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Falling Leaves
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.As a genre that has pervaded popular culture across the years, melodrama offers remarkable material for sociological inquiry. It echoes developments in society and culture. A classic in its genre, Yaprak Dökümü possesses all the structural and fictional characteristics of a family melodrama. The fact that it has been subject to a number of reproductions over the years, and in different media, makes this family melodrama a useful lens through which to view the transformation and transition in the discursive (re)formulations of social constructions. In this respect, this thesis seeks to trace and analyze the definitional transitions in the depictions of masculinity and femininity in the institution of the family across three different time periods, in the 1930s, late 1960s, and 2000s. Yaprak Dökümü, with its narrative emphasis on integrity and disintegration, epitomizes the family-making processes in Turkish melodrama. Over the years, different presentations of the story have utilized different modes of narration, from novel to film and then to television serial, yet all have maintained similar discursive codes embedded in the representations. As a reflexive cultural product, Yaprak Dökümü presents how social constructions of masculinity and femininity in a family are modeled in fiction. It shows there has been a transformation in both presentation and representation from the 1930s till today. The practice of social norms and codes are reproduced in different ways, while preserving the core of social norms and codes. Slight differences in gendered iconography do not offer serious challenges to dominant gender paradigms, but could be regarded as initiatives for important changes in representations.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... vi
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTERS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Methodology ................................................................................................. 4 1.2.
Sociology and Melodrama ............................................................................ 5 1.2.1
The Genre: Melodrama .......................................................................... 6 1.2.2
The Family Melodrama .......................................................................... 8 1.3.
Adaptation ................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1.
From Text to Screen: Melodramatic Adaptation ................................. 12 1.3.2.
Melodramatic Adaptation to Television .............................................. 14 1.4.
Remake: Why Remake? .............................................................................. 15 1.4.1.
Retake and Remake of Melodramatic Narratives: Old in New, New in Old? 18
1.4.2. Remaking the Adapted: Re-adaptation ................................................ 19
MELODRAMA AS A SELF-CONTAINED GENRE IN THE TURKISH CONTEXT ................................................................................................................. 22
2.1. Turkish Novel: Melodrama Provoked ......................................................... 23
2.2. Melodrama on the Screen: Yeşilçam Melodrama, Genre and Modality ..... 25
2.3. Melodrama Remade for Television ............................................................. 31
2.4. Turkish Family (with)in the Melodrama Represented ................................ 34
A CLASSIC TURKISH FAMILY MELODRAMA NOVEL, ADAPTED AND REMADE: YAPRAK DÖKÜMÜ ............................................................................... 37
3.1. Yaprak Dökümü as a Case Study ................................................................. 37
3.1.1. Yaprak Dökümü as a Novel in the 1930s ............................................. 38
3.1.2. Novelist Reşat Nuri Güntekin and His Melodramatic Novels ............. 43
3.1.3. Social and Cultural Milieu of the 1930s .............................................. 46
3.2. Yaprak Dökümü Adapted and Remade for the Screen ................................ 49
3.2.1. Yaprak Dökümü as Film ....................................................................... 49
3.2.2. Yaprak Dökümü as a Television Serial Melodrama ............................. 56
FROM INTEGRITY TO DISINTEGRATION: TRACING THE CHANGES IN THE TURKISH MODERN FAMILY ....................................................................... 73
4.1. Masculinity of the Family ........................................................................... 74
4.1.1. Expressed and Disguised Ones: “Hegemonic Masculinity” ................ 82
4.1.2. The Father: Being with and/or in the Family ....................................... 84
4.2. Class Crossing Femininity .......................................................................... 89
4.2.1. Defining Femininity: Re-categorizing the Femme Fatal versus the Decent Woman ................................................................................................... 94
4.2.2. The Mother, the Wife: “The Cult of Domesticity” ............................ 102
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 109
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 114
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 11
Political agency of news outlets in a polarized media system:framing the corruption probe in Turkey
No full textThis article aims to determine the stances of media outlets during crises in a polarized media system such as Turkey. Adopting a content analysis methodology, this article analyses the framing strategies of three national newspapers affiliated with certain sociopolitical camps (namely, the pro-government Sabah, the anti-government Kemalist Sözcü and the pro-Gülen Zaman) to observe possible similarities/differences during the critical 17 December corruption probe. The findings not only confirm earlier studies on ‘press-party’ parallelism but also reveal ‘press-sociopolitical camp parallelism’ in Turkey’s polarized media system
Revealing the regional and global carbon and energy hotspots of Turkish manufacturing supply chains:a global multiregional input-output analysis
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.This thesis analyzes the energy-climate-manufacturing nexus within the context of regional and global supply chains. Also this shows the signi cance of full coverage of entire supply chain tiers in order to prevent signi cant underestimations, which might lead to invalid policy conclusions. With this motivation, a multi region input-output (MRIO) sustainability assessment model is developed. The World Input-Output Database, which is a dynamic MRIO framework on the world's 40 largest economies covering 1445 economic sectors, is used to develop MRIO model.
