32151 research outputs found
Sort by
Magmatic degassing at the East African Rift volcanoes : evaluating rifting processes and geothermal resources
No full textThere is a growing recognition that the EARS volcanoes are important emitters of magmatic volatiles, particularly CO₂. The Ethiopian Rift, which forms the northern section of the EARS, particularly hosts many volcanoes and offers an ideal setting to interrogate magmatic gas emissions in an active rift setting. Yet, both the magnitude of these emissions and the processes that control them remain poorly constrained. This thesis explores the magnitude and structural controls of gas emissions at two big and most active calderas; Bora-Baricha-Tulu Moye (BBTM) and Corbetti. I use new soil CO₂ flux measurements and fumarole gas geochemistry to identify zones of high permeability and to understand the magmatic sources contributing to gas release at these volcanoes.
BBTM was found to be the highest volcanic CO₂ emitter in the region, with fluxes of 276–329 kt yr⁻¹. It also shows the highest mantle plume-like like ³He/⁴He values (up to 17 Ra), yet observed in the rift, indicating strong deep mantle volatile sources. Corbetti, in contrast, exhibited lower emissions (79 ± 22 t d⁻¹) and its magmatic gases more affected by atmospheric contaminations. In both calderas, tectonic faults dissecting them provide key pathways for volatile release. I revise the total CO₂ emissions from the Ethiopian rift to 2.5–9.2 Mt yr⁻¹. To gain the rift scale perspective on the relationship between mantle sources, magmatism and degassing, I compile Helium isotopes in rocks and gases from across Ethiopia and compare this to geophysical images of mantle melting. The findings reveal a spatial correlation between gas emissions and regions of elevated mantle melt production and magmatism along the rift.
Finally, I applied thermal remote sensing using Landsat 8 data to detect geothermal anomalies at Aluto. Nighttime images successfully identified 60% of known fumaroles, demonstrating the effectiveness of satellite-based monitoring in geothermal exploration."This work was supported by the Global Challenges Research Fund, University of St Andrews [AES6 AAM27X]. Additional funding for fieldwork was gained from University of St Andrews Impact and Innovation PhD Internship Grant [SES0-IIFWH1] and Tulu Moye Geothermal Operation (TMGO) and Corbetti Geothermal."--Fundin
Catalytic enantioselective [2,3]- and [1,2]-Wittig rearrangements
No full textAbstract redacted"I received funding from the EaSI-CAT Centre for Doctoral Training"--Fundin
'Bringing you the truth, the whole truth, and nothing like the truth' : British fascism and film from the interwar period
No full textThis thesis explores the multifaceted and pivotal ways in which film and media contributed to the rise, fall, and historical legacy of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). It examines the BUF’s use, production, and criticism of film and media in interwar Britain, as well as the ripple effects caused by those practices ever since. Drawing on previously unaccessed archival materials – including a scarce number of surviving British fascists films, newspapers, newsreels, records, and personal papers – I argue that film and media were central to the BUF’s emergence as a domestic and international political movement, while also contributing to its eventual downfall and the shaping of its historical legacy.
Centred around the BUF (1932-40) and its Leader, Sir Oswald Mosley, this thesis spans the era of British mass democracy from 1918 to the present day. Employing an intermedial research methodology, the thesis situates film within a broader media ensemble, encompassing television, radio, newspapers, newsreels, and digital media. Interwar British fascists ultimately embraced film and media to recruit members, generate targeted and widespread publicity, cement intra-party cohesion amongst geographically disparate local factions, communicate with and position itself at the heart of an international fascist network, and broadly shape fascism’s public image both domestically and internationally.
