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Establishing a contribution : calibration, contextualization, construction and creation
Get PDFWhen we commissioned this editorial symposium we had two principal aims. The first was to provide guidance for authors who are new to the journal and those with more experience who are seeking to develop impactful contributions to our field. The second aim was to showcase the experience and insights of the team of associate editors at the British Journal of Management (BJM): all of the team are pivotal in the journal's mission and work hard to help authors make the most of their research. With our twin aims in mind, we gave the team a broad remit. They were free to approach the task of offering guidance from their own standpoint and with their own choice of focus within BJM’s field. We also encouraged our colleagues to work in the way that they found most productive: independently, with other BJM associate editors or with colleagues from within their own networks. While other commitments and the heavy burdens of academic life meant that some of our colleagues could not participate in this symposium (but will hopefully be able to take part in further editorials), eight of the team took part, along with some collaborators. They covered a wide range of themes from BJM’s broad and inclusive take on the field of business, management and organization studies: a perspective on upper echelon decision-making and digital transformation (Arndt, Chang and Aharonson); a balanced view of artificial intelligence (Chowdhury and Budhwar); a standard-setting survey of trends in organizational behaviour (Costa and Daniels); a generative ‘take’ on religion in the workplace (Cullen); emerging directions in research on fintech and digital finance (Momtaz and Vismara); opportunities for new research in the management, knowledge and education space (Rigg); and a wayfinding view of equality, diversity and inclusivity research and practice (Śliwa). If you are developing your research in any of those areas, you will find the advice invaluable.Peer reviewe
patter : particle algorithms for animal tracking in R and Julia
Get PDFFunding: Department of Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology.1. State-space models are a powerful modelling framework in movement ecology that represents individual movements and the processes connecting movements to observations. However, fitting state-space models to animal-tracking data can be difficult and computationally expensive. 2. Here, we introduce patter, a package that provides particle filtering and smoothing algorithms that fit Bayesian state-space models to tracking data, with a focus on data from aquatic animals in receiver arrays. patter is written in R, with a performant Julia backend. Package functionality supports data simulation, preparation, filtering, smoothing and mapping. 3. In two examples, we demonstrate how to implement patter to reconstruct the movements of a tagged animal in an acoustic telemetry system from acoustic detections and ancillary observations. With perfect information, the particle filter reconstructs the true (unobserved) movement path (Example One). More generally, particle algorithms represent an individual's possible location probabilistically as a weighted series of samples (‘particles’). In our illustration, we resolve an individual's (unobserved) location every 2 min during 1 month and use particles to visualise movements, map space use and quantify residency (Example Two). 4. patter facilitates robust, flexible and efficient analyses of animal-tracking data. The methods are widely applicable and enable refined analyses of space use, home ranges and residency.Peer reviewe
Atenas Program : Pioneer Brazilian service of outpatient care by telemedicine for women with miscarriage or incomplete abortion
Get PDFThe criminalization of abortion and restricted access to misoprostol in Brazil force women to seek unsafe methods to terminate a pregnancy. Hospital care for miscarriage or abortion is standard. In contrast, telemedicine for the medical management of miscarriage and abortion is the gold standard of care internationally. This article presents the Atenas Program ‒ an unprecedented initiative for first trimester abortion/miscarriage care, aiming at a humanized out-of-hospital service based on telephone monitoring by nurses, allowing women to choose the method of uterine evacuation (expectant, medical or surgical). For this purpose, ethnographic research was carried out in a northeastern public maternity hospital, between 2014 and 2021. In the context of structural and conjunctural difficulties, among the 723 Atenas participants, 73,6% dispensed with hospital admission for miscarriage and abortion resolu- tion: 58,4% occurred spontaneously and 15,2% through hospital misoprostol. No complications were registered. Telephone monitoring by nurses provided the basis for continuity of individualized care for this invisibilized public. Atenas Program, initiative of a SUS institution run without external financial support, represents an advance in humanized care for women with miscarriage and abortion. It should be extended to the entire public health network, to expand access to rounded and humanized care for abortion and miscarriage.Peer reviewe