The method presented in this study is the rst environmentally-extended MRIO model that harmonizes energy and carbon footprint accounts for Turkish manufacturing sectors. Moreover, a global trade-linked carbon and energy footprint analysis of Turkish manufacturing sectors is performed as a case study. The results were presented by distinguishing the contributions of ve common supply chain phases such as upstream suppliers, onsite manufacturing, transportation, wholesale, and retail trade. The ndings showed that onsite and upstream supply chains are found to have over 90% of total energy use and carbon footprint for all industrial sectors. Electricity, Gas and Water Supply sector was usually found to be as the main contributor to global climate change, and Coke, Re ned Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel sector is the main driver of energy use in upstream supply chains. Overall, the largest portion of total carbon emissions of Turkish manufacturing industries was found in Turkey's regional boundary that ranged between 40 to 60% of total carbon emissions. In 2009, China, United States, and Rest-of-the-World's contribution is found to be more than 50% of total energy use of Turkish manufacturing.
This thesis envisions that a global MRIO framework can provide a vital guidance for policy makers to analyze the role of global manufacturing supply chains and prevent signi cant underestimations due to inclusion of limited number of tiers for sustainable supply chain management research.Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Bacground of Sustainability and LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 State-of-the-Art and Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Method 10
2.1 The countries and industries in the WIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 A Multi-region Input-Output Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Data Collection and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Results 20
3.1 Carbonfootprintand energyuseof manufacturingsectors andtheirsupply chains. . 20
3.2 Global distribution of energy use and carbon footprint . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4 Discussion and Conclusions 43
4.1 One size does not t all: The need for sector-speci c strategies . . . . . . 43
4.2 Carbon and energy hotspots: Insights for Turkish manufacturing sectors and supply chains . . . . . 44
4.3 Lack of Communication in a Globalized World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5 Recommendations & Future Remarks 46
5.1 High-resolution sectors, more detailed regions, improved data availability, quality, and accuracy .. . 47
5.2 The Balancing Act: Towards triple bottom line sustainability assessment of manufacturing sectors . . 48
5.3 Revealing the causal relationship and the system behavior . . . . . . . . . 48
A 35 Industries in WIOD 50
Bibliography 5
A new assessment on hypothesis of Mehmed Fuad Köprülü about the establishment of the Ottoman Empire
No full textMakale, yazarın izniyle açık erişim kullanıma açılmıştır.Türk tarihinin yetiştirdiği dünyâca ünlü ilim ve fikir adamlarından biri olan Mehmed Fuad Köprülü (1890-1966), özellikle Osmanlı tarihinin kuruluş devri hakkındaki tartışmaların iyice alevlendiği bir dönemde en zorlu tartışmalara eğilerek, ortaya koyduğu keskin ve iddiâlı tezlerle bir döneme damgasını vuran en önemli isimlerden biri olmuştur. Onun bu tezlerinin en meşhur olanları; Wittek’in Kayı menşei ile ilgili itirazlarına yönelik güçlü savunması ve Osmanlılar’ın atalarının Anadolu’ya göçünün -bilinenin aksine- Cengiz istilâsı sırasında değil, Anadolu’nun ilk fethi sırasında gerçekleştiği yönündeki iddiâsıdır. Bu iki konu Köprülü’nün ölümünden sonra da uzun yıllar tartışılmış; ancak her ikisi hakkında da çağdaş kaynaklar ışığında kalıcı bir çözüme ulaşılamamıştır. Bu makale, hâlâ üzerinde tartışılan bu iki konu hakkında, şimdiye kadar devrin aslî kaynaklarına bakılmaksızın geliştirilen yüzeysel ve şahsî düşüncelere dayalı tezlerin aksine, ilk kez dönemin İslâm kaynakları ve Bizans kroniklerindeki kayıtları Osmanlı rivâyetleriyle karşılaştıran bir tez ortaya koyarak, ikisi hakkında da kesin ve kalıcı bir çözüme ulaşmak amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır
The making and treatment of an iconic event : the Menemen incident (1930) in modern Turkish history
