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Technology as a multidirectional construction : electrification of Istanbul in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.This study endeavored to investigate the transfer and development process of electric power systems in Istanbul. Governors, politicians, engineers, state officials, entrepreneurs and consumers all made choices to frame the development of the electric power grid in Istanbul. Furthermore, geographical factors, urban morphology and the spatial organization of Istanbul were considered as the inanimate actors shaping the introduction process of electric technology. Instead of interpreting the late arrival of electric technology in the Ottoman state as a failure, I aimed to understand the characteristic of the electrification process in Istanbul, which differs from region to region. This thesis revisits the questions that the existing literature on the electrification process in Istanbul asks and reevaluates answers given. In this endeavor, the thesis relies not only on secondary sources but also primary sources such as archival documents, periodical articles, literary works, books and manuals on electrical appliances. I suggest that there were multifaceted reasons behind the delay of adopting the early electric lighting technologies in the Ottoman state. The implementation of a power supply system influenced by the various factors including economic, social and political concerns of the Ottoman government as well as their preferences, priorities and cultural considerations. Therefore, we need to have better grounded findings to explain the issue than a “discourse” of backwardness or the perpetual fears of a ruler.Abstract ...................................................................................................................... v
Öz .............................................................................................................................. vi
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. vii
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... ix
List of Tables ............................................................................................................ xi
List of Figures and Illustrations ............................................................................... xii
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................. xiii
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER
1.Theoretical and Methodological Approaches & Literature Review ..................... 10
1.1 Theoretical and Methodological Approaches ................................................ 10
1.1.1. Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) .......................................... 12
1.1.2 Systems Approach ................................................................................... 15
1.1.3. ANT (Actor-Network Theory) ............................................................... 16
1.2. Review of the Literature ............................................................................... 17
1.3. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 29
2.Introducing Electricity to Istanbul: The Role of State, Politics and Priorities ...... 34
2.1. First Experience of the Ottoman State with Electric Technology: Introduction of Electric Telegraph ....................................................................... 36
2.2. Between Two Sources of Energy, Gas versus Electricity: The First Attempt at Street Lighting with Electric Lamps ................................... 38
2.3 International Expositions: A New Culture Rises at the World Fairs Under the Lights of Electric Lamps .... 43
2.4. Constructing the First Electric Factory of Istanbul: The Role of the Naval Ministry and the Imperial Dockyard ............................... 46
2.5. Customs, Authorizations and Regulations: Import and Export of Electronic Equipment ........................................................ 52 2.6. City and Municipality:
Modernization Attempts ...................................................................................... 60
2.7. Electrification of Istanbul During the Second Constitutional Period: Development of the Silahtarağa Power Plant ...................................................... 67
3.Social Meanings of the Electric Technology: Discourse, Politics and Consuming Electric Power .......................................................................................................... 77
3.1. Discussions on Electric Technology: Intellectuals, Public Officers and Engineers ........................................................ 78 3.1.1. Newspapers, Journals and Travel Books ............................................... 79
3.1.2. Treatises on Electricity ........................................................................... 90
3.1.3. Mecelle-i Umûr-ı Belediye .................................................................... 94
3.2. The Stance of Abdülhamid II Towards Electricity: Abdülhamid’s Strategy of Giving Concessions for Electrification of Istanbul ... 98
3.3. Public Lighting As a Display of Order: The Increasing Role of the Istanbul Police During the Electrification of Istanbul ............................................................................................................................ 107
3.4. Breaking the Day, Taming the Night: Electrical Appliances and the Making of the Ottoman Consumer ..................... 112
Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 124 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 131
