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Saudi Arabia in transition:insights on social, political, economic and religious change
No full textSaudi Arabia, with its huge oil assets and religious-ideological influence is arguably the most strategic Sunni Arab country. Despite having an increasing yet still modest population, it is undeniable that the Kingdom has the financial and ideological potential to exert an influence well beyond its borders. Especially in the wake of a generational transition in the power structure, Saudi Arabia’s political future is of major inter-national concern..
Integration of system dynamics approach toward deepening and broadening the life cycle sustainability assessment framework:a case for electric vehicles.
No full textPurpose Quantitativelife cycle sustainable assessment requires a complex and multidimensional understanding, which cannot be fully covered by the current portfolio of reductionist-oriented tools. Therefore, there is a dire need on a new generation of modeling tools and approaches that can quantitatively assess the economic, social, and environmental dimensions ofsustainabilityin anintegratedway. To thisend, thisresearchaimstopresentapracticalandnovelapproachfor (1)broadeningtheexistinglifecyclesustainabilityassessment (LCSA) framework by considering macrolevel environmental, economic, and social impacts (termed as the triple bottom line),simultaneously,(2)deepeningtheexistingLCSAframework by capturing the complex dynamic relationships betweensocial,environmental,andeconomicindicatorsthrough causal loop modeling, (3) understanding the dynamic complexity of transportation sustainability for the triple bottom line impacts of alternative vehicles, and finally (4) investigating the impacts of various vehicle-specific scenarios as a novel approach for selection of a macrolevel functional unit consideringallofthecomplexinteractionsintheenvironmental, social, and economic aspects. Methods To alleviate these research objectives, we presented anovelmethodologytoquantifymacrolevelsocial,economic, and environmental impacts of passenger vehicles from an integrated system analysis perspective. An integrated dynamic LCSA model is utilized to analyze the environmental, economic, and social life cycle impact as well as life cycle cost of alternative vehicles in the USA. System dynamics modeling is developed to simulate the US passenger transportation system and its interactions with economy, the environment, and society. Analysis covers manufacturing and operation phase impacts of internal combustion vehicles (ICVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electricvehicles(BEVs). Intotal,seven macrolevel indicators are selected; global warming potential, particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidant formation, vehicle ownership cost, contribution to gross domestic product, employment generation, and human health impacts. Additionally, contribution of vehicle choices to global atmospheric temperature rise and public welfare is investigated. Results and discussion BEVs are found to be a better alternative for most of sustainability impact categories. While some of the benefits such as contribution to employment and GDP, CO2 emission reduction potential of BEVs become greater toward 2050, other sustainability indicators including vehicle ownershipcostand human healthimpactsofBEVs arehigher than the other vehicle types on 2010s and 2020s. While the impactsharesofmanufacturingand operation phasesare similarintheearlyyearsof2010s,thecontributionofmanufacturing phase becomes higher as the vehicle performances increase toward 2050. Analysis results revealed that the US transportationsector,alone,cannotreducetherapidlyincreasing atmospheric temperature and the negative impacts of the globalclimate change, eventhoughtheentirefleet is replaced with BEVs. Reducing the atmospheric climate change requires much more ambitious targets and international collaborative efforts. The use of different vehicle types has a small impact on public welfare, which is a function of income, education, and life expectancy indexes. Conclusions The authors strongly recommend that the dynamiccomplexandmutualinteractionsbetweensustainability indicators should be considered for the future LCSA framework. This approach will be critical to deepen the existing LCSA framework and to go beyond the current LCSA understanding, which provide a snapshot analysis with an isolated view of all pillars of sustainability. Overall, this research is a first empirical study and an important attempt toward developing integrated and dynamic LCSA framework for sustainable transportation research
Sermaye şirketlerinde tüzel kişilik perdesinin aralanması
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.Sermaye şirketlerinde, şirket tüzel kişisi ile üyeleri arasındaki ilişkiler, ayrılık ilkesi ve sınırlı sorumluluk ilkesi olmak üzere iki temel ilkeye dayanır. Ayrılık ilkesi uyarınca, tüzel kişi, bağımsız bir hukuk süjesi olarak kabul edilir ve üyelerinin malvarlıklarından ayrı bir malvarlığına sahiptir. Böylece, bir şirketin borçlarından dolayı şirket ortaklarının şahsi malvarlıkları ile sorumlu olmasının önüne geçilir. Sınırlı sorumluluk ilkesi ise üyelerinin, sadece tüzel kişiye karşı ve taahhüt ettikleri bir miktar ile sorumlu olmaları anlamına gelir.