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.The Menemen Incident is an attempt at rebellion by six armed insurgents on 23 December 1930. The Republican People’s Party introduced the incident after its occurrence as a reactionary challenge to the republic instigated by the Nakşibendi order. The government proclaimed a state of emergency in Menemen, Manisa and Balıkesir, established a special military court for the trial of the accused. The court decided that indeed the order had preplanned the rebellion and actualized it to un- dermine the very existence of the republic. This thesis explores the Menemen Incident. It reconstructs the events based on critical analyses of official statements, court documents and contemporary news- papers –with special attention to the trial process. Furthermore, the thesis examines the various representations of the incident in the contemporaneous media as well as in the secondary popular and academic accounts of the succeeding years. The study indicates that this was a minor incident carried out by six ignorant hashish smokers. However, the beheading of Kubilay, an idealist republican reserve officer, stirred up the government to action and to hand out harsh punishments. The decision of the military court to condemn the Nakşibendi order as the in- stigator of the event was preordained by the RPP leaders and unjustifiable. Neverthe- less, the court’s decision, misleading official statements, and newspaper reports that echoed the regime’s position led to the emergence of a literature that continued to advocate and embellish this position over the years. In the process, the Menemen In- cident grew into a potent icon that evoked the belief in the victory of republicanists over reactionists. A group of authors developed counter interpretations eventually. But they indeed reversed and perpetuated the polarized perspectives of the officially- biased accounts. Even highly reputable scholars could not overcome the misinfor- mation that became endemic to the coverage of the Menemen Incident.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................. v
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... vi
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... viii
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTERS
1. ACTIVITIES PRIOR TO AND IN DUE COURSE OF THE MENEMEN INCIDENT ................................................................................................................... 9
1.1. Before the Incident ......................................................................................... 9
1.1.1. The Insurgents and Their Activities in Manisa ........................................ 10
1.1.2. Departure from Manisa ............................................................................ 14
1.1.3. The Group in Paşa .................................................................................... 16
1.1.4. In the Village of Bozalan ......................................................................... 17
1.3. Events in Menemen ...................... 21
1.3.1. Entrance to Menemen and Initial Activities ............................................. 21
1.3.2. Attitude of the Officials During the Events ............................................. 24
1.3.3. Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay ............................................................................ 27
1.3.
. Kubilay Rushing to the Scene .................................................................. 30
1.3.5. On the heels of the Events in Menemen ................................................... 33
2. THE OFFICIAL REFLECTIONS AND THE MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF THE MENEMEN INCIDENT ................................................................................... 35
2.1. Determination of the Government’s Stance in the Aftermath of the Incident 35
2.2. Official Assessments ....................................................................................... 40
. Proclaim of the Martial Law ........................................................................... 48
2.4. Internal Inquires .............................................................................................. 49
2.5. Newspaper Reports ......................................................................................... 54
2.5.1. Officially-Biased Newspapers ................................................................. 54
2.5.2. Counter-Official Newspapers ................................................................... 61
2.5.3. Blaming the Opposition Newspapers ....................................................... 65
3. THE JUDICIAL PROCESS OF THE MENEMEN INCIDENT ........................... 67
3.1. The Constitution of the Martial Court ............................................................. 68
3.2. Attitudes and Expressional Patterns of the Perpetrators ................................. 70
3.3. Informing Against One Another ..................................................................... 73
3.4. The Court’s Pressure on Detainees ................................................................. 76
3.5. Grudge and Consent ........................................................................................ 80
3.6. Tragicomic Statements .................................................................................... 83
3.7. Extolling the State ........................................................................................... 86
3.8. The Court Searching for Behind the Scenes ................................................... 88
3.8.1. Laz İbrahim .............................................................................................. 96
