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Experiencing the Ottoman Empire as a life course Ferid Pasha, governor and grandvizier (1851-1914)
No full textThe career of the Albanian Ferid Pasha, Grandvizier from 1903 to 1908, developed parallel to administrative and judicial reforms in the Ottoman Empire. His life can be seen as a running commentary on the transformations of state and society, exemplifying the interactions between state expectations, local conditions, bureau cratic logics, and his own ambitions. Belonging to the mobile elites who become essential actors of change, he circulated through various provinces. Having served the authoritarian regime of Abdülhamid II for decades, he kept up with the constitutional regime after 1908. His cousin ismail Kemal, and many other relatives established an independent Albania in 1912, in his hometown Vlora, but he rejected the offer to become prime minister. His life deserves closer attention in terms of cross-empire mobility, transfer of experiences, and imperial loyalty
Determination of proper loading profiles for hydro-mechanical deep drawing process using FEA
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Applied Mechanics and Materials
Volume 686, 2014, Pages 540-548
2014 5th International Conference on Information Technology for Manufacturing Systems, ITMS 2014; Singapore; Singapore; 16 September 2014 through 17 September 2014; Code 110789
Determination of proper loading profiles for hydro-mechanical deep drawing process using FEA (Conference Paper)
Akay, S.B.a, Şükür, E.F.a , Turkoz, M.a, Halkaci, S.a, Koç, M.b
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
b Department of Industrial Engineering, İstanbul Sehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Hydro-mechanical Deep Drawing (HMD) is an advanced manufacturing process developed to form sheet metal blanks into complex shapes with smooth surfaces using hydraulic pressure as an additional source of deformation force. There are many factors affecting the successful production of desired parts using this manufacturing process. The most important factors are the fluid pressure and blank holder force. Having proper values of these parameters during forming has a direct impact on part properties such as drawing ratio and thinning. In order to determine desired the fluid pressure and blank holder force profiles, which are different for every geometry, material and other process conditions, finite element simulations are conducted to save time and cost. Abaqus FEA software is used in this study. In order to define the continuously changing fluid pressure application area on the sheet material, which is not an available module or standard interface of software, sub-programs (sub-routines) are developed to properly and dynamically define the fluid pressure area. Proper, if not optimal, fluid pressure and blank holder force profiles, which allow the formability (LDR) of sheet material to be maximum, were obtained using trial and error method. Maximum thinning values on metal blank were used as a control parameter to determine if selected loading profiles result in the highest LDR with lowest thinning
Turkey's power in the Middle East and North Africa:an assessment of the potential and the limits of non-coercive power
No full textThis study aims to examine the debates on Turkey's power in international arena with a theoretical perspective. Various theoretical schools in Political Science and International Relations analyze forms of non-coercive power in different ways. Soft power, economic interdependence, cultural power and conflict resolution are predominant practical noncoercive foreign policy instruments. Turkish foreign policy has made remarkable progress in these fields in the last decade. The study argues that non-coercive power will become more central in World politics in the coming years. Non-coercive forms of power will especially be more important for the Middle East and North Africa, where the authoritarian regimes are dissolving under the influence of the "Arab Spring"
Rationality, modernism and Turkish conservative engineers
No full textThis study aims to provide a background for interpretation of rational thinking and modernization in late Ottoman and Turkish Republic eras. In order to do this, the idea of rationality and rise of conservatism is reviewed by following the ideas of Weber, Habermas and Marcuse on rationality, bureaucratization and technology in the West. As a reactionary movement, main pillars of conservatism is discussed and the reflections of these ideas in late 19th, early 20th century in Ottoman Empire is given by examining the ideas of Egyptian modernist Muhammad Abduh and Mehmet Akif and in Turkish Republic era it is examined through the state ideology and conservative engineers as political figures. In this study, engineers are considered as one of the major representatives of modernization process as a profession and under the light of in-depth interviews made with conservative engineers, rational thinking and positioning of conservatism in Turkey is discussed.
Keywords: Rationalism, Enlightenment, Modernity, Conservatism, Islam, EngineeringAbstract ................................................................................................................... v
Öz ........................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ vii Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.Historical Background .....................................................................................
