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Investigations into manganese-based mixed metal oxides as electrode materials
No full textAbstract redacted"This work was supported by EaSi-CAT (ESPRG Grant: EP/L016419/1). This work was supported by the University of St Andrews (School of Chemistry)."--Acknowledgement
Narrating and negotiating difference in the Insular Viking Age
Get PDFFunding: The various drafts of the article were produced during fellowships funded by the Leverhulme Trust (Queen’s Belfast), the Irish Research Council (University College Dublin), and the Leverhulme Trust again (St Andrews).This paper explores the terms used in medieval Insular sources to refer to raiders, traders, settlers and their descendants from Scandinavia and from among the Scandinavian diaspora in the four centuries after the first surviving records of viking raids. The choice and use in Insular textual production of relational terminology such as gennti (gentiles), Gaill (foreigners), heðenen (heathens), pagani (pagans), barbari (barbarians), piratae (pirates) and wícing/ucing (pirate, sea-rover) was deliberate, especially once named leaders and more specific geographical or ethnic terminology begin to appear in the same sources, and material and scholarly networks are considered. This reflects a deliberate othering by Insular scribes, grounded in both the contemporary scholarly milieu and on biblical and late antique intellectual traditions. Furthermore, there are important regional distinctions in how these others are conceptualised, with Irish and Welsh scribes making recourse to the Old Testament and English scribes drawing on late antique patristics.Peer reviewe
The behavioral negotiation perspective can reveal how to navigate discord in sustainability transformations constructively
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Data transparency and reproducibility in health research : bridging the gap for early-career researchers
Get PDFIn the evolving and interdisciplinary landscape of health and disease research, data transparency and reproducibility are increasingly recognised as essential for maintaining scientific integrity and trust. This article invites early-career researchers (ECRs) to engage critically with these principles while navigating the pressures of academic progression, publication demands, and career development. It examines the challenges ECRs face in maintaining reproducible practices and underscores the need for institutional support, inclusive training, and mentorship across all stages of the research career. Drawing on global initiatives and case studies, the article advocates for a more collaborative, diverse, and mentally healthy research culture. It also highlights alternative career pathways beyond academia, empowering ECRs to explore opportunities in industry, government, and non-governmental organisations. By integrating transparency with values such as team science, responsible metrics, and researcher wellbeing, this article reflects the ethos of the new generation of scientists and offers a timely call for systemic change and collective action to strengthen the future of research culture.Peer reviewe
An efficient method for magnetic field extrapolation based on a family of analytical three-dimensional magnetohydrostatic equilibria
Get PDFFunding: The authors thank ISSI/ISSI-BJ for support via International Team 568 “Magnetohydrostatic Modeling of the Solar Atmosphere with New Datasets” and the team’s participants for useful discussions. LN acknowledges financial support by the School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, throughout her PhD. TN acknowledges financial support by the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) via Consolidated Grants ST/S000402/1 and ST/W001195/1.With current observational methods it is not possible to directly measure the magnetic field in the solar corona with sufficient accuracy. Therefore, coronal magnetic field models have to rely on extrapolation methods using photospheric magnetograms as boundary conditions. In recent years, due to the increased resolution of observations and the need to resolve non-force-free lower regions of the solar atmosphere, there have been increased efforts to use magnetohydrostatic (MHS) field models instead of force-free extrapolation methods. Although numerical methods to calculate MHS solutions can deal with non-linear problems and hence provide more accurate models, analytical three-dimensional MHS equilibria can also be used as a numerically relatively “cheap” complementary method. In this paper, we present an extrapolation method based on a family of analytical MHS equilibria that allows for a transition from a non-force-free region to a force-free region. We demonstrate how asymptotic forms of the solutions can help to increase the numerical efficiency of the method. Through both artificial boundary condition testing and a first application to observational data, we validate the method’s effectiveness and practical utility.Peer reviewe
Exploiting in situ NMR spectroscopy to understand non-traditional methods for zeolite synthesis
No full textFunding: This research was funded by the European Research Council under Advanced Grant 787073 and by the UKRI (EPSRC) under grant number EP/W034824/1. The authors would like to thank the Allan Handsel Postgraduate Research Scholarship for Chemistry for studentship funding for E. A. L. B. The UK High-Field Solid-State NMR Facility used in this research was funded by EPSRC and BBSRC (EP/T015063/1), in addition to (for results at 850 MHz) the University of Warwick including via part funding through Birmingham Science City Advanced Materials Projects 1 and 2 supported by Advantage West Midlands (AWM) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Collaborative assistance from the Facility Manager Team (Dinu Iuga and Trent Franks, University of Warwick) is acknowledged. We also gratefully acknowledge funding from the EPSRC for microscopy through grant numbers EP/L017008/1, EP/R023751/1 and EP/T019298/1.Zeolite-formation mechanisms have long been the subject of intensive study, with most work concentrating on hydrothermal mechanisms. However, non-traditional zeolite syntheses that do not rely on hydrothermal crystallisation have provided a number of new routes to interesting and unexpected new materials, but their formation mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show how simultaneous in situ liquid- and solid-state 29Si NMR spectroscopy can reveal the mechanism of the formation of a zeolite from a layered silicate precursor. The study provides evidence for the species that are intercalated into the layered material and establishes those that are involved in building the inter-layer, zeolitic connections as a function of time during the zeolite formation process.Peer reviewe
Regional and institutional trends in assessment for academic promotion
Get PDFFunding: The authors thank the Global Young Academy, of which all authors except V.S.M.-S. are current members or alumni, for providing the platform and funding that facilitated the development of this work. A.S. acknowledges his scholarship from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. All authors acknowledge funding support from Taighde Éireann – Research Ireland under Grant number 18/SP/3522, Breakthrough Cancer Research under Precision Oncology Ireland, HORIZON-MSCA-2021-PF-101059124 (BacStar) and the Global Young Academy.The assessment of research performance is widely seen as a vital tool in upholding the highest standards of quality, with selection and competition believed to drive progress. Academic institutions need to take critical decisions on hiring and promotion, while facing external pressure by also being subject to research assessment. Here we present an outlook on research assessment for career progression with specific focus on promotion to full professorship, based on 314 policies from 190 academic institutions and 218 policies from 58 government agencies, covering 32 countries in the Global North and 89 countries in the Global South. We investigated how frequently various promotion criteria are mentioned and carried out a statistical analysis to infer commonalities and differences across policies. Although quantitative methods of assessment remain popular, in agreement with what is found in more geographically restricted studies they are not omnipresent. We find differences between the Global North and the Global South as well as between institutional and national policies, but less so between disciplines. A preference for bibliometric indicators is more marked in upper-middle-income countries. Although we see some variation, many promotion policies are based on the assumption of specific career paths that become normative rather than embracing diversity. In turn, this restricts opportunities for researchers. These results challenge current practice and have strategic implications for researchers, research managers and national governments.Peer reviewe
The genome sequence of Daubenton's bat, Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817)
Get PDFFunding: This work was supported by Wellcome through core funding to the Wellcome Sanger Institute [206194, https://doi.org/10.35802/206194] and the Darwin Tree of Life Discretionary Award [218328, https://doi.org/10.35802/218328 ]. SCV was supported by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship, (MR/T021985/1) and an ERC Consolidator Grant (101001702; BATSPEAK). ECT was supported by Science Foundation Ireland, Future Frontiers Award (19/FFP/6790).We present a genome assembly from an individual male Myotis daubentonii (Daubenton's bat; Chordata; Mammalia; Chiroptera; Vespertilionidae). The genome sequence is 2,127.8 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 23 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 17.34 kilobases in length.Peer reviewe
Hume's theory of obligation : morality between nature and artifice
Get PDFHume’s account of obligation has been widely discussed in the literature, but many aspects of his conception of obligation, including its definition, taxonomy, and scope, are still subjects of interpretative controversy. Some scholars read his concept of moral obligation as denoting a determining motive in regard to moral values, while some read it as identical to the approbation of virtue which cannot motivate by itself. I argue against both views in this thesis. The primary concern of Hume’s account of obligation, in my reading, is not with motivation but with accommodating moral obligation in a virtue-centred moral theory. For him, the sentiment of moral obligation is a specific form of disapprobation, and it has different features when felt about ‘natural virtues’ like benevolence and ‘artificial virtues’ like justice. Noteworthily, for justice, considerations about law and obligation precede those about character, which makes justice an anomalous case for Hume’s virtue-centred theory, and he develops an account of the conventional origin of justice to explain its law-regulated features. The idea of obligation, on this account, arises from principles in human nature in a social and historical process but has features in tension with such principles’ natural inclinations.
In Chapter 1, I delineate the basic features of Hume’s conception of obligation from both positive and negative perspectives. Chapter 2 discusses his taxonomy of obligation in the light of its relationship to natural law theories. Chapter 3 examines the nature, origin, and scope of the sentiment of moral obligation. Chapter 4 explores how concerns about features of the obligation to justice motivate Hume to propose a distinction between natural and artificial virtues. Then, Chapter 5 discusses how Hume constructs a genealogical account to explain the anomalous features of justice, and Chapter 6 explores whether and how this account can do its job."This work was supported by the China Scholarship Council-St Andrews Joint Scholarship."--Fundin
Phasing and climate forcing potential of the Millennium Eruption of Mt. Baekdu
Get PDFFunding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018R1A5A1024958, 2020M1A5A1110607); the Basic Research Project (GP2021-006) of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT of Korea; the EPSRC Light Element Analysis Facility Grant (EP/T019298/1); the Strategic Equipment Resource Grant (EP/R023751/1); U.S. National Science Foundation grants (1023672 and 1925417); Villum Investigator Project IceFlow grant (16572); a Philip Leverhulme prize in Earth Sciences (PLP-2021-167); UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/S033505/1); the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 820047).The Millennium Eruption of Mt. Baekdu, one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the Common Era, initiated in late 946. It remains uncertain whether its two main compositional phases, rhyolite and trachyte, were expelled in a single eruption or in two. Investigations based on proximal and medial ash have not resolved this question, prompting us to turn to high-resolution ice-core evidence. Here, we report a suite of glaciochemical and tephra analyses of a Greenlandic ice core, identifying the transition from rhyolitic to trachytic tephra with corresponding spikes in insoluble particle fallout. By modeling annual snow accumulation, we estimate an interval of one to two months between these spikes, which approximates the hiatus between two eruptive phases. Additionally, negligible sulfur mass-independent fractionation, near-synchroneity between particle and sulfate deposition, and peak sulfur fallout in winter all indicate an ephemeral aerosol veil. These factors limited the climate forcing potential of the Millennium Eruption.Peer reviewe
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