3.8.2. Şeyh Esat ................................................................................................ 101
3.9. Suspicious Aspects of the Judicial Process ................................................... 105
3.10. Court in the Name of the Republic ............................................................. 111
3.11. Distortion of the Newspapers ...................................................................... 114
3.12. Verdicts of the Martial Court and Executions ............................................. 116
3.13. Subsequent Trials ........................................................................................ 121
4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND EVALUATIONS ABOUT THE MENEMEN INCIDENT ............................................................................................................... 123
4.1. Officially-Biased and Misleading Accounts ................................................. 124
4.1.1. The Nakşibendi Order as the Ultimate Culprit ...................................... 124
4.1.2. On the Background of the Nakşibendi Order ......................................... 126
4.1.3. The Enemy of the Republic .................................................................... 128
4.1.4. People’s Support for Reactionism .......................................................... 130 4.1.5. Specifying the Agents of the Event ........................................................ 132 4.1.6. Material Support of the Nakşibendi Order ............................................. 135
4.1.7. Exaggerating the Capacity of Insurgents ............................................... 136
4.1.8. Responsibilities of the Security Forces .................................................. 139
4.1.9. Wrong Information on Moves Before, During and After the Incident .. 139
4.1.10. Literature on Political Reasons of the Incident .................................... 143
4.2. Counter-Official and Conspiracy Narrations ................................................ 149
4.3. Unbiased Accounts ........................................................................................ 155
4.3.1. Hamit Bozarslan ..................................................................................... 156
4.3.2. Eyüp Öz .................................................................................................. 160
4.3.3. Umut Azak ............................................................................................. 165
4.3.4. Barış Ertem ............................................................................................. 170
4.3.5. General Studies Touching on the Incident ............................................. 171
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 175
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 18
Emergy and end-point impact assessment of agricultural and food production in the United States:a supply chain-linked ecologically-based life cycle assessment
No full textThe concept of tracing the ecologically-based life cycle impacts of agricultural and food industries (AFIs)has become a topic of interest worldwide due to their criticalassociation with the climate change,water and land footprint, and food security. In this study, an indepth analysis of ecology resourceconsumption, atmospheric emissions, land and water footprints of 54 agricultural and food industriesinthe U.S. were examined extensively. Initially, the supply-chain linked ecological life cycle assess-ment was performed with
Ecologically-based Life Cycle Assessment (Eco-LCA) tool. Then, the results oflife cycle inventory were used to assess the mid and end-point impacts by using the ReCiPe approach.Thirdly, ecological performance assessment was performed using well-known metrics, including loadingand renewability ratios and eco-efficiency analysis. As a novel comprehensive approach, the integratedframework that consists of the
Eco-LCA, ReCiPe and linear programming-based ecological performance
assessment is of importance to have an overall understanding about the extent of impacts related to agri-cultural and food production activities across the U.S. Results indicated that grain farming, dairy food,and animal production-related sectors were found to have the greatest shares in both environmentaland ecological
impact categories as well as endpoint impacts on human health, ecosystem and resources. In terms of climate change, animal (except poultry) slaughtering, rendering, and processing (ASRP), cat-tle ranching and farming (CRF), fertilizer manufacturing (FM), grain farming (GF), fluid milk and buttermanufacturing (FMBM) were found to be the top five dominant industries in climate change impactsaccounting for about 60% share of the total impact
A predictive model for wafer probe burn phenomenon