1 2. This Study ....................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1. Rationalism and Bureaucracy ............................................................................. 7
1.1 Rationalism from the perspective of Weber ............................................... 7
1.2 Science and Modernity ............................................................................. 15
1.2.1 The Features of Modern Society ......................................................... 15
1.2.2 Marcuse’s “One Dimensional Man” ..................................................... 18
1.3 Conservatism ............................................................................................ 22
2. Ottoman Scholars’ Ideas on Islam and Adaptation to the Modern World ....... 30
2.1 Modernism against Tradition ...................................................................... 33
2.2 The Tradition of Islamic Jurisprudence and Methodologies ....................... 35
2.3 Mehmet Akif’s Opinions on Abduh’s Thoughts ......................................... 40
2.4 Mehmed Akif’s Opinion of Science and Western Civilization .................. 43
2.5 Creating Multiple Modernities .................................................................... 45
3. Turkish Political History and the Engineers ..................................................... 50
3.1 Construction of a New Identity ................................................................... 50
3.2 Westernization ............................................................................................. 52
3.3 Economy Politics and Etatism .................................................................... 55
3.4 The Era of the Democrat Party .................................................................... 57
3.5 The Era of the Justice Party ........................................................................ 62
3.6 Necmettin Erbakan ...................................................................................... 64
3.7 Turgut Özal ................................................................................................. 69
3.8 Interpretation of Conservatism in Turkey and Conservative Engineers ..... 71
4. Conservative Engineers of Turkey - Interviews ............................................... 73
4.1 Identities of the Republic of Turkey ........................................................... 74
4.2 The Borders of Engineering ........................................................................ 79
4.3 Method and Initiative .................................................................................. 83
4.4 The Privatization of Religion ...................................................................... 84
4.5 Political Leaders Associated With the Modernization of Turkey ............... 89
Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 91 References ............................................................................................................ 9
Pseudorandom sequence generation using binary cellular automata
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.Random numbers are an integral part of many applications from computer simulations,
gaming, security protocols to the practices of applied mathematics and physics. As
randomness plays more critical roles, cheap and fast generation methods are becoming a
point of interest for both scientific and technological use.
Cellular Automata (CA) is a class of functions which attracts attention mostly due to the
potential it holds in modeling complex phenomena in nature along with its discreteness
and simplicity. Several studies are available in the literature expressing its potentiality
for generating randomness and presenting its advantages over commonly used random
number generators.
Most of the researches in the CA field focus on one-dimensional 3-input CA rules. In
this study, we perform an exhaustive search over the set of 5-input CA to find out the
rules with high randomness quality. As the measure of quality, the outcomes of NIST
Statistical Test Suite are used.
Since the set of 5-input CA rules is very large (including more than 4.2 billions of rules),
they are eliminated by discarding poor-quality rules before testing.
In the literature, generally entropy is used as the elimination criterion, but we preferred
mutual information. The main motive behind that choice is to find out a metric for
elimination which is directly computed on the truth table of the CA rule instead of the
generated sequence. As the test results collected on 3- and 4-input CA indicate, all rules
with very good statistical performance have zero mutual information. By exploiting this
observation, we limit the set to be tested to the rules with zero mutual information. The
reasons and consequences of this choice are discussed.
In total, more than 248 millions of rules are tested. Among them, 120 rules show out-
standing performance with all attempted neighborhood schemes. Along with these tests,
one of them is subjected to a more detailed testing and test results are included.
Keywords: Cellular Automata, Pseudorandom Number Generators, Randomness TestsContents
Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iii
Öz iv
Acknowledgments v
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
1 Introduction 1
2 Random Number Sequences 4
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Theoretical Approaches to Randomness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1 Information Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2 Complexity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.3 Computability Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Random Number Generator Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 Physical TRNGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.2 Non-Physical TRNGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.3 Pseudorandom Number Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.3.1 Generic Design of Pseudorandom Number Generators . . 10
2.3.3.2 Cryptographically Secure Pseudorandom Number Gener- ators . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
2.3.4 Hybrid Random Number Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 A Comparison between True and Pseudo RNGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 General Requirements on Random Number Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Evaluation Criteria of PRNGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7 Statistical Test Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.8 NIST Test Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.1 Hypothetical Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.2 Tests in NIST Test Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.8.2.1 Frequency Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.8.2.2 Block Frequency Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.8.2.3 Runs Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.8.2.4 Longest Run of Ones in a Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.8.2.5 Binary Matrix Rank Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.8.2.6 Spectral Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.8.2.7 Non-overlapping Template Matching Test . . . . . . . . . 22
2.8.2.8 Overlapping Template Matching Test . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.8.2.9 Universal Statistical Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.8.2.10 Linear Complexity Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.8.2.11 Serial Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8.2.12 Approximate Entropy Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8.2.13 Cumulative Sums Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8.2.14 Random Excursions Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8.2.15 Random Excursions Variant Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3 Cellular Automata 26 3.1 History of Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
3.1.1 von Neumann’s Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.2 Conway’s Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.3 Wolfram’s Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 Cellular Automata and the Definitive Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.1 Lattice Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.2 Cell Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.3 Guiding Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.4 Neighborhood Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 A Formal Definition of Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4 Elementary Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.5 Rule Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.6 Producing Randomness via Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.6.1 CA-Based PRNGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.6.2 Balancedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.6.3 Mutual Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.6.4 Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4 Test Results 47 4.1 Output of a Statistical Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2 Testing Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3 Interpretation of the Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.1 Rate of success over all trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.2 Distribution of P-values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4 Testing over a big space of functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.5 Our Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.6 Results and Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6.1 Change in State Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.6.2 Change in Neighborhood Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.6.3 Entropy vs. Statistical Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.6.4 Mutual Information vs. Statistical Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.6.5 Entropy vs. Mutual Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.6.6 Overall Test Results of 4- and 5-input CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.7 The simplest rule: 1435932310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5 Conclusion 74
A Test Results for Rule 30 and Rule 45 77
B 120 Rules with their Shortest Boolean Formulae 80
Bibliograph
From interest to usury : the transformation of murabaha in the late Ottoman Empire
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.This study examines the place of riba in the Late Ottoman Empire. To this end, I will scrutinize the concept of murabaha to demonstrate credit relations among the Ottomans. The scholar approach to this subject overlooks social reflections of riba by focusing only on the judicial or economic side of the concept. Since riba is prohibited in Islam, the Ottomans used legal solutions of Islamic law for transactions which intended to bear interest gain without falling into the ill- doing of riba. These riba-prevention methods were mainly used in charitable ends such as sheltering orphan assets and serving in pious foundations. Credit relations amongst commoners were also regulated under these sharia compliant solutions and an interest rate ceiling was appointed. Hence, the “clean” interest gain from these legal transactions was defined as murabaha in order to differentiate it from riba. My starting point is that why the legal solutions to escape from riba became the tools that usurers employed in the first place.
Identifying the actors and the methods help observe the reflections of riba in the socio-economic life. After illustrating the credit market, I conclude that there was not a special group of usurers such as sarrafs, non-Muslims or merchants. The legal cases regarding usury were examined consecutively. Usury cases generally resulted with the reducing of interests and dividing the debt into instalments. Such cases show that the state took side with the debtors to preserve the social harmony. Since the problem of usury prevailed mainly in the provinces, state-wide measures were taken in the second half of the nineteenth century. The state reduced interest rate ceilings and established cash funds to deal with usury.