Appendices
A. Related Correspondences from the Ministry Ottoman Archives.............140
B. Announcements from La Gazette Financière & Le Moniteur Orientale..147
C. An example of the subscription bill issued by the Turkish Electric Company................................................................................................................149
D. Related Maps from Ameli Elektrik..........................................................150
E. Related pages from Ameli Elektrik..........................................................15
Support for Kurdish language rights in Turkey:the roles of ethnic group, group identifications, contact, and intergroup perceptions
Get PDFThe question of Kurdish language rights has been a central issue in the Turkish– Kurdish conflict. The current study examined endorsement of Kurdish language rights in relation to intergroup factors (i.e. group identifi cations, cross-group friendships, perceived discrimination, and perceived out-group beliefs about state unity) among self-identifi ed Turkish and Kurdish participants. The results indicate that Turks were much less in favour of these rights than the Kurds. In addition, for the Turks, higher national and ethnic identification were associated with lower support for Kurdish language rights, while cross-group friendship, perceived discrimination of Kurds and the belief that Kurds endorse national unity were associated with more support for rights. For the Kurdish participants, stronger national identification seems to undermine the mobilizing meaning that Kurdish group identification has for language rights support. Furthermore, friendship with Turks can undermine the support for rights because it strengthens national identification and reduces ethnic identification
The ontological pitfalls of Islamic exceptionalism:a re-inquiry on El-Bassiouny's (2014, 2015) conceptualization of "Islamic marketing"
No full textIn response to Jafari and Sandikci's (2015a) critique of her 2014 article entitled "The one-billion-plus marginalization", El-Bassiouny (2015) dismisses the authors' key ontological debate over exceptionalism as a historical and political discourse and diverts attention to new areas of enquiry (e.g., disciplinary legitimacy, Islamic jurisprudence and methodological pluralism) to further her original "transcendental values integration" approach to marketing theory, practice and education. While offering new insights, El-Bassiouny's account is still largely driven by discourses of marginalization, exceptionalism and Islamism. This article therefore: (1) reappraises the oversimplification of the marginalization discourse; (2) reiterates the pitfalls of Islamic exceptionalism at an ontological level; (3) cautions against the consequences of ideological readings of Islam in marketing and consumer research; and (4) re-emphasizes the importance of understanding identity dynamics in the analysis of the complex intersections of Islam, marketing and consumption. In conclusion, the article offers some areas for future researc
İsyânın gölgesindeki İstanbul:yeni arşiv belgeleri ışığında 1730 Patrona İsyânı
No full textBildiri, yazarın izniyle açık erişim kullanıma açılmıştır.1718 Pasarofça Antlaşması’ndan sonra, Sultan III. Ahmed’in saltanatının son 12 yılında sadrâzamlık makâmını elinde bulunduran Nevşehirli Dâmat İbrâhîm Paşa, kaptan-ı deryâ Mustafa Paşa, Mehmed Kethüdâ ve daha pek çok devlet adamının katliyle sonuçlanan 1730 isyânı; Osmanlı tarihinin hâlâ karanlıkta kalan ve yeni belge ve kronikler ışığında aydınlatılmayı bekleyen olaylarından birisidir. Patrona Halil, Muslı Beşe, Kara Ali ve Mehmed Ağa’nın ihtilâlî bir yönetimle Devlet-i ‘aliyye’nin pâyitahtı İstanbul’u zulümle kasıp kavurdukları, devrin pâdişâhını tahttan indirip yerine Sultan I. Mahmud’u oturttukları, saray çevresini baskı ve kontrol altında tuttukları bu süreçte; zorbalar gasp, hırsızlık ve rüşvetle istedikleri devlet makamlarını ve toprakları kendi taraftarlarına verir olmuş; yıkılan kasırlar, köşkler ve bitmek bilmeyen baskın ve yağmalar yüzünden İstanbul’un önemli bir kısmı târumâr olmuştu
First and one of the most important bodies of Ottoman bureaucracy history:first Ottoman archive Founded in Kirmasti by Orhan Gazi
No full textBildiri, yazarın izniyle açık erişim kullanıma açılmıştır
Otomatik analiz sistemlerini atlatma ve alınabilecek olası önlemler
Get PDFHer geçen gün artan zararlı yazılım türü ve sayısı ile etkin bir mücadele için otomatik analiz sistemlerinin kullanımı büyük önem arz etmektedir. Otomatik analiz sistemleri ile şüpheli dosyalar güvenli ve kontrollü bir ortamdan çalıştırılarak zararlı yazılım olup olmadıkları ve eğer zararlı yazılım iseler ne tür özelliklere sahip oldukları gibi bilgilere hızlıca erişile bilinmektedir. Diğer taraftan zararlı yazılım yazarları da hazırladıkları uygulamaların, daha çok sisteme bulaşma ve bulaştığı sistemde daha uzun süre kalabilme adına otomatik analiz sistemleri tarafından tespit ve analiz edilebilme riskini azaltmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Bunun için zararlı yazılım yazarları, çeşitli otomatik analiz sistemi tespiti yöntemleri kullanmakta ve hazırladıkları zararlı yazılım eğer bu tür bir sistemde çalışıyor ise normalden farklı davranış sergileyerek analiz sistemini aldatmaya ve atlatmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Bu sebeple, zararlı yazılımlar ile mücadele de önemli bir rolü olan otomatik analiz sistemlerini etkisiz hale getiren ve devamlı olarak güncellenen otomatik analiz sistemi tespit yöntemlerine karşı yeni çözüm yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu ihtiyaç doğrultusunda da, bu çalışmamızda, otomatik analiz sistemi tespit yöntemleri ile mücadele yöntemleri araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, otomatik analizsistemitespitetmeyöntemleriaraştırılmışvebuyöntemlerinkullanımıherkeseaçık otomatik analiz sistemlerinde test edilerek, otomatik analiz sistemlerinin bu yöntemlere karşı yeterli düzeyde önlem almadığı tespit edilmiştir. Otomatik analiz sistemlerini tespit etme yöntemlerini engellemek için mevcut teknikler incelenmiş ve bunlara ilaveten yeni teknikler geliştirilmiştir. Bu tekniklerinin kullanılarak yapılan testlerde, otomatik analiz sistemi sonuçlarının önemli ölçüde iyileştirilebildiği ispatlanmıştır.Yazarlık Beyanı ii
Öz iii
Teşekkür iv
Şekil Listesi vii
Tablo Listesi viii
Kısaltmalar ix
1 Giriş 1
2 Zararlı Yazılım 4 2.1 Zararlı Yazılım Nedir? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Zararlı Yazılım Çeşitleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1 Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.2 Solucan (Conficker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.3 Truva Ati (Trojan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.4 Reklam Zararlı Yazılımı (Adware) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.5 Bot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.6 Fidyeci (Ransomware) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.7 Arka Kapı (Backdoor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.8 Tarayıcı Gaspçısı (Browser Hijacker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.9 Rootkit (Kok Kullanici) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.10 Tus Kaydedici (Keylogger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.11 Casus Yazilim (Spyware) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 Zararlı Yazılım Analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.1 Statik Analiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.2 Dinamik Analiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 Kum Havuzu 10 3.1 Kum Havuzu Yöntemleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.1 Kullanıcı Modu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1.2 Çekirdek Modu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1.3 Tam Sistem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2 Kum Havuzu Nasıl Çalışır? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.3 Kum Havuzu Çeşitleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.3.1 Cuckoo Sandbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3.2 Anubis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3.3 Comodo Otomatik Analiz Sistemi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.4 Threat Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.5 Payload Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Kum Havuzu Tespit Yöntemleri 16 4.1 Sanallaştırma ve Emülasyon Ortamlarının Tespiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.1 Virtualbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.2 Vmware Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1.3 Qemu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.4 İşlemci Kontrolü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.1.5 Disk Kontrolü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.2 Kum Havuzu Modüllerinin Tespiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.2.1 Kancalanan Windows API Fonksiyonları . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.2.2 DLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.3 Kum Havuzu İzleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.3.1 Özel Dosyalar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.3.2 ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.3.3 Çalışma Zamanı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.3.4 Port Numarası . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.3.5 Kullanıcı Kontrolü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5 Kum Havuzu Tespit Araçları 29 5.1 Pafish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2 Sems Tespit Aracı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.3 Sems Tespit Aracı ile Gerçekleştirilen Kum Havuzu Tespit Testleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6 Kum Havuzu Tespit Yöntemlerini Aşma Teknikleri 37 6.1 Sanal Makine İzlerinin Kaldırılması . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.2 İnternet ve Port Kontrolü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6.3 DLL Dosyalarının Gizlenmesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.3.1 DLL Referans Sayısı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.3.2 Modülleri Saklamak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.3.3 Farklı DLL Adları . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.4 Fiziksel Kısımların Gizlenmesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.5 Çalışma Zamanı Yönteminin Atlatılması . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7 Sanallaştırma Ortamı Tespitlerini Atlatma Tekniklerinin Testi 44 7.1 Test Ortamı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 7.2 Test Edilen Örnekler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 7.3 Test Değerlendirme Kriterleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 7.4 Test Sonuçları . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8 Sonuç 48 8.1 Sonuç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8.2 Neler Yapılabilir? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Performance evaluation of an exact method for the obstacle neutralization problem