Refashioning second-hand clothes consumption through pleasure, pain, seduction and conversion : a virtue ethics perspective
Get PDFThe fashion industry needs to become more circular, given the unsustainable levels of waste it produces. Our research empirically explores and theoretically develops how adopting a virtue ethics approach can encourage and support second-hand clothing consumption as a form of reuse and a way of practicing sustainability. Based on ethnographic interviews with consumers who shop in UK charity shops, our grounded theory study focuses on how consumers experience second-hand clothing consumption as constitutive of sources of (in)action that encourage or inhibit virtuous, sustainable behaviour. We find that pleasure and/or shame or guilt (pain) are key to enabling virtuous moral decision-making towards reuse and sustainability. We furthermore argue that seduction and conversion, hand in hand with pleasure, act as levers supporting such moral decision-making, mitigating aversions and wayward desires that obstruct good moral intentions to consume second-hand clothing. By engaging empirically with moral decision-making, our research theoretically advances scholarship on virtue ethics and second-hand clothing consumption, whilst contributing to an ethically informed vision of the circular economy. We conclude with implications for charity retail practices in support of circularity and sustainability informed by a virtue ethics perspective, as well as suggestions for future research.Peer reviewe
Between evolutionary and container concept : Western self-assertions, German Westernizers, and the spatialization of political thought
Get PDFRisk aversion can promote cooperation
Get PDFCooperative dynamics are central to our understanding of many phenomena in living and complex systems. However, we lack a universal mechanism to explain the emergence of cooperation. We present a novel framework for modelling social dilemma games with an arbitrary number of players by combining reaction networks, methods from quantum mechanics applied to stochastic complex systems, game theory and stochastic simulations of molecular reactions. Using this framework, we propose a novel and robust mechanism for cooperation based on risk aversion that leads to cooperative behaviour in population games. Rather than individuals seeking to maximise payouts in the long run, individuals seek to obtain a minimum set of resources with a given level of confidence and in a limited time span. We show that this mechanism can lead to the emergence of new equilibria in a range of social dilemma games.Peer reviewe
Impact of translation workflows with and without MT on textual characteristics in literary translation
Get PDFPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The authors.The use of machine translation is increasingly being explored for the translation of literary texts, but there is still a lot of uncertainty about the optimal translation workflow in these scenarios. While overall quality is quite good, certain textual characteristics can be different in a human translated text and a text produced by means of machine translation post-editing, which has been shown to potentially have an impact on reader perceptions and experience as well. In this study, we look at textual characteristics from short story translations from B.J. Novak's One more thing into Dutch. Twenty-three professional literary translators translated three short stories, in three different conditions: using Word, using the classic CAT tool Trados, and using a machine translation post-editing platform specifically designed for literary translation. We look at overall text characteristics (sentence length, type-token ratio, stylistic differences) to establish whether translation workflow has an impact on these features, and whether the three workflows lead to very different final translations or not
Patterns of antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda and Tanzania
Get PDFFunding: This work was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research, UK [grant number MR/V036157/1] using UK aid from the UK Government to support Global Health Research.Background: Increased antimicrobial use during the COVID-19 pandemic has driven antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study assessed AMR patterns in urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Uganda and Tanzania before and during the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among UTI patients at healthcare facilities in Mbarara (Uganda) and Mwanza (Tanzania) between March 2019–September 2020 and January–December 2021. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and analysed following standard procedures. AMR patterns were compared across the two periods. Results: A total of 5563 patients were enrolled from Mwanza (55.0%, n = 3061) and Mbarara (45.0%, n = 2502). The overall prevalence of microbiologically confirmed UTIs in Mwanza was 32.5% (999/3060; 95% CI: 30.9%–34.3%), raised from 30.1% (655/2180; 95% CI: 28.1%–32.0%) before to 39.1% (344/880; 95% CI: 35.8%–42.4%) during the pandemic. Whereby, the overall prevalence of microbiologically confirmed UTIs in Mbarara was 24.8% (620/2502; 95% CI: 23.1%–26.5%), decreasing from 27.5% (502/1824; 95% CI: 25.5%–29.6%) before to 17.4% (118/678; 95% CI: 14.6%–20.5%) during the pandemic. The proportion of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) rose significantly (74% versus 83.4%, P = 0.01) while MDR Gram-positive bacteria (MDR-GPB) increased slightly (55.5% versus 56.7%, P = 0.45) in Mwanza. Conversely, MDR-GPB increased substantially (31.4% versus 51.6%, P = 0.09) while MDR-GNB decreased (67.3% versus 61.9%, P = 0.22) in Mbarara. Conclusions: This study provides critical insights into AMR trends in UTI pathogens in Tanzania and Uganda, emphasizing the need for stringent antimicrobial stewardship, requiring ongoing surveillance and targeted interventions.Peer reviewe
Concerted conservation actions to support chimpanzee cultures
Get PDFFunding: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant number BB/S018484/1); Born Free Foundation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant number 513871869); Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (grant number PCEFP3_186967).Chimpanzees were among the first animals recognized to have culture, and our understanding of the breadth of their cultural repertoire has grown significantly since the 1960s. Throughout their range, chimpanzee populations have come under increasing pressure, with their endangered status necessitating immediate and long-term conservation interventions. Recognizing the importance of diverse behavioural repertoires for chimpanzees’ survival, there has been a recent focus of conservation efforts on preserving their culturally transmitted behaviours and the environments in which they are exhibited. This article evaluates the practicality of developing conservation measures focused on chimpanzee culture. We highlight innovative conservation strategies aimed at integrating chimpanzee cultural behaviours into conservation policies. We review synergistic conservation initiatives led by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and other international and local groups that share the goal of preserving chimpanzee populations and their cultural diversity. We underline how successful conservation implementation requires engagement and collaboration with a diverse group of interested or affected people. Finally, we provide recommendations aimed at guiding future efforts to incorporate animal cultures into conservation strategies.Peer reviewe
Chiral polymers based on vinyl[2.2]paracyclophane and their application as CPL emitters
Get PDFFunding: his research was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy–3DMM2O–EXC-2082/1–390761711 as well as by the Carl Zeiss Foundation (project KeraSolar). This project has been partly funded by the European Union Horizon 2021 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 101073045 (TADFsolutions–HORIZON-MSCA-2021-DN) and the EPSRC grant EP/X026175/1. E.Z.-C. thanks the EPSRC (EP/Z535291/1) for support. Further funded by the European Union from its Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon Europe (2021–2027), under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 101108406.Chiral molecules are integral to various biological and artificial systems, influencing processes from chemical production to optical activities. In this study, we explore the potential of chiral vinyl[2.2]paracyclophane (vinyl-PCP) as a monomer for the synthesis of homopolymers and copolymers with styrene. We achieved polymerization through anionic, cationic, and radical methods. The resulting polymers demonstrated significant chiral properties, even in copolymers with small fractions of the chiral monomer. Further, we developed a polymerizable vinyl emitter from 10-(4-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DMAC-TRZ) through a two-step synthesis with an overall yield of 48%. Copolymerization with chiral vinyl-PCP resulted in emissive polymers that demonstrated circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties. The inclusion of the chiral PCP monomer, acting both as a host material and the source of chirality for CPL, enhanced the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) to 47.2% in N2 at 5–10% emitter content, compared to 26.8% for the pure emitter polymer. CPL-active polymers show clear mirror-image Cotton effects at 240 nm and 267 nm and dissymmetry factors around +2 × 10−4 and −1 × 10−4. This self-hosting effect of PCP monomers underscores the potential of chiral vinyl-PCP for advanced functional materials in optical communication and bio-responsive imaging.Peer reviewe
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