-time employment. The second group of immigrants (‘partnered, childless, full-time employed’) arrive as single and childless but later become partnered and parents. They are in full-time employment. The third group is family migrants: they arrive as married, some have children at the time of arrival while others become parents soon after, and they are either employed or inactive. We found large differences between migrant men and women: While most men are in education or full-time employment, women stay inactive, especially family migrants. Contribution : Taking an intersectional life course approach, we have shown that family and employment are mutually supportive life domains among immigrant men, whereas among immigrant women they are competing and often incompatible.Peer reviewe
The dynamical footprint of year-round North American weather regimes
Get PDFFunding: GM acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement no. 948309, CENÆproject). SHL is funded by a National Science Foundation grant to Columbia University (award AGS-1914569).Weather regimes have been defined over multiple regions and used in a range of practical applications, including subseasonal-to-seasonal forecasting and climate model evaluation. Despite their widespread use, the extent to which regimes reflect physical modes of the atmosphere is seldom investigated. Here, we adopt a year-round classification of four North American weather regimes, with a fifth “no regime” class, and leverage dynamical systems theory to investigate their dynamical properties. We find that when the atmospheric flow is assigned to a regime, it displays persistent characteristics and a lifecycle-like temporal evolution. We further find that, regardless of season, these characteristics are enhanced when the atmospheric flow displays a comparatively strong projection onto the cluster-mean of the regime to which it is assigned (while the reverse is true for a weaker projection). We interpret these results as evidence that the four North American weather regimes are physically-meaningful, with a clear dynamical footprint.Peer reviewe
Doctoral journeys - beyond the doctorate : researcher voice, insights, and identity
Get PDFDoctoral Journeys – Beyond the Doctorate: Researcher Voice, Insight, and Identity is a reflective blog and podcast exploring doctoral journeys and academic identities. Through interviews with researchers, each episode addresses the question “What does the doctorate mean for you?” and connects personal narratives with literature introduced by the guest. Interview topics include researcher motivation, academic well-being, and post-doctoral growth. Written reflections deepen links between lived experience and theory. This multimodal platform explores the integration of podcast and blog formats to illuminate what it means to become and continue becoming a researcher within the academic landscape in language and international education.Peer reviewe
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