Beyond offering a revisionist account of Mosley and the BUF, this research engages with a range of scholarly debates and seeks to communicate with a number of fields of study, including scholarship on British cinema, British social and political history, non-theatrical film, useful cinema, public relations, and news media. By uncovering the BUF’s since-overlooked media strategies and their lasting consequences, this study provides novel insights into the dynamic relationship between fascism, media, and mass culture in twentieth-century Britain, and beyond."This thesis received financial support from both the Scottish Graduate School for Arts & Humanities and the Russell Trust."--Fundin
Skateboarding as imperial endeavour : A response to “The ludic lives of memoryscapes”
Get PDFThe present commentary explores the implicit and explicit role of skateboarding and skate studies in upholding Russian colonial practices in, and the coloniality of knowledge on, the territories of the former Soviet Union. Addressing Duncan McDuie-Ra’s article ‘The ludic lives of memoryscapes: Skateboarding post-Soviet peripheries’, I argue for the need to consider more openly how the power relations extant in leisure practices may shape the region’s construction both in geopolitical terms and within academic discourse. In doing so, this examination urges a broader reconsideration of how skateboarding is analysed while simultaneously adding to the understanding of memoryscapes in the post-Soviet context.Peer reviewe
Estimating the detection probability of long-ranging baleen whale song using a single sensor : towards density estimation
Get PDFFunding: The majority of the data analysis was conducted as part of D.V.H.'s Ph.D. thesis, which was funded by the UK Defence Science Technology Laboratory, Grant No. RD034-014166. Work was also performed under Office of Naval Research Grant Nos. N00014-11-1‐0606 and N00014-21-1‐2564, Living Marine Resources Program Contract No. N39430-21-C-2208 and with the support of the Richard Lounsbery Foundation.Passive acoustic data can be used to estimate animal density. A key step is quantifying the range-specific detection probability for vocalizations from the target species. A method developed to estimate cetacean density from single hydrophones was applied to pygmy blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda) “Sri Lankan” song recorded near Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean during May 2002. Detection probability was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation using information about transmission loss, ambient noise levels, song source levels, and the efficiency of the automatic detection process. The effect of varying source levels was explored. Song density estimates were 0.14 song units/1000 km2 h−1 [coefficient of variation (CV), 0.16; mean source level: 179 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m] and 0.024 song units/1000 km2 h−1 (CV, 0.12; mean source level, 189 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m). Estimating whale density additionally requires an estimate of the song production rate, which was not available. Nevertheless, estimating song unit density enables different datasets to be compared in a standardized framework. This simulation method is useful for data collected by sparsely distributed instruments, where wide instrument spacing may exclude the use of standard density estimation methods such as spatial capture-recapture and distance sampling.Peer reviewe
The genome sequence of Artibeus intermedius (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae, Stenodermatinae; J. A. Allen, 1897)
Get PDFFunding: SCV was supported by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship, (MR/T021985/1) and received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement BATSPEAK and 101001702). ECT is a Wellcome collaborator and the Irish Research Council Laureate Award IRCLA/2017/58 and Science Foundation Ireland Future Frontiers 19/FFP/6790. SCV receives financial support for MM's salary from Paratus Sciences Corporation. MRI was supported by a Peter Buck Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Fieldwork by NBS was supported by the Taxonomic Mammalogy Fund of the American Museum of Natural History. EDJ and the Rockefeller VGL were in part supported by HHMI.We present a genome assembly from an individual male Artibeus intermedius (Chordata; Mammalia; Chiroptera; Phyllostomidae). The genome sequence is 2.3Gb in span. The majority of the assembly is scaffolded into 17 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the X and Y1/Y2 sex chromosomes assembled.Peer reviewe
The genome sequence of Glossophaga mutica (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae, Glossophaginae; Merriam, 1898)
Get PDFFunding: This work was supported by UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship [SCV [MR/T021985/1]; ERC Consolidator Grant [101001702; BATSPEAK]; Irish Research Council Laureate Award [IRCLA/2017/58]; Science Foundation Ireland Future Frontiers [19/FFP/6790]; MRI was supported by a Peter Buck Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Fieldwork by NBS was supported by the Taxonomic Mammalogy Fund of the American Museum of Natural History.We present a genome assembly from an individual female Glossophaga mutica (Chordata; Mammalia; Chiroptera; Phyllostomidae). The genome sequence is 2.13 in span. The majority of the assembly is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the X sex chromosome assembled.Peer reviewe
Metasurfaces for augmented reality applications
No full textThis work presents the results of designing metasurfaces operating in the visible range for augmented reality (AR) applications. Using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, a variety of reflective and transmissive metasurfaces were achieved, most of which exhibit high efficiency across the visible spectrum. All of the demonstrated structures are plasmonic metasurfaces incorporating gold (Au) nanoantennas placed on an insulator-metal stack to form a metal-insulator-metal architecture. In several designs, an epsilon near zero (ENZ) material, indium tin oxide (ITO), was integrated to enable tunability, either by controlling fabrication parameters or through external stimuli such as heat or electrical bias. A detailed simulation study was carried out to realize a high-efficiency transmissive meta-surface that operates in the visible range and exhibits polarization sensitivity. The optical
spectra are described and explained in detail, showing that the gap surface plasmon (GSP) resonance red-shifts and strengthens with increasing spacer thickness and antenna length, varies in depth and position with changes in width and heights, and respond to coupling shift set by the period, while the ITO-silver stack provide additional control over loss and confinement. In addition, work was carried out to control the λ_ENZ of ITO films by varying the fabrication parameters during the sputtering process,enabling λ_ENZ tuning from 1130 nm to beyond 1700 nm and establishing an understanding of the link between deposition parameters — such as gas type and concentration and substrate temperature — and the optical response of the metasurface
