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FooDD:food detection dataset for calorie measurement using food images
No full textFood detection, classification, and analysis have been the topic of indepth studies for a variety of applications related to eating habits and dietary assessment. For the specific topic of calorie measurement of food portions with single and mixed food items, the research community needs a dataset of images for testing and training. In this paper we introduce FooDD: a Food Detection Dataset of 3000 images that offer variety of food photos taken from different cameras with different illuminations. We also provide examples of food detection using graph cut segmentation and deep learning algorithms
Linear and NLO spectroscopy of GaSe and InSe nanoparticles formed via laser ablation
No full textNanoparticles of layered GaSe, InSe were fabricated by laser ablation (LA) method (KrF laser, λ = 248 nm, 50 Hz, maximum energy 200 mJ, τ = 4 ns) and characterized by: •XRF; •GDOES; •SEM and TEM; •UV-, VIS-, and IRabsorption; •Raman and PL spectroscopy (also in confocal geometry). Results are discussed in relation to the particle size. Absorption spectra of particles with diameter 20 nm and less turned out to be blue shifted and is consisted with a weak confinement effect on Wannier-Mott type excitons. It is shown, that with decreasing the particle size the energy position of the low-frequency Raman active phonons in both compounds are shifted to lower frequencies (21 and 18 cm-1 in bulk GaSe and InSe and 8 and 7 cm-1 in particles with sizes 5 and 7 nm, respectively). From the low frequency Raman data, decrease of the force constants ca. 25 % (for GaSe) due to the formation of the nanoparticles are estimated, and the origin is suggested. Second harmonic generation (SHG) with 1064 nm line of a mode locked Nd: YAG laser was observed for nanoparticles ablated on different substrates. Potential for using these structures for laser light visualizators are discussed
Europeanization and Turkey's constitutional reform process
No full textGiven the recent inertia in EU-Turkey relations in the midst of regional economic and political upheavals, Europeanization of Turkey takes a step back from the latest headlines to provide a comprehensive stocktaking of EU-inspired reform efforts in Turkey with an eye to understanding how effective or ineffective EU conditionality has been in making Turkey's key political institutions, actors and culture more compatible with European norms.In addition to contributing to the theoretical literature on the differential effects of Europeanization on the domestic realm, this volume also expands the
Conversion rate prediction in search engine marketing
No full textSearch engines hold online auctions among search advertisers who are bidding for the
advertisement slots in the search engine results pages. Search engines employ a pay-
per-click model in which advertisers are charged whenever their ads are clicked by users.
If a user clicks on an ad and then takes a particular action, which the corresponding
advertiser has defined as valuable to her business, such as an online purchase, or signing
up for a newsletter, or a phone call, then the user’s action is counted as a conversion. A
naive estimate of the conversion rate (CR) of an ad is the average number of conversions
per click. The average number of clicks and the average position of the ad also affect its
conversion rate. However, all such ad statistics are heuristics at best. The challenge here
is that there is no performance statistics accrued for the newly created ads. In order
to get any kind of performance data, new ads have to be advertised first and precious
marketing dollars have to be spent. If CR estimates are precise, then advertisers can
manage their campaigns more effectively and can have a better return on their invest-
ments. Alternatively, one can use the available data for the existing ads and engineer
a set of features that best characterize conversions for an advertisement campaign in
general. We took the second approach and used probabilistic inference for extracting
text features. Using these text features, we built a prediction model to estimate the
true CRs of unknown ads. Our experiment results demonstrated that such text features
improved the accuracy of our predictions. Furthermore, hybrid models that combine
text and numeric features achieved a superior predictive power compared to using only
text features or only numeric features.Contents
Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iii
Oz iv
Acknowledgments vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Online Advertising Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Goal and Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Literature Review 7
3 Probabilistic Models 10
3.1 Topic Models and LDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.1 Introduction to LDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.2 Graphical Representation of LDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1.2.1 Bayesian Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1.2.2 Dirichlet Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.2.3 LDA Posteriori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.3 Approximation of Posterior Inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.3.1 Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.3.2 LDA Posterior Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 Methodology 21 4.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Feature Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.1 Numeric Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.2 Average CR of Keywords in Same Ad-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.3 Average CR of Keywords in Same Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.4 Match Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.5 Non-linear Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.6 Topic based Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 Model Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5 Experiments 26 5.1 Experiment Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.1.1 Data Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.1.2 Pre-processing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.1.2.1 Cleaning Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.1.2.2 Scaling Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.1.2.3 Training, Cross Validation, and Testing . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.3 Evaluation Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.1.3.1 Evaluation Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.1.3.2 Evaluation Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6 Conclusion 32
A Terms and Evaluation Metrics 34 A.1 Evaluation Metrics Used in Ranked Results . . . 34
A.2 Evaluation Metrics Used in Regression Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Bibliograph
Göç mevsimi
No full textTaha Toros Arşivi, Dosya Adı: İstanbul Genel Dokümanları. Not: Gazetenin "Eski Mesireler:10" köşesinde yayımlanmıştır.İstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033
Kanun and sharia : Ottoman land law in Şeyhülislam fatwas from kanunname of budin the Kanunname-i Cedid
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.This study explores the question of Islamic character of the Ottoman land law through scrutinizing the administration of proprietary claims on the land in the şeyhülislam fatwas. It also tracks the changes in the fatwas related to the proprietary claims on the land.
ʿUlamaʾ views had a central role in the Ottoman land law from the beginning. First land codes were done either on the direction of their consultancies or directly by them. Therefore, as şeyhülislams were the head of that ulema, their fatwas played significant roles on the land issues.
Basics of the Ottoman thinking on the land system was first set by Ebussuud from a sharia-centred perspective. Later şeyhülislams mainly remained loyal to Ebussuud’s doctrine and built the land law upon that base. However, new circumstances forced some little but important changes on the proprietary claims on the lands. Tracking these changes, reveals some clues for the Ottoman mentality on land law.
This study finds those clues through analysing şeyhülislam fatwas between Ebussuud’s first extensive explanation in the code of Buda (1542) and the most extensive early-modern Ottoman achievement on land codification: Kanunname-i Cedid (dated 1674). It tackles the kanun-şeriat discussion in the context of the land law.
There were some attempts to make changes in Ebussuud’s doctrine such as the fatwas of Hocazade Esad Efendi. However effects of such fatwas lasted short and were eliminated in the text of Kanunname-i Cedid at the end. In short Ottoman land law was standartised according to Ebussuud’s doctrine. This thesis argues that the Islamic legal tradition provided the overarching paradigm for Ebussuud’s and other şeyhülislams’ opinions on the land law.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................ vi
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTERS 1. Introduction: The Ottoman Land Law and Şeyhülislam Fatwas ..................... 1
1.1. Why to study Ottoman land issues and the question of religious law system? ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Nature of the Fatwas .................................................................................. 4
1.3. Conceptual Framework .............................................................................. 6
1.4. Literature Review ...................................................................................... 9
1.5. Sources ..................................................................................................... 13
1.6. Outline of the Chapters ............................................................................ 14
2.1. TheContext.............................................................................................. 16
2.2. Hanafite Origins ....................................................................................... 20
2.3. The Relationship between Land’s Status and Ownership ....................... 23
2.4. Proprietary Rights .................................................................................... 32
2.4.1. Farmer .............................................................................................. 32
2.4.2. Timar Holder .................................................................................... 40
2.4.3. Sultan ................................................................................................ 41
2.5. Taxation ................................................................................................... 43
2.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 51
3. Legal Continuity in the Time of Crisis .......................................................... 53 3.1. The
Context.............................................................................................. 53
3.2. The Period until Sunullah Efendi in the Office of şeyhülislam ............... 57
3.2.1. Two Lines of Şeyhülislam Fatwas ................................................... 58
3.2.2. Roots of New Lines .......................................................................... 65
3.3. Sunullah Efendi........................................................................................ 71
3.3.1. The Farmer’s and the Timar Holder’s Proprietary Claims ............... 71
3.3.2. The Sultan’s Ownership Claims on the Miri Lands ......................... 76
3.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 79
4. Impact of Zekeriyazade Yahya Efendi ........................................................... 81 4.1. The Context after the 1610s ..................................................................... 81
4.2. Esad Efendi: The Rise of Farmer’s Proprietary Claims .......................... 84
4.2.1. Ownership Claims ............................................................................ 85
4.3. Zekeriyazade Yahya Efendi: Restoration and Further Systemization ..... 92
4.3.1. Pre-emptive Practices and Inheritance on the Miri Lands................ 94
4.3.2. The Other Ownership Claims and Their Limitations on the Miri Lands… ........................................................................................................ 100
4.4. Road to Kanunname-i Cedid (1674) ...................................................... 105 4.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 112
5. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 114 References ............................................................................................................ 11
Partial key exposure attacks on multi-power RSA
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.In this thesis, our main focus is a type of cryptanalysis of a variant of RSA, namely multi-power RSA. In multi-power RSA, the modulus is chosen as N = prq, where r ≥ 2. Building on Coppersmith’s method of finding small roots of polynomials, Boneh and Durfee show a very crucial result (a small private exponent attack) for standard RSA. According to this study, N = pq can be factored in polynomial time in log N when d < N 0.292 . In 2014, Sarkar improve the existing small private exponent attacks on multi-power RSA for r ≤ 5. He shows that one can factor N in polynomial time in log N if d < N 0.395 for r = 2 .
Extending the ideas in Sarkar’s work, we develop a new partial key exposure attack on multi-power RSA. Prior knowledge of least significant bits (LSBs) of the private exponent d is required to realize this attack. Our result is a generalization of Sarkar’s result, and his result can be seen as a corollary of our result. Our attack has the following properties: the required known part of LSBs becomes smaller in the size of the public exponent e and it works for all exponents e (resp. d) when the exponent d (resp. e) has full-size bit length. For practical validation of our attack, we demonstrate several computer algebra experiments. In the experiments, we use the LLL algorithm and Gröbner basis computation. We achieve to obtain better experimental results than our theoretical result indicates for some cases.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iii
Öz iv
Acknowledgments v
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Abbreviations x
1 Introduction
1 1.1 A Short History of the Partial Key Exposure Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Overview of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 The RSA Cryptosystem 8
2.1 RSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 RSA Key Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Multi-power RSA (Takagi’s Variant) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Cryptanalysis of RSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.1 Factoring N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4.2 Implementation Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4.2.1 Side-Channel Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4.2.2 Bleichenbacher’s Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.3 Message Recovery Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.3.1 Håstad’s Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.3.2 Franklin-Reiter Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.3.3 Coppersmith’s Short Pad Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.4 Attacks Using Extra Knowledge on RSA Parameters . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.4.1 Wiener’s Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.4.2 Boneh-Durfee Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Preliminaries 18
3.1 Lattice Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 Finding Small Roots of Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.1 Finding Small Modular Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.2 Complexity of the Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.2.1 Polynomial Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.2.2 Root Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.3 Boneh-Durfee Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 Partial Key Exposure Attacks on Multi-Power RSA 28
4.1 Known Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1.1 Attacks when ed ≡ 1 mod ( p−1)( q−1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1.2 Attacks when ed ≡ 1 mod ( pr −pr−1)( q−1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.2 A New Attack with Known LSBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.3 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5 Conclusion and Discussions 39
Bibliograph
Linking national food production to global supply chain impacts for the energy-climate challenge:the cases of the EU-27 and Turkey
No full textAlthough the food industry has a significant impact on the European economy and society, its contribution to energy consumption and global climate challenge is also considerably high compared to other manufacturing industries. However, the global energy and carbon impacts of European food production are not addressed sufficiently. With this motivation, this research aims to advance the body of knowledge on carbon and energy footprint analysis of food industries in the 27 member states of the European Union and Turkey. We employed a time series multi-region input-output analysis to analyze the carbon and energy footprints of food manufacturing industries. As a global multi-region input-output database, this research used the World Input-Output Database, which provides a time-series of world input-output tables for 40 countries worldwide covering 1440 economic sectors. The results from this study indicate that Germany, France and Spain have the largest food production-related energy footprint. All European countries have upstream suppliers as the dominant contributors of their total energy consumption, except for Romania, for which onsite impacts are dominant. Furthermore, the largest share of carbon emissions related to Turkish food manufacturing is found in Turkey's geographical boundary, whereas more than 50% of the total energy footprint of Turkey's food manufacturing industry is located in various regions outside of Turkey, including the rest of the world and particularly United States and the European Union. The findings show that upstream supply chains are responsible for over 90% of carbon emissions, while direct emissions and those from the first three-layers of food manufacturing supply chains are found to be responsible for approximately 80% of total carbon emissions
Is measuring the knowledge creation of universities possible?:a review of university rankings
No full textMakale, İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi İşletme Bölümü ile ortak üretilmiştir; ancak ilk yazarın bölümü olarak Uluslararası Ticaret ve İşletmecilik Bölümü koleksiyonuna dahil edilmiştir.University ranking indexes are considered very useful benchmarking tools in comparing the performance of universities around the world. Being placed in these prestigious indexes provides a strong advertisement for a university and helps them to attract high-quality students and academicians all over the world. However, there are some important deficiencies of university ranking indexes such as taking into account the whole university as a single unit without differentiating according to different fields of study or research, being limited to some well-known universities, and not considering institutional characteristics such as size or age. This study aims to explore the leading global university rankings to determine the similarities and differences in terms of their ranking criteria, main indicators, modeling choices, and the effects of these on the rankings. Designating the Times Higher Education World Rankings as the base ranking, a comprehensive comparison of the positions of the top universities of the base index with the matched positions of the same universities under other leading indexes including ARWU, QS, Leiden, and URAP is given. Correlations highlight the significant differences among some indexes even in measuring the same criterion such as teaching or research
On the reliability and efficiency of novel programming architectures for next-generation flash memories
No full textNAND Flash memories are currently the most popular non-volatile memory elements. Multi-level memory cells and the technologic possibility of producing very small memory cells lead their storage capacity to increase enormously, and yet the aim of the next-generation Flash memory producers is to build smaller and denser memory cells. On the other hand, these improvements make the performance of these devices considerably unreliable since major error sources are significantly amplified as the Flash memories get smaller and denser. In this paper, we study the error performance and also information theoretic channel capacity of conventional and proposed programming methods for Flash memories. Our computer simulation results indicate that the proposed methods can not only improve the error performance, but also increase the transmission efficiency by delivering a higher channel capacity under severe-interference channel, which is the scenario for the next-generation Flash memories