No full textCoupled thermal-electric computational mechanics techniques have been developed to understand the temperature distribution along a special design spring and cantilever probe body in order to model the probe burn phenomenon for conduction. The experimental maximum current carrying capability tests have been performed and compared with numerical solutions. Reasonably good agreement was observed between experimental and numerical results. A predictive model was developed as a design tool to enable faster probe design for cantilever or vertical types, assembly and test cycle for a wafer sort environment. In addition to the first mode, transient heat transfer between a heated spring probe and its close environment is investigated. A continuum finite volume simulation is used to analyze the heat flow within and from the resistively heated probe to its environment. Experimental results are conducted for spring probe with laminar air flow and without air flow. The numerical and experimental results are compared and high similarity is observed
6098 sayılı Türk borçlar kanuna göre birlikte kefaletin türleri ve hükümleri
No full text6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu (TBK) ile genel olarak kefalet, özelde ise birlikte kefalet konusunda oldukça önemli yenilik ve değiĢiklikler yapılmıĢtır. Kefalet sözleĢmeleri, alacaklıya teminat sağlamayı amaçlayan sözleĢmelerdir. Birlikte kefalet ise, gerek alacaklıya daha fazla teminat sağlaması, gerekse riskin tüm kefiller arasında paylaĢılacak olması ve kendisine düĢen payı ödemeyen diğer kefillere rücu imkânı vermesi sebebiyle kefillere de bir tür teminat sağladığından, en çok tercih edilen kefalet türüdür. Kanundaki yenilik ve değiĢiklikler, tabii olarak kefalet sözleĢmelerine iliĢkin uygulamayı derinden etkilemiĢtir. Bununla birlikte eski alıĢkanlıkların ortadan kalkmasının ve yeni kanuna uygun bir kültürün yerleĢmesinin hayli zaman alacağını söylemek mümkündür. Bu çalıĢmada, doktrindeki görüĢlerin yanısıra mümkün olduğu ölçüde Yargıtay kararlarına da yer verilerek teorinin pratiğe ne ölçüde yansıdığının anlaĢılmasına gayret edilmiĢtir. Bu çerçevede, öncelikle kefaletin tanımı yapılarak kefalet hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiĢ, kefalet sorumluluğunun kapsamı ve kefalet sözleĢmesinin geçerlilik koĢullarına değinilmiĢ ve kefalet türleri anahatları ile incelenmiĢtir. Akabinde, bu çalıĢmanın asıl konusunu oluĢturan TBK’ya göre birlikte kefaletin türleri ve hükümleri, detaylı bir Ģekilde ele alınmıştır.İÇİNDEKİLER
ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v
ĠTHAF ......................................................................................................................... vi
TEġEKKÜR ............................................................................................................... vii
ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ......................................................................................................... viii
KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................... xiv
GĠRĠġ ........................................................................................................................... 1 I.
KEFALET HAKKINDA GENEL BĠLGĠLER ........................................................ 4 1.
KEFALETĠN TANIMI ............................................................................................ 4 2.
GENEL OLARAK KEFALETĠN ÖZELLĠKLERĠ ................................................ 6
2.1. Kefalet borcunun fer’iliği .............................................................................. 6
2.1.1. Fer’ilik ilkesinin sonuçları ................................................................... 6
2.1.2. Fer’ilik ilkesinin istisnaları .................................................................. 9
2.2. Kefalet borcunun tali (ikincil) nitelikte olması ............................................ 10
2.3. Kefalet borcunun asıl borcu doğuran hukuki iliĢkinin dıĢında ayrı bir sözleĢme ile ortaya çıkması................................................................................. 11
2.4. Kefalet sözleĢmesinin tek taraflı bir borç doğurması ve ivazsız olması ...... 13
2.5. Kefalet borcunun belirliliği .......................................................................... 15
3. KEFALET SORUMLULUĞUNUN KAPSAMI ................................................... 16
4. KEFALET SÖZLEġMESĠNĠN GEÇERLĠLĠK KOġULLARI ............................. 17
4.1. Mevcut ve geçerli bir borca kefalet.............................................................. 17
4.2. Gelecekte doğacak veya koĢula bağlı borca kefalet..................................... 18
4.3. Borçlunun sorumlu olmadığı veya zamanaĢımına uğramıĢ borç için kiĢisel güvence verilmesi ............................................................................................... 19
4.4. Kefalet hükümlerinin emrediciliği ............................................................... 21
4.5. Kefalet sözleĢmesinin Ģekli .......................................................................... 23
4.5.1. Yazılı Ģeklin geçerlik koĢulu olması .................................................. 23
