32151 research outputs found
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Mosaic: composite projection pruning for resource-efficient LLMs
Get PDFFunding: This research is funded by Rakuten Mobile, Inc., Japan, and supported by funding from UKRI EP/Y028813.Extensive compute and memory requirements limit the deployment of large language models (LLMs) on any hardware. Compression methods, such as pruning, can reduce model size, which in turn reduces resource requirements. State-of-the-art pruning is based on coarse-grained methods. They are time-consuming and inherently remove critical model parameters, adversely impacting the quality of the pruned model. This paper introduces projection pruning, a novel fine-grained method for pruning LLMs. In addition, LLM projection pruning is enhanced by a new approach we refer to as composite projection pruning — the synergistic combination of unstructured pruning that retains accuracy and structured pruning that reduces model size. We develop Mosaic, a novel system to create and deploy pruned LLMs using composite projection pruning. Mosaic is evaluated using a range of performance and quality metrics on multiple hardware platforms, LLMs, and datasets. Mosaic is 7.19 faster in producing models than existing approaches. Mosaic models achieve up to 84.2% lower perplexity and 31.4% higher accuracy than models obtained from coarse-grained pruning. Up to 67% faster inference and 68% lower GPU memory use is noted for Mosaic models.Peer reviewe
Disparities by sex, race/ethnicity, and education in trends in the disability burden in the United States, 1996–2018
Get PDFResearch remains inconclusive on whether increased longevity is resulting in disability compression. Using the Health and Retirement Study and multistate models, this study is the first to examine trends (between 1996–2006 and 2008–18) across multiple key aspects of disability burden: namely, lifetime risk and age at onset of disability; recovery and mortality of the disabled; and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) at age 50 in the United States’ older population. Furthermore, we differentiate these trends by key socio-demographic factors: sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. The analysis shows that over four-fifths of the total life expectancy increase at age 50 was in DFLE. This was accompanied by a one-year postponement in disability onset and insignificant recovery from disability. However, lifetime risk of disability remained unchanged between periods. Disability trends improved more for women than men. Latinx and the lowest-educated adults experienced no improvement in disability onset. The lowest-educated Whites exhibited substantial health deterioration.Peer reviewe
Bayesian networks for network inference in biology
Get PDFBayesian networks (BNs) have been used for reconstructing interactions from biological data, in disciplines ranging from molecular biology to ecology and neuroscience. BNs learn conditional dependencies between variables, which best ‘explain’ the data, represented as a directed graph which approximates the relationships between variables. In the 2000s, BNs were a popular method that promised an approach capable of inferring biological networks from data. Here, we review the use of BNs applied to biological data over the past two decades and evaluate their efficacy. We find that BNs are successful in inferring biological networks, frequently identifying novel interactions or network components missed by previous analyses. We suggest that as false positive results are underreported, it is difficult to assess the accuracy of BNs in inferring biological networks. BN learning appears most successful for small numbers of variables with high-quality datasets that either discretize the data into few states or include perturbative data. We suggest that BNs have failed to live up to the promise of the 2000s but that this is most likely due to experimental constraints on datasets, and the success of BNs at inferring networks in a variety of biological contexts suggests they are a powerful tool for biologists.Peer reviewe
Perceptions of gender role discontinuity and collective nostalgia for traditional gender relations shape men’s support for gender equality
Get PDFFunding: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (grant number 435–2019–0692).Men’s gender roles have changed dramatically over the past few decades. We examined whether the evaluation of this discontinuity in men’s gender roles predicts cis men's attitudes toward gender equality, and whether nostalgic reverie for traditional gender relations mediates this association. Support was found for our hypothesized mediation model across three studies (and an internal meta-analysis of the main effects) conducted in two different countries (United Kingdom and United States): one correlational (N = 333) and two experimental (Ns = 368 and 432, respectively). Specifically, when discontinuity in men’s gender roles (measured or manipulated) was perceived to be negative relative to positive, men expressed greater nostalgia for traditional gender relations, which reduced support for gender equality. Results not only address a gap in understanding the factors that shape men’s attitudes towards gender equality but also inform the development of interventions that promote gender equality and challenge traditional gender roles and gender stereotypes.Peer reviewe