The vanishing of the concern of preventing riba and the negative connotation the concept gained in usurious cases made murabaha to signify the usury.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………….1
Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………..2
Method and sources…………………………………………………………………………………….7
Outline of chapters………………………………………………………………………………………9
CHAPTER
1. MURABAHA: A NEED FOR THE CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO MONEY- LENDING AND RİBA……………………………………………………………………………………..12
1.1. Riba: Usury, interest?.………………………………………………………………………….12
1.2. Riba in the Ottoman Empire…………………………………………………………………18
1.2.1. Some notes on the legal structure of the Ottoman Empire………………..18
1.2.2. Riba-prevention methods used in loans…………………………………………..23
1.3. The concepts concerning riba and credit relations………………………………..30
1.3.1. The formation of interest – usury dichotomy in the Ottoman Empire..34
1.3.2. The transformation of the concepts………………………………………………...38
2.MURABAHA IN PRAXIS……………………………………………………………………………..40
2.1. Who were labeled as murabahacı: Actors and methods of usury……………40
2.2. Individual and common cases of usury as examples……………………………...49
2.3. Observatory discussions on the spread of murabaha/cı………………………...56
3.MEASURES AGAINST USURY…………………………………………………………………….58
3.1. Regulations against Usury & Usurers……………………………………………………58
3.1.1. The First Usury Regulation (1851-52)……………………………………………..59
3.1.2. The regulation of 1864……………………………………………………………………66
3.1.3. The regulation of 1887……………………………………………………………………69
3.2. Preventive Measures: The Banking Process………………………………………….72
3.3. Observations on the results of the war waged against usury………………….77
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………….80
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………………..85
Appendix A: Usury Regulations…………………………………………………………………..85
Appendix B: Archival Documents……………………………………………………………….90
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………….9
Electrical characterization of test sockets with novel contactors
No full textNovel spring contactors were designed and characterized for wafer-level interposer and high-speed package test system applications, especially for wafer-level packages. These contactors can be used as replacement for vertical wafer probes as well as test sockets used in the final test. The contactor pin consists of a plunger section made of beryllium copper and a plated helical stainless steel spring wire. It is 5 mm in uncompressed total length, including the plunger and the spring. The overall diameter of the spring wire section was 0.51 mm. The design of the contactor is much simpler and more scalable than that of traditional spring pins called Pogo pins used in package tests. A test socket containing 36 contactor pins was constructed for tests and measurements. The experimental characterization shows 1-dB bandwidth of 3.73 GHz for 0.8-mm pitch, measured by the direct contact method. This experimental result correlates well with the simulated results. The rise time was 82 ps as measured by TDR, and the propagation delay was 23 ps. The electrical conduction path is through the pin and the spring, making it a reliable contact. However, the electrical path is known to be through the barrel, not the spring for the regular spring pins
Modeling multi-stage assembly systems with finite capacity as a queueing network
No full textThis article models a multi-stage assembly system with finite capacity as an open queueing network using continuous-time Markov process. We also propose a multi- objective model with three conflicting objectives to optimally control the service rates, and apply the goal attainment method to solve a discrete-time approximation of the original multi- objective problem
Turkey's power in the Middle East and North Africa:an assessment of the potential and the limits of non-coercive power
No full textBu çalışma, Türkiye’nin son yıllarda uluslararası arenadaki gücüne dair tartışmaları kuramsal bir bakış açısı ile incelemektedir. Zorlayıcı olmayan gücün değişik formları Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplinlerinin içerisindeki farklı kuramsal okullar tarafından ele alınmaktadır. Yumuşak güç, ekonomik entegrasyon, kültürel diplomasi ve uyuşmazlık çözümleri gibi dış politika enstrümanları, zorlayıcı olmayan gücün ön plana çıkan uygulama alanlarıdır. Gücün zorlayıcı olmayan formlarının, Dünya siyasetinde ve özelde de “Arap Baharı” süreci ile otoriter rejimlerin tasfiye olduğu Kuzey Afrika ve Ortadoğu bölgesinde daha önemli hale geleceği iddia edilmektedir. Türkiye’nin bu bölgeye dair zorlayıcı olmayan gücü, bu gücün kaynakları ve sınırları eleştirel bir şekilde ele alınmıştır
Performance of migrating birds optimization algorithm on continuous functions
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
Volume 8795, 2014, Pages 452-459
5th International Conference on Advances in Swarm Intelligence, ICSI 2014; Hefei; China; 17 October 2014 through 20 October 2014; Code 115769
Performance of migrating birds optimization algorithm on continuous functions (Conference Paper)
Alkaya, A.F.a , Algin, R.a , Sahin, Y.b , Agaoglu, M.a , Aksakalli, V.c
a Marmara University, Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
b Marmara University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
c Istanbul Sehir University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the performance of a recently proposed metaheuristic on several well-known functions. The objective of this evaluation is to participate in a competition where several metaheuristics are compared. The metaheuristic we exploit is the recently proposed migrating birds optimization (MBO) algorithm. Our contribution in this study is to develop a novel neighbor generating function for MBO to be used in multidimensional continuous spaces. After a set of preliminary tests presenting the best performing values of the parameters, the results of computational experiments are given in 2, 10 and 30 dimensions