No full textThe Obstacle Neutralization Problem (ONP) is an NP-Hard path planning problem wherein an agent needs to swiftly navigate from a given start location to a target location through an arrangement of disc-shaped obstacles on the plane. The agent has a limited neutralization capability in the sense that it can neutralize an obstacle after which it can safely traverse through. A neutralization can only be performed at a cost, which is added to the overall traversal length. The goal is to find the optimal neutralization sequence that minimizes the agent’s total traversal length. In this study, we compare the performance of a recently proposed exact algorithm for ONP against a conventional solution obtained via an integer programming formulation. This exact algorithm consists of two phases. In Phase I, an effective and fast algorithm is used to obtain a suboptimal solution. In the Phase II, a k-th shortest path algorithm is used to close any gaps. The integer programming formulation is solved via the popular SCIP solver. We present computational experiments conducted on synthetic problem instances on a discrete plane with varying resolutions. Our results indicate that the exact algorithm provides an almost 10-fold improvement in execution time when compared against the integer programming approach
The use of a GERT based method to model concurrent product development processes
No full textThis paper proposes a time-computing model using the Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) to analyse concurrent New Product Development (NPD) processes. The research presented here differs from previous work carried out on concurrent engineering. First, we conceptualise a concurrent NPD process using the GERT scheduling technique and derive a method of modelling the information and communication complexities within the process. Second, we extend previous research carried out on concurrent engineering and incorporate it within our model. Finally, we present an alternative method of analysing concurrent NPD process for both researchers and project managers alike. The GERT model developed in this paper was successfully employed at two NPD firms located in Ireland and Iran
Carbon and energy footprints of electric delivery trucks:a hybrid multi-regional input-output life cycle assessment
No full textDue to frequent stop-and-go operation and long idling periods when driving in congested urban areas, the electrification of commercial delivery trucks has become an interesting topic nationwide. In this study, environmental impacts of various alternative delivery trucks including battery electric, diesel, diesel-electric hybrid, and compressed natural gas trucks are analyzed. A novel life cycle assessment method, an environmentally-extended multi-region input-output analysis, is utilized to calculate energy and carbon footprints throughout the supply chain of alternative delivery trucks. The uncertainties due to fuel consumption or other key parameter variations in real life, data ranges are taken into consideration using a Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, variations in regional electricity mix greenhouse gas emission are also considered to present a region-specific assessment for each vehicle type. According to the analysis results, although the battery electric delivery trucks have zero tailpipe emission, electric trucks are not expected to have lower environmental impacts compared to other alternatives. On average, the electric trucks have slightly more greenhouse emissions and energy consumption than those of other trucks. The regional analysis also indicates that the percentage of cleaner power sources in the electricity mix plays an important role in the life cycle greenhouse gas emission impacts of electric trucks
The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees:results of a randomized controlled trial
No full textBACKGROUND:
Previous research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD for victims of natural disasters, car accidents or other traumatic events. The current study examined the effect of EMDR on symptoms of PTSD and depression by comparing the treatment with a wait-list control condition in Syrian refugees.
METHOD:
Adult refugees located in Kilis Refugee Camp at the Turkish-Syrian border with a PTSD diagnosis were randomly allocated to either EMDR (n = 37) or wait-list control (n = 33) conditions. All participants were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus at pre-intervention, at 1 week after finishing the intervention and at 5 weeks after finishing the intervention. The main outcome measures were the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 were included as secondary outcome measures. The Trial Registration no. is NCT01847742.
RESULTS:
Mixed-model analyses adjusted for the baseline scores indicated a significant effect of group at post-treatment indicating that the EMDR therapy group showed a significantly larger reduction of PTSD symptoms as assessed with the HTQ. Similar findings were found on the other outcome measures. There was no effect of time or group × time interaction on any measure, showing that the difference between the groups at the post-treatment was maintained to the 5-week follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS:
EMDR may be effective in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees with PTSD located in a refugee camp