Key audit matters : a systematic review
Get PDFKey Audit Matters (KAMs) play a substantial role in financial reporting and have garnered increasing attention in recent years. This systematic review of 119 articles and reports published between 2013 and 2023 contributes to the audit and financial reporting field by identifying research gaps and suggesting areas for future research. The findings show that KAMs impact financial reporting and emphasise the need for further investigation into their effectiveness in improving financial reporting quality. This study provides valuable insights for regulators, stakeholders, and the academic and professional community and highlights the importance of future research on KAMs to assess the success of regulatory changes in audit reporting.Peer reviewe
Live-cell RNA imaging with the inactivated endonuclease Csy4 enables new insights into plant virus transport through plasmodesmata
Get PDFFunding: Work in the JT lab is supported by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) division (https://www.gov.scot/publications/environment-agriculture-and-food-strategic-research-main-research-providers/). Parts of this work were funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/M007200/1) and an award by the University of St Andrews School of Biology Research Committee (both to JT). MH was supported by European Commission Erasmus+ funding (https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/). ZB was supported by a scholarship from the Eastbio Doctoral Training Partnership funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/T00875X/1).Plant-infecting viruses spread through their hosts by transporting their infectious genomes through intercellular nano-channels called plasmodesmata. This process is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins. Whilst the sub-cellular localisations of movement proteins have been intensively studied, live-cell RNA imaging systems have so far not been able to detect viral genomes inside the plasmodesmata. Here, we describe a highly sensitive RNA live-cell reporter based on an enzymatically inactive form of the small bacterial endonuclease Csy4, which binds to its cognate stem-loop with picomolar affinity. This system allows imaging of plant viral RNA genomes inside plasmodesmata and shows that potato virus X RNA remains accessible within the channels and is therefore not fully encapsidated during movement. We also combine Csy4-based RNA-imaging with interspecies movement complementation to show that an unrelated movement protein from tobacco mosaic virus can recruit potato virus X replication complexes adjacent to plasmodesmata. Therefore, recruitment of potato virus X replicase is mediated non-specifically, likely by indirect coupling of movement proteins and viral replicase via the viral RNA or co-compartmentalisation, potentially contributing to transport specificity. Lastly, we show that a 'self-tracking' virus can express the Csy4-based reporter during the progress of infection. However, expression of the RNA-binding protein in cis interferes with viral movement by an unidentified mechanism when cognate stem-loops are present in the viral RNA.Peer reviewe
Landscape-level human disturbance results in loss and contraction of mammalian populations in tropical forests
Get PDFFunding: This study was funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to all authors (F.R., D.S., J. A., R.B., P.J., M.H.A., B.M., F.S., S.E., E.H.M., A.C., J.S., S.J., P.W., I.E., and M.L.) that coordinated research at the TEAM sites; Fondazione Foresta Futura, Wild Planet Trust and Provincia Autonoma di Trento to F.R.; European Union-NextGeneration EU’s National Biodiversity Future Centre (BFNC), PNRR to I.G.; the National Science Foundation (Grant no. 2213568) to L.B.; The Research Council of Norway (project NFR301075) to D.S.; Global environmental Facility, administered by the United Nations Development Programme's Enhancing the Protected Area System of Sulawesi project, Fondation Segré and Mandai Nature to H.H.; Australian Laureate Fellowship, through Prof. William Laurance, COLCIENCIAS’s Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme Francisco José de Caldas, and Colombian National Federation of Oil Palm Growers to L.E.P.; São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, grant #2022/06791-9) to M.M.; Veracel Celulose SA to M.M., R.G.M., and V.L.C.; Fondation Segrè to G.C., F.B. and A.M.; Fondation Ensemble to G.C., F.B. and A.M.; Integrated Tiger and Habitat Conservation Programme of IUCN–KfW (Grant no. 1334-Aaranyak), Panthera (Institutional funding) and US Fish and Wildlife Service (US FWS Grant no. F19AP00758) to M.F.A., R.H.B., D.L. and A.H.; Sustainable Wildlife Management Programme funded by the European Union with co-funding from the French Facility for Global Environment (FFEM) and the French Development Agency (AFD) to D.C and D.F.; Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, and Programme de Promotion de l'Exploitation Certifiée des Forêts to D.F.; Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award #DE210101440, Smithsonian Institution's ForestGEO program and National Geographic Society's Committee for the Research and Exploration award #9384–13 to M.S.L.; Malaysian Palm Oil Green Conservation Foundation (MPOGCF) to J.M-A.Tropical forests hold most of Earth’s biodiversity and a higher concentration of threatened mammals than other biomes. As a result, some mammal species persist almost exclusively in protected areas, often within extensively transformed and heavily populated landscapes. Other species depend on remaining remote forested areas with sparse human populations. However, it remains unclear how mammalian communities in tropical forests respond to anthropogenic pressures in the broader landscape in which they are embedded. As governments commit to increasing the extent of global protected areas to prevent further biodiversity loss, identifying the landscape-level conditions supporting wildlife has become essential. Here, we assessed the relationship between mammal communities and anthropogenic threats in the broader landscape. We simultaneously modeled species richness and community occupancy as complementary metrics of community structure, using a state-of-the-art community model parameterized with a standardized pan-tropical data set of 239 mammal species from 37 forests across 3 continents. Forest loss and fragmentation within a 50-km buffer were associated with reduced occupancy in monitored communities, while species richness was unaffected by them. In contrast, landscape-scale human density was associated with reduced mammal richness but not occupancy, suggesting that sensitive species have been extirpated, while remaining taxa are relatively unaffected. Taken together, these results provide evidence of extinction filtering within tropical forests triggered by anthropogenic pressure occurring in the broader landscape. Therefore, existing and new reserves may not achieve the desired biodiversity outcomes without concurrent investment in addressing landscape-scale threats.Peer reviewe
Minimal representatives of endofunctions
Get PDFFunding: S. Mukherjee supported by the American Mathematical Society and the Simons Foundation through the AMS–Simons Travel Grant. P. Vojtěchovský supported by the Simons Foundation Mathematics and Physical Sciences Collaboration Grant for Mathematicians no. 855097 and by the Enhanced Sabbatical Fund of the University of Denver.We present a simple and efficient algorithm for finding the lexicographically minimal representative in a given conjugacy class of the action of the symmetric group on endofunctions.Peer reviewe
Potential effects of bottom trawling on organic carbon stocks in Denmark's marine sediments
Get PDFFunding: Danmarks Naturfredningsforening through funding by VELUX FONDEN.This briefing is the product of a research agreement between Danmarks Naturfredningsforening (DN) and the University of St Andrews (UStA), Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, with the aim to provide an estimate of the potential effects of bottom trawling on the OC stored within Denmark's surficial marine sediments. The focus of this briefing are the sub-tidal marine sediments within Denmark's Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Additionally, the effect of bottom trawling on the sedimentary OC stocks within the MPAs that are composed of the Natura 2000 areas (N2000) and areas protected according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and within the 3, 6 and 12-nautical mile boundaries will be assessed to potentially allow new recommendations to be made for the development of appropriate management and policy interventions
Collective entrepreneurship and cooperatives principles : configurations for achieving social and economic goals in cooperatives
Get PDFFunding: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project was funded by The University of Auckland Foundation (Project 3708138).Cooperatives, particularly those comprising small- and medium-sized enterprises, are crucial in collective entrepreneurship due to their blend of social and economic goals. Mainstream management research often overlooks cooperatives, deeming member-based ownership arrangements as limiting competitiveness. This study uses data from 68 New Zealand cooperatives to examine how different configurations of cooperative principles and knowledge-sharing practices affect entrepreneurial orientation. First, we challenge the notion of the degeneration thesis, which assumes that cooperatives must sacrifice economic performance for social missions. Second, we show that not all principles are equal. By identifying multiple successful configurations of cooperative principles, we show that adherence to cooperative principles is dynamic and contingent on the cooperative’s competitive strategy. Third, our findings highlight the necessity of knowledge sharing to complement the principles and to achieve such competitive strategies. Taken together, we contribute to ongoing discussions about sustainable organisational forms and collective entrepreneurship by highlighting the value of the cooperative form.Peer reviewe
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