4.5.2. Yazılı Ģeklin türleri ............................................................................ 24
4.5.3. Kefalet sözleĢmesinin güvenli elektronik imza ile kurulamaması ..... 25
4.5.4. Kefalet sözleĢmesinde Ģeklin kapsamı ve unsurları ........................... 26
4.5.4.1. Kefilin el yazısı ile yazılması gereken hususlar ....................... 26
4.5.4.2. Kefil olma iradesi ..................................................................... 27
4.5.4.3. Kefilin sorumlu olacağı azami miktar (kefalet limiti) ve asıl borç ....................................................................................................... 28
4.5.4.4. Kefalet sözleĢmesinde alacaklının kimliği ............................. 30
4.5.4.5. Kefil olma hususunda özel yetki verilmesi ve vaatte bulunulması ........................................................................................... 30
4.5.4.6. Kefilin sorumluluğunun borcun belirli bir miktarıyla sınırlandırılması .................................................................................... 31
4.5.4.7. Kefalet sözleĢmesinde sonradan yapılan ve kefilin sorumluluğunu artıran değiĢiklikler ...................................................... 31
4.6. ġekle aykırılığın yaptırımı ........................................................................... 32
4.7. ġekle aykırı olarak kurulmuĢ bir kefalet sözleĢmesinin ifa edilmesi ........... 33
4.8. Ġcra dairesinde alınan kefaletler ................................................................... 36
4.9.1. TBK’nın 583/1 hükmü ile TTK’nın 7. maddesi ve ĠĠK’nın 38. maddesinde yer alan müteselsil kefalete iliĢkin hükümlerin değerlendirilmesi.......................................................................................... 37
4.9.2. TBK’nın 583/1 hükmü ile TKHK’nın 4/6. maddesi ve BKKKK’nın 24/5. maddesinde yer alan adi kefalete iliĢkin hükümlerin Değerlendirilmesi ........................................................................................ 43
4.10. Kefil olma ehliyeti ..................................................................................... 43
4.10.1. Gerçek kiĢiler yönünden .................................................................. 43
4.10.1.1. Küçükler ve kısıtlılar ............................................................. 40
4.10.1.2. EĢin yazılı rızası ..................................................................... 44
4.10.2. Tüzel kiĢiler yönünden ..................................................................... 47
4.10.2.1. Dernekler ve vakıflar ............................................................. 47
4.10.2.2. Ticaret Ģirketleri ..................................................................... 48
4.10.2.3. Kooperatifler .......................................................................... 48
4.10.2.4. Kamu tüzel kiĢileri ................................................................. 49
II. KEFALET TÜRLERĠ .......................................................................................... 50
1. ADĠ KEFALET ...................................................................................................... 50
1.1. Tanımı ......................................................................................................... 50
1.2. TartıĢma def’i ve bu def’in ileri sürülemeyeceği haller ............................... 52
1.2.1. Borçlu aleyhine takip yapılarak alacağın tahsil edilememesi ve kesin aciz belgesi alınması .................................................................................... 53
1.2.2. Borçlu aleyhine Türkiye’de takibatın imkânsız hâle gelmesi veya önemli ölçüde güçleĢmesi ............................................................................ 54
1.2.3. Borçlunun iflasına karar verilmesi ..................................................... 54
1.2.4. Borçluya konkordato mehli verilmesi ................................................ 55
1.2.5. Açığın kapatılması için kefalet verilmesi .......................................... 55
1.3. Rehnin paraya çevrilmesi def’i ve ve bu def’in ileri sürülemeyeceği haller 55
2. MÜTESELSĠL KEFALET..................................................................................... 56
2.1. Tanımı .......................................................................................................... 56
2.2. Müteselsil kefalet ve müteselsil borçluluk ................................................... 57
2.3. Ġfada gecikme ve ihtarın sonuçsuz kalması.................................................. 59
2.3.1. Borcun muaccel hale gelmesi ............................................................ 59
2.3.2. Ġhtar hususunda bazı görüĢler ............................................................ 61
2.3.3. Ġhtar hususunda Yargıtay uygulaması, konu hakkındaki görüĢlerimiz ve ihtarın hukuki niteliği ............................................................................. 62
2.3.3.1. Ġhtar hususunda Yargıtay uygulaması ..................................... 62
2.3.3.2. Konu hakkındaki görüĢlerimiz ve ihtarın hukuki niteliği ....... 65
2.4. Ġhtar gerekliliğini ortadan kaldıran durumlar .......................................... 66
2.5. Teslime bağlı taĢınır rehni ve alacak rehninin öncelikle paraya çevrilmesi zorunluluğu ..................................................................................................... 67
2.6. ĠĠK’nın 45. maddesi bağlamında rehin ve ipotekle temin edilmiĢ alacaklar için müteselsil kefilin def’i hakkı olup olmadığı ........................................... 70
2.7. Teslime bağlı taĢınır rehni ve alacak rehninin öncelikle paraya zorunluluğunun bulunmadığı haller ............................................................... 73
2.7.1. Alacağın rehnin paraya çevrilmesi yoluyla tamamen karĢılanamayacağının önceden hâkim tarafından belirlenmesi ............ 73
2.7.2. Asıl borçlunun iflas etmesi veya asıl borçluya konkordato mehli verilmesi ................................................................................................ 74
3. BĠRLĠKTE KEFALET ........................................................................................... 75
4. KEFĠLE KEFALET ............................................................................................... 76
5. RÜCUA KEFALET ............................................................................................... 76
III. BĠRLĠKTE KEFALET VE TÜRLERĠ ............................................................... 78
1.1.3. Kefalet sözleĢmesinin kurulmasından sonraki borçlardan sorumluluk . .................................................................................................................... 110
1.1.4. Kefilin menfi zarardan ve ceza koĢulundan sorumlu tutulamaması 111
1.2. BĠRLĠKTE KEFĠLĠN TAKĠBĠ .................................................................. 111
1.2.1. Belirli vade dolmadan kefile takip yapılamaması, asıl borcun ve kefilin borcunun muaccel hale gelmesi...................................................... 112
1.2.2. Ayni güvence karĢılığında takibin durdurulması ............................. 113
1.2.3. Yabancı ülkedeki borçlunun döviz ve havale mevzuatı sebebiyle borcunu ödeyememesi halinde kefilin itiraz hakkı .................................... 115
1.3. BĠRLĠKTE KEFĠLĠN ĠLERĠ SÜREBĠLECEĞĠ DEF’ĠLER ..................... 116
1.3.1. Def’i kavramı ................................................................................... 117
1.3.1.1. Asıl borç iliĢkisinden doğan def’iler ...................................... 117
1.3.1.2. Kefalet iliĢkisinden doğan def’iler ......................................... 124
1.4. ALACAKLININ ÖZEN GÖSTERME, REHĠN VE BORÇ SENETLERĠNĠ KEFĠLE TESLĠM BORCU ............................................................................... 127
1.4.1. Alacaklının teminatları ve ispat araçlarını koruma ve bunları ödeme yapan kefile teslim etme yükümlülüğü ...................................................... 127
1.4.1.1. Ayni teminatlar ...................................................................... 127
1.4.1.2. ġahsi teminatlar ile sair teminatlar ......................................... 130
1.4.2. Teminatların kefilin zararına olarak azaltılması ya da elden çıkarılması ve sonuçları ............................................................................. 130
1.4.3. Alacaklının teminatları ve ispat araçlarını ödeme yapan kefile teslim etme yükümlülüğü ..................................................................................... 131
1.4.4. Teminatların devri için yapılması gereken iĢlemler ......................... 133
1.5. ALACAKLININ ÖDEMELERĠ KABUL BORCU .................................. 136
1.6. ALACAKLININ KEFĠLLERE BĠLDĠRĠM, BĠLGĠ VERME VE ALACAKLARINI KAYIT YÜKÜMLÜLÜĞÜ .............................................. 138
1.6.1. Kefillere asıl borçlunun durumu hakkında bilgi verme yükümlülüğü ... .................................................................................................................... 138
1.6.2. Asıl borçlunun iflası konkodato talebi üzerine alcakların kaydedilmesi ve konu hakkında kefillere bilgi verilmesi ................................................. 141
2. BĠRLĠKTE KEFĠL ĠLE BORÇLU ARASINDAKĠ ĠLĠġKĠ ................................ 141
2.1. GÜVENCE VERĠLMESĠNĠ VE BORÇTAN KURTARILMASINI ĠSTEME HAKKI .............................................................................................. 141
2.2. BĠRLĠKTE KEFĠLĠN KANUNĠ HALEFĠYET VE RÜCU HAKKI ........ 144
2.2.1. Birlikte kefilin rehinler ile diğer güvencelere müracaat hakkı ve kapsamı ...................................................................................................... 146
2.2.2. Kefiller ile rehin verenler arasındaki halefiyet ve rücu iliĢkisi ....... 148
2.2.3.Asıl borçluya rücu hakkı ve bu hakkın hukuki niteliği ..................... 150
2.2.4. Kefilin asıl borçluya rücu edebilmesi için ispat etmesi gereken hususlar ...................................................................................................... 151
2.2.5. Kefalet iliĢkisine dayanan rücu hakkı ile iç iliĢkiye dayanan rücu hakkı ........................................................................................................... 152
2.2.6. Kefilin asıl borçluya rücu hakkının bulunmadığı haller .................. 152
2.2.7. Rücu hakkından feragat edilememesi .............................................. 154
2.2.8. Borçluya yönelik rücu hakkının zamanaĢımına uğraması ............... 154
2.2.9. Asıl borçluya ait def’ilerin ileri sürülmemesi halinde rücu hakkının kaybedilmesi .............................................................................................. 155
2.3. BĠRLĠKTE KEFĠLĠN YAPTIĞI ÖDEMEYĠ BĠLDĠRME YÜKÜMLÜLÜĞÜ .......................................................................................... 156
SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 158
BĠBLĠYOGRAFYA ................................................................................................. 17
Transmission of Islamic knowledge:an analysis of mediation in the practices of learning within the Islamic heritage of Turkey
No full textThis thesis studies the learning practices and mediation forms in the transmission of Islamic knowledge within the cultural heritage of Turkey, with the aim of better understanding how the changes that occurred in these particular learning practices and mediation forms during the foundation of the Republic may have affected the Turkish society and the current approach to religion. For that, first, Islamic knowledge itself is analyzed theoritically, assuming the probability that mediation and practice are intrinsic and presupposed properties of the very knowledge. Second, learning practices and mediation forms are traced back to the traditional institutions within the Ottoman Empire, namely medrese and tekke, where transmission of Islamic knowledge occurred, and investigated through comparison. Third, the altered practices of knowledge transmission and the changing mediation forms within the current society are discussed in the light of the outcomes from the former investigations within the thesis. Consequently, the thesis claims that even though the tradition of seeking Islamic knowledge from a mediator persists in the society, the process itself has become a normative process instead of a transformative one; and that while previous practices of learning aimed to establish the self as a subject, current ones have been leading people more towards constructed identities.ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iv
ÖZ ..................................................................................................................................v
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTERS 1) Introduction .............................................................................................................
2 1.1) Religious Life in Turkey: 2014 TÜİK Survey ....................................................... 4
1.2) Methodology & Theoretical Framework ........................................................... 8
2) Understanding of “Knowledge” in the Sünnî-Islamic Heritage of Turkey ............. 12
2.1) ‘ilm as a Unique Signifier of Knowledge .......................................................... 12
2.2) ‘ilm in Kur’an ................................................................................................... 16
2.3) ‘ilm in Hadis and Sünnet .................................................................................. 23
2.4) ‘ilm in Sünnî Tradition ..................................................................................... 29
2.5) ‘ilm in Tasavvuf: Mârifet ................................................................................. 33
3) Authority and Mediation within the Transmission of Islamic Knowledge ............ 43
3.1) Authority of Müderris in Medrese ................................................................... 43
3.2) Sûfî Technologies of the Self & Mediation of Mürşid ...................................... 48
3.2.1) Tarikat: A Path which Leads to Knowledge of Self ................................... 48
3.2.2) Practices in Tekke: Foucault’s Taking Care of the Self & Arts of Existence ............................................................................................................. 53
3.2.3) Necessity of Mürşid: Consciously Utilizing Bourdieu’s Habitus ............... 68
4) Mediation in the Transmission of Islamic Knowledge in Current Turkey .............. 92
4.1) Closing of Medrese and Tekke & Islamic Education after the Republic .......... 92
4.2) From Âlim and Mürşid to Din Görevlisi ........................................................... 96
4.3) From Tarikat to Cemaat: De Certeau’s Tactics in Action .............................. 101
4.4) New Forms of Mediation: Example of Religious TV Programs ..................... 105
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 112
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 11
Hilafet ve saltanat:II. Abdülhamid döneminde halifelik ve Araplar
No full textNot: Kitap İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphane Koleksiyonunda mevcuttur