Ayrılık ve sınırlı sorumluluk ilkelerinin mutlak surette tatbik edilmesinin alacaklılar bakımından hakkaniyete aykırı sonuçlar doğurması tüzel kişilik perdesinin aralanması teorisini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu teori ile mahkemeler, bir şirket ile ortaklarının sorumluluklarının ayrı ve bağımsız oluşunu gözardı ederek şirket borçlarından ortakları da sorumlu tutabilmektedir.
Mahkemeler, somut olay adaletinin sağlanması amacıyla sınırları muğlak olsa da tüzel kişilik perdesinin aralanması teorisine dayanarak sorumluluğu genişletebilmektedir. Çalışmamızda, mahkemelerin perdeyi aralama gerekçelerinin sınırlı sorumluluk ilkesi analiz edilerek ve uygulamada görülen belli başlı aralama nedenleri incelerek anlaşılması amaçlanmaktadır.ÖZ .............................................................................................................................. IV
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... V
ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................... VI
İÇİNDEKİLER ...................................................................................................... VII
KISALTMALAR .................................................................................................. XIV
GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1
I. Sunuş ................................................................................................................. 1
II. Konunun Sınırlandırılması ............................................................................... 4
BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM...................................................................................................... 6
TÜZEL KİŞİLİK PERDESİNİN ARALANMASININ DAYANDIĞI İLKELER SINIRLI SORUMLULUK VE AYRILIK İLKESİ ................................................ 6
§.1. SINIRLI SORUMLULUK KURALI, TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ VE ELEŞTİRİLER ......................................................................................................... 6
I. Genel Olarak ...................................................................................................... 6
II. Sınırlı Sorumluluk Uygulamasının Tarihi Gelişimi ......................................... 9
III. Sınırlı Sorumluluk Kuralını Destekleyen Görüşler ...................................... 12
A. Riskin Dışsallaştırılması Yoluyla Sermaye Finansmanı Sağlanması ......... 12
B. Ekonomik Etkinlik Sağlaması .................................................................... 13
C. Sözleşmenin Kurulması Aşamasında Güvence İstenebilmesi .................... 14
D. Mülkiyetin Geniş Kesimlere Dağıtılması ................................................... 14
IV. Sınırlı Sorumluluk Kuralına Getirilen Eleştiriler ......................................... 15
A. Riski Dışsallaştırmanın Zararı Ortadan Kaldırmaması .............................. 15
B. Sözleşmenin Kurulması Aşamasında Güvence İstemenin Güçlüğü .......... 15
C. Mülkiyetin Geniş Kesimlere Dağıtılmasında Etkisinin Zayıf Olması ....... 17
D. Dışsallıklar ................................................................................................. 18
1. Ahlaki Tehlike Sorunu ............................................................................ 18
2. Haksız Fiil Risklerinin Artması ............................................................... 19
E. Kötüye Kullanmanın Sistematik Hale Gelme Eğilimi ............................... 20
V. Değerlendirme................................................................................................ 20
§.2. SINIRLI SORUMLULUK KURALININ ŞİRKETLER HUKUKUNDA KABULÜ ............................................................................................................... 22
I. Genel Olarak .................................................................................................... 22
II. Sınırlı Sorumluluk İlkesinin Yansıması ......................................................... 25
A. Şirket ile Ortaklar Arasındaki Tek Borç İlişkisi......................................... 25
1. Anonim Şirketler Açısından .................................................................... 25
2. Limited Şirketler Açısından .................................................................... 26
3. Tek Borç İlkesinin İstisnaları .................................................................. 26
a. Anonim Şirketlerde .............................................................................. 26
b. Limited Şirketlerde .............................................................................. 27
B. Ortakların Şirket Alacaklılarına Karşı Sorumlu Olmaması........................ 28
C. Ortakların Şahsi Alacaklılarının Şirkete Başvuramaması .......................... 29
III. Sınırlı Sorumluluk Karşısında Alacaklıların Menfaatlerini Korumaya Yönelik Düzenlemeler ........................................................................................ 29
IV. Sınırlı Sorumluluk Kuralının Şirketler Hukuku Bütününde Yorumlanması 33
§.3. SINIRLI SORUMLULUK KURALININ EKONOMİK ETKİNLİK ANALİZİ ................................................................................................................................ 35
I. Ortakların Şirketle İlişkileri Açısından Ekonomik Etkinlik Analizi ............... 35
A. Genel Olarak Ekonomik Etkinlik ............................................................... 35
B. Risk Yönetimi ve Kurumsallık ................................................................... 36
C. Bilgi Edinme Maliyeti ................................................................................ 37
D. Gözetim Maliyeti........................................................................................ 38
E. Değerlendirmemiz ...................................................................................... 38
II. Topluluk Şirketleri Özelinde Ekonomik Etkinlik Analizi ............................. 39
III. Alacağın Doğduğu Hukuki İlişki Türüne/Tarafına Göre Ekonomik Etkinlik Analizi ................................................................................................................. 41
A. Sözleşme Alacaklıları Açısından ............................................................... 41
1. Olağan Başarısızlıklar ............................................................................. 41
2. Finansal Sorumlu Tutum ......................................................................... 42
B. Haksız Fiil Alacaklıları Açısından ............................................................. 42
1. Riskten Kaçınma Maliyeti ....................................................................... 43
2. Öngörülebilirlik Ölçütü ........................................................................... 46
§.4. SINIRLI SORUMLULUK KURALININ YORUMLANMASI ...................... 47
I. Genel Olarak .................................................................................................... 47
II. Sınırlı Sorumluluk Kuralının Günümüzdeki Durumu.................................... 48
III. Sınırlı Sorumluluk Kuralının Genel Amacının Ortaya Konması.................. 50
A. Pareto Etkinlik ............................................................................................ 50
B. Sıfır Toplamlı Oyun ................................................................................... 51
C. Kaldor – Hicks Yaklaşımı: Denkleştirme Ölçütü ....................................... 51
IV. Kuralın Şirketler Hukuku Bütünü İçinde Yeri ve Genel Amaca Uygunluğu53 §.5. SINIRLI SORUMLULUK KURALI NEDENİYLE KARŞILANMAYAN ZARARLARIN GİDERİLMESİ ............................................................................ 54
I. Rhee’nin Fon Önerisi ...................................................................................... 54
II. Rhee’nin Önerisi İle Türkiye’deki Çeşitli Fonların Karşılaştırılması ............ 56
A. TMSF’nin Tasarruf Mevduatı ve Katılım Fonu Sigortası Uygulaması ile Karşılaştırma ................................................................................................... 56
1. Genel Olarak Sigorta Fonu ...................................................................... 56
2. Karşılaştırma ........................................................................................... 57
B. Yatırımcı Tazmin Merkezi ile Karşılaştırma .............................................. 58
1. Genel Olarak Yatırımcı Tazmin Merkezi ................................................ 58
2. Karşılaştırma ........................................................................................... 59
C. Değerlendirme ............................................................................................ 59
§.6. AYRILIK İLKESİ İLE SINIRLI SORUMLULUK İLKESİNİN İLİŞKİSİ .... 60
I. Genel Olarak .................................................................................................... 60
II. Ayrılık İlkesi .................................................................................................. 60
III. Ayrılık İlkesinin, Sınırlı Sorumluluk İlkesi Açısından Rolü ........................ 62
İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ...................................................................................................... 65
TÜZEL KİŞİLİK PERDESİNİN ARALANMASI TEORİSİ ............................. 65
§.7. TÜZEL KİŞİLİK PERDESİNİN ARALANMASI TEORİSİNİN GELİŞİMİ
65 I. Tüzel Kişilik Perdesinin Aralanması İhtiyacı .................................................. 65
II. Teorinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ............................................................................. 66
A. ABD Hukuku ............................................................................................. 66
B. İngiliz Hukuku ............................................................................................ 72
1. Genel Olarak ............................................................................................ 72
2. Şirketler Topluluğu’nda Tek Ekonomik Birim ....................................... 73
C. Alman Hukuku ........................................................................................... 75
1. Sermaye Yetersizliği ............................................................................... 77
2. Tüzel Kişi İle Ortakların Alanlarının ve Malvarlıklarının Birbirine Karışması ..................................................................................................... 79
a. Alanların Karışması ............................................................................. 79
b. Malvarlıklarının Karışması .................................................................. 80
3. Yabancı Yönetim ..................................................................................... 80
D. Türk Hukuku .............................................................................................. 81
1. Hukuki Dayanağı ..................................................................................... 83
2. Uygulama Alanları Açısından ................................................................. 87
3. İlkeler Açısından ..................................................................................... 88
4. Gerçek – Gerçek Olmayan Tüzel Kişilik Perdesinin Aralanması Ayrımı Açısından ..................................................................................................... 90
5. Yargı Kararlarında Teorinin Uygulanması .............................................. 91
§.8. TÜRK TİCARET KANUNU’NUN YENİ DÜZENLEMELERİNİN TÜZEL KİŞİLİK PERDESİNİN ARALANMASI BAKIMINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ....................................................................................... 93
I. Tek Kişi Ortaklıklarında Perdenin Aralanması ............................................... 93
A. Genel Olarak .............................................................................................. 93
B. Tek kişi ortaklıkları Neden Önemli? .......................................................... 99
1. Hipotezimiz ............................................................................................. 99
2. Tek Kişi Ortaklıklarına İlişkin Güncel İstatistiki Veriler ........................ 99
3. Tüzel Kişilik Perdesinin Aralanması Talepli Davalara İlişkin Veriler . 100
4. Değerlendirme ....................................................................................... 103
C. Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nda Tek Kişi Ortaklıkları ....................................... 104
1. Tek Kişi Ortaklıkların Bugüne Kadarki Görünümleri .......................... 104
2. Kanunda Tek Kişi Ortaklıklarına İlişkin Hükümler .............................. 105
a. Tek Kişi ile Kurulabilen Ortaklıklar .................................................. 105
b. Tek Ortak Sıfatı ................................................................................. 105
c. Tek Kişi Ortaklığına Getirilen Özel Şartlar ....................................... 106
aa. Kamuya Açıklama Yükümlülüğü ................................................. 106
bb. Genel Kurul Kararların Yazılı Olma Şartı ................................... 106
cc. Tek Ortak ile Ortaklık Arasında Sözleşme Yapılması ................. 107
D. Değerlendirme .......................................................................................... 108
II. Şirketler Topluluğu Açısından Perdenin Aralanması .................................. 110
A. Genel Olarak ............................................................................................ 110
B. Türk Ticaret Kanununda Şirketler Topluluğuna Yönelik Hükümler ....... 112
1. Şirketler Topluluğu Hukukunun Temel Kavramları ............................. 112
a. Hâkim Şirket ...................................................................................... 112
b. Bağlı Şirket ........................................................................................ 113
c. Şirketler Topluluğu ............................................................................ 114
2. Hâkimiyet Kavramı ............................................................................... 114
3. Hâkimiyetin Tespiti ............................................................................... 115
C. TTK Hükümlerine Göre Şirketler Topluluğu Hukukunda Sorumluluk ... 117
1. Genