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Yüz sene evvel Beylerbeyi Camii'nde bir cuma selamlığı
No full textTaha Toros Arşivi, Dosya Adı: Ressamlarımızın Eserleriİstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033
From “axis of resistance” to “Shia crescent?” : examining the Islamic Republic of Iran’s transnational foreign policy from 1979 Until 2015
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.One goal frequently professed in the research is examining the transformation of the transnational foreign policy of the Islamic Republic from “resistance axis” to “Shia crescent”. This study started in 1979 and lasted until 2015. In the first phase, the background of the Islamic Republic’s transnational foreign policy ambitions, which were established with the 1979 revolutionary ideologies, the transnational elements of the Islamic Republic’s constitution, and the idea of exporting the revolution and regional incidents are analyzed. In the second phase of my study, the period of progress is examined, which starts with the death of Khomeini in 1989 until 2010. In this era, the transnational foreign policy of the Islamic Republic pragmatized itself for the region’s realities. The American intervention into the region in the 2000s brought a huge security threat to the Islamic Republic and in order to prevent American presence in the region, the Islamic Republic pragmatically tried to strengthen its relations with brother states and non-state actors. In the third phase of my study, the Arab revolts and the Iranian reaction to the protests are examined starting from the 2010s until 2015. The regional turmoil created by the Arab uprisings expanded the elbowroom of the Islamic Republic. Conflicting and fragile states became the main theater of the Islamic Republic’s transnational activities. Consequently, The Islamic Republic created numerous proxies in order to project its power all across the region under the coverage of protecting brother regimes. The Arab uprising presented a conflicted Middle East, which erased the security fear for the Islamic Republic. As a result of all of these factors, the Islamic Republic plays a grand game in order to create a “Shia crescent” under the supreme authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran.ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv
ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLES .....................................
................................................................. ix
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... xi
CHAPTERS ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.
1. Reason for the Study ........................................................................................ 3
1. 2. Methodology of the Study ................................................................................ 4
1. 3. Limitations of the Study ................................................................................... 5
1. 4. Organization of the Study ................................................................................. 6
2. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (1979-1989) ................................................................. 8 2. 1. Dominated Political Circumstances in the late 1970’s
Iran and Middle East .. 8
2. 1. 1. Islamist Atmosphere: Islamism, Political Islam, and Transnational Islam ............................................................................................................................ 10
2. 1. 2. Ideological Elements and Background of the Islamic Revolution ......... 13
2. 1. 3. Early Transnational Foreign Policy Indications of Pre-Revolutionary Period: Muhammad Reza Shah........................................................................... 16
2. 2. The 1979 Iran Islamic Revolution: a New Paradigm ..................................... 19
2. 3. Domestic Infrastructures for Expansionist Policies ....................................... 25
2. 3. 1. The Governing System of Iran................................................................ 25
2. 3. 2. Domestic Structure of Khomeini’s period as Supreme Leader .............. 28
2. 4. Transnational Elements of the Islamic Republic of Iran ................................ 31
2. 4. 1. The Islamic Republic’s Constitution ...................................................... 31
2. 4. 2. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-88), Israeli Invasion (1982) of Lebanon and Transnational Projection of the Islamic Republic............................................... 34 2. 5. Transnational Activities of the Islamic Republic (1979-89) .......................... 37
3. PROGRESSION OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC AFTER KHOMEINI ............. 41
3. 1. The Institutionalization and Pragmatization of the Idea “Exporting the Revolution” ............................................................................................................ 41
3. 1. 1. New Synthesis of Ideology and Pragmatization; Successor of Khomeini: Ali Hossain Khamenei ........................................................................................ 42
3. 1. 2. Progress in the expansionist Military Missions of the Islamic Republic of Iran ...................................................................................................................... 43 Table 3.1 Iranian Military Power .................................................................... 44 Table
3.1 - Continued ...................................................................................... 45
3. 2. The Power of Hard-Liners and The Reformist Presidents Limited “Reforms” ................................................................................................................................ 47
3. 2. 1. The President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Period................................... 47
3. 2. 2. The President Mohammad Khatami Period ............................................ 49
3. 3. The Effect of Regional Developments to Transnational Vision of the Islamic Republic .................................................................................................................. 50