Low-latitude glaciation in the Cretaceous greenhouse : reviewing the cryosphere reach during an archetypal hothouse Earth
No full textFunding: This project was funded by the Research Group of the Basque Government IT-1602-22 (Grupo Consolidado del Gobierno Vasco IT-1602-22) and by the “Convocatoria de Ayudas para la recualificación del sistema universitario Español 2021–2023, Financiado por la Unión Europea-Next Generation EU”, Vicerrectorado deInvestigación, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU to J.P.R.L. This research was also partly funded by Project PID2019-108705-GB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033) of the Gobierno de España and also by the PID2023-148949NB-I00 project funded by MICIU/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU, and Grant E32_23R (GEOtransfer. Investigación Geológica para la Ciencia y la Sociedad) of the Gobierno de Aragón. This project was also partly funded by the grants PID2022-136233NB-I00 (funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe), and DGA group E33_23R (funded by the Aragonese Government and by ERDF A way of making Europe). This project was also partly funded by the starting grant of ARAID-Gobierno de Aragón to JPRL. Vicente Gilabert acknowledges support from Ministerio de Universidades (MIU) and European Union (Margarita Salas post-doctoral grant) funded by European Union-NextGeneration EU and for the POSTUPV24/33 postdoctoral grant from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).The traditional "Hothouse–Icehouse" dichotomy and the prevailing "Cretaceous greenhouse" narrative fail to accurately represent the geological record. Geological evidence reveals an unknown Late Cretaceous glaciation (82.8–80.96 Ma, the Campanian Barrika glaciation), with tidewater glaciers grounded at an unusually low palaeolatitude (35°N), at a time when Mesozoic temperatures have been modelled near their highest. The Barrika glaciation constitutes the last known low-latitude glaciation on Earth since the Last Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), which reached 30°N. The Barrika glaciation is characterized by a remarkably well-preserved glaciomarine record of subtropical tidewater glaciers associated with outlets of an extensive ice cap in Iberia. Our multiproxy analysis reveals five distinct glaciomarine units, indicative of glacial advances and retreats with a 360-kyr spacing. Calving fronts of tidewater glaciers delivered large icebergs to the palaeo-Atlantic Ocean. This glaciation correlates with a peak of ultra-depleted δD ice-sheet-related meltwater signals from Antarctica and other independent indicators of global change. This discovery of a low-latitude glaciation during a purported 'hothouse' period fundamentally challenges simplified Cretaceous climate models. It underscores the critical need for refined paleoclimate proxies and integrated Earth system modelling to fully comprehend such transient yet significant glacial episodes. The robust multiproxy workflow developed for the Barrika glaciation offers a powerful tool for identifying other unknown glaciations in deep-time greenhouse stages. Despite its generally warm reputation, the 77.06-million-year-long Cretaceous Period surprisingly records the lowest latitudinal glaciation since the Paleozoic. Remarkably, 55% of this time shows evidence of meltwaters linked to Antarctic ice sheets, with ice-rafted debris and glacial deposits present for 53% of the period. Glendonites, indicators of cold conditions, are found in 24% of Cretaceous time, and glacio-eustasy played a significant role in short-term sea-level changes for a striking 86% of the period. Collectively, this evidence of an active Cretaceous cryosphere is strengthened by evidence of permafrost in plateaus and high-altitude deserts, coupled by robust geochemical palaeoclimate proxies. Our findings suggest that the conventional 'hothouse–icehouse' scheme applied on deep-time climate requires reconsideration, pointing instead to a much more complex Earth climate evolution that will require a thorough re-evaluation of geochemical proxies used during the Mesozoic.Peer reviewe
Sustainability of the primary resource sector in Kazakhstan : (de)constructing skill shortages, understanding career mobility and rethinking human capital development practices
Get PDFKazakhstan’s extractive industry plays a crucial role in the country's socio-economic development and is expected to remain vital given significant natural resource wealth and its strategic importance in global energy markets. However, research on the sustainability of the sector’s human capital remains limited. Key concerns include whether the industry can attract and retain a skilled workforce and whether individuals can access meaningful, decent employment.
This study investigates human capital in Kazakhstan’s extractive sectors, focusing on skill shortages, occupational mobility, and human capital development practices to assess their implications for the industry's long-term sustainable development and the nation's broader economic well-being. It draws on secondary labour force data and 60 semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders, employees and field experts. Using these data, the study 1) develops an industry and workforce profile and critically examines prevailing skill shortage narratives; 2) outlines perceived determinants of occupational mobility in professional roles; and 3) maps the industry’s human capital development practices.
The research finds that human resource development, driven by firms’ profit-oriented strategies, often reinforces labour market inequalities and limits meaningful career progression. This study critiques the employer-centric framing of skill shortages as overlooking socio-economic forces, mismatches in aspirations, and labour-market frictions. By treating occupational gaps solely as training needs, employers marginalize employees and hinder deeper policy solutions. This narrow approach limits workforce mobility and human-capital development while detracting from long-term sustainability.
The research advocates for relational perspectives on mobility and capital—situating human development within both structural and individual contexts. In doing so, it contributes to emerging scholarship on employment and social mobility in post-socialist Central Asia and highlights the role of diverse forms of capital in social reproduction. These insights are critical to advancing Kazakhstan’s sustainable development by ensuring that growth in extractive and related sectors contributes to the development of local human capital."This work was supported by the University of St Andrews through the St Leonard’s Postgraduate College, with funding from the World-Leading St Andrews Doctoral Scholarship and the Santander Research Mobility Award."--Fundin
Access Repository Dashboard
Do you manage St Andrews Research Repository? Access insider analytics, issue reports and manage access to outputs from your repository in the CORE Repository Dashboard!