3. 3. 1. Shia Revival in the Region ..................................................................... 50
3. 3. 2. The Gulf War (1990-91) and The Islamic Republic’s Transnational Vision .................................................................................................................. 54
3. 3. 3. The September 11 Incident and the American Intervention into the Region ................................................................................................................. 57
3. 4. The “Resistance Axis” or “Shia Crescent?” ................................................... 61
3. 5. The Shift of the Islamic Republic Politics ...................................................... 65
4. TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRANSNATIONAL POLITICS OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC AFTER REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................... 68
4. 1. The Domestic Elements of the Islamic Republic, Presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rohani ........................................................................... 70
4. 2. Politically Dominated Incidents: Arab Uprisings .......................................... 72
4. 2. 1. The Reflections of Arab Uprisings to the Region................................... 74
4. 3. The Islamic Republic’s Reaction to the Protests. ........................................... 76
4. 4. Transnational Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic ................................... 82
4. 4. 1. Shia Militants in Syria ............................................................................ 83
4. 4. 2. Shia Militants in Iraq .............................................................................. 87
4. 5. The Transformation of Transnational Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran ..................................................................................................................... 90 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 9
Data mining applications in social lending and anchorage planning
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir
AdScope : intelligent scoping of paid search campaigns using relevance feedback
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.In this thesis, we propose a semi-supervised online tool called AdScope for search engine
marketing. AdScope can be used for filtering out unprofitable user queries from the
search campaign while at the same time allowing profitable queries only. AdScope uses
relevance feedback for classifying user queries broadly into two categories as relevant or
non-relevant. All queries labeled as non-relevant are excluded from the search campaign;
no ad is shown to a user posing an excluded query in the future. All queries labeled as
relevant are included in the search campaign as regular campaign keywords. In order
to label queries, two sources of relevance feedback are used: user feedback comes in the
form of clicks and conversions which are available in the search query log provided by
ad broker. Advertiser feedback is collected interactively. For this purpose, we designed
an active learning step where advertiser is asked to label a selected set of unlabeled
queries. The feedback received is incorporated into the classification model in real time
using Bayesian update. In performance tests, we observed that AdScope had the highest
classification accuracy of 89.25% for queries that contain at least two terms. Furthermore,
three domain experts agreed substantially with a Fleiss’ agreement score of 0.79 on the
selections made by our actively learning system.Contents
Abstract ii
Öz iii
Acknowledgments v
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Abbreviations x
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Our contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Literature Review 5
3 Methodology 9
3.1 Computation of Relevance Status Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 User feedback and bootstrapping in AdScope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.1 Streaming algorithm for incorporating advertiser feedbak . . . . . 12 3
.3.2 Getting advertiser feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Complexity analysis of AdScope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Experimental Evaluation 18
4.1 Details of our datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Testing methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Self comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.1 With pre-processing vs. without pre-processing . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.2Active learning in AdScope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Comparison with the state of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4.1 Multinomial Naive Bayes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4.2 Binary classifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4.3 Markov chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4.4 Comparative results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4.5 Performance on the second dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5 Phrase discovery in AdScope 27
6 Conclusions 30
A Computation of Jaccard score for trigrams 32
Bibliography 3
The Geneose levantine colonies at the birth of Ottoman Imperial power : a framework for inquiry
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.The Genoese Levantine colonies originated during the era of the Crusades
(eleventh through fifteenth centuries) in a complex dynamic with the Byzantine
Greeks, the Turkic dynasties of Anatolia, and various Latin warlords. In the eastern
Mediterranean, the Aegean, and the Black Sea, a Genoese feudal aristocracy
traded with the Byzantine and Turkic dynasties, and many Genoese families
became extremely rich. But the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453
signaled the beginning of the end of Genoese commercial dominance. Individual
Genoese merchants continued to reside at Pera, just across the Golden Horn from
Constantinople, and the Genoese colony of Caffa in Crimea held out until 1475.
Chios continued under Genoese rule into the middle of the sixteenth century.
Despite the loss of their Levantine colonies, the Genoese had by this point
become the most powerful bankers in Europe. My hypothesis is that capital repatriation from the colonies to the western Mediterranean in the late fifteenth
century contributed significantly to the success of Genoese banking in the
sixteenth century. In examining Genoese and Ottoman sources for the fifteenth
century, this study aims to lay the groundwork for close investigation of capital
movement and economic networks between the Genoese Levantine colonies and
the western Mediterranean.Abstract ................................................................................................................ iii
Öz ….......................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgements …......................................................................................... vii
Table of Contents …........................................................................................... viii
Introduction …....................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER
I. Mediterranean Economic Networks and Genoese Colonial Administration before
the Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople .…...................................................... 16
I.1 The Ill-Defined Boundary between Commerce and Piracy ................ 17
I.2 The Evolution of the Rule of Law …................................................. 22
I.3 Breakdown in the Rule of Law …...................................................... 28
II. The Genoese of Pera/Galata after the Conquest: Correspondence between the
Ottoman Tahrir of 1455 and the Genoese Notarial Records ….......................... 41
II.1 The Context of the Ottoman and Genoese sources .......................... 42
II.2 The Analysis of Halil İnalcık …....................................................... 46
II.3 New Findings and Connections …................................................... 50
III: Economic Networks after the Conquest and the Disintegration of Genoese
Colonial Administration .................................................................................... 64
III.1 Change and Continuity in Economic Networks …......................... 65
III.2 The Repatriation of Holy Relics …................................................ 74
III.3 The Disintegration of Genoese Colonial Administration …........ 76
Conclusion ….................................................................................................. 85
APPENDICES
A. Glossary …................................................................................................. 89
B: Map of the Genoese Colonies …................................................................. 94
C: Investors in the Cargo of the Ship of Nicolo Gentile ….............................. 95
D: Correspondence between the Ottoman and Genoese Documents …........... 96
Bibliography..................................................................................................... 9
Economic input-output based sustainability analysis of onshore and offshore wind energy systems
No full textAccording to the U.S. Department of Energys wind energy scenario, 20% share of the U.S. energy portfolio is to come in from wind power plants by the year 2030. This research aims to quantify the direct and supply chain related indirect environmental impacts of onshore and offshore wind energy technologies in the United States. To accomplish this goal, a hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) model is developed. On average, offshore wind turbines produce 48% less greenhouse gas emissions per kWh produced electricity than onshore wind turbines. It is also found that the more the capacity of the wind turbine, the less the environmental impact when the turbine generates per kWh electricity
Robust and fuzzy goal programming optimization approaches for a novel multi-objective hub location-allocation problem:a supply chain overview
No full textIn this paper, a novel multi-objective mathematical model is developed to solve a capacitated single-allocation hub location problem with a supply chain overview. Three mathematical models with various objective functions are developed. The objective functions are to minimize: (a) total transportation and installation costs, (b) weighted sum of service times in the hubs to produce and transfer commodities and the tardiness and earliness times of the flows including raw materials and finished goods, and (c) total greenhouse gas emitted by transportation modes and plants located in the hubs. To come closer to reality, some of the parameters of the proposed mathematical model are regarded as uncertain parameters, and a robust approach is used to solve the given problem. Furthermore, two methods, namely fuzzy multi-objective goal programming (FMOGP) and the Torabi and Hassini's (TH) method are used to solve the multi-objective mathematical model. Finally, the concluding part presents the comparison of the obtained results
Assessments of Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East during the Arab uprisings
No full textUsing original public-opinion polls and elite interviews conducted in 2012, this article analyzes the perceptions of Turkish foreign policy regarding the Arab Uprisings and the Syrian conflict in three Middle Eastern countries, Egypt, Iraq and Iran. It finds that ethnic, sectarian and religious groups in these three countries vary significantly in their views on Turkish foreign policy regarding both the Arab Uprisings and the Syrian conflict, although the same identity-related factors have a less salient effect at the elite level. The findings also suggest that the intersection of ethnicity and sect shapes people's attitudes toward Turkish foreign policy in Iran and Iraq. Sunnis, except for Kurds in Iran and Iraq, tend to have a positive view of Turkish foreign policy, while Shia Turkomans in Iraq tend to have a negative one
Lean Marketing: Know who not to advertise to!
No full textInternet users search the web for more and more relevant information, such as where to find the best online deals, where to go for vacation, what to wear to a wedding, and many others. Online search advertisers target these users based on their search queries. Targeting the right set of users is important as each user clicking on an online search ad costs money to the advertiser. Savvy advertisers usually pick keywords that are niche and "non-intuitive" because such keywords are cheaper than more popular keywords due to lesser number of advertisers competing for them. In order to find such keywords, multiple information sources such as web ontologies open to the public, search engine results, and search query logs were mined in the past. In these studies, the universe of all relevant keywords was approximated as the relevant keywords of all techniques combined. A given keyword selection technique was then evaluated based on the relevance of the keywords it selected to the target page that is to be advertised. Since the universe of relevant keywords was approximate, it had implications for advertising efficiency. For the campaign dataset we used in this study, out of a total of $75K spent on the campaign, 10% of this total budget was spent on the irrelevant queries. Our primary goal in this work is to reduce this excess budget spent on the irrelevant queries. For this purpose, we learn the characteristics of the "irrelevant" queries using the campaign's past performance data. Words and phrases that occur frequently in queries, which are not likely to convert, are used as a proxy to decide who not to advertise to. In this way, we plan to preserve more of the marketing budget for queries that are more likely to convert. In our empirical study, we used a logistic regressor for identifying negative words, which distinguished the non-converting queries from the converting ones, and pruned the non-converting queries using the negatives identified. Our approach decreased the average customer acquisition cost of a live search campaign by 25% and cut the overall campaign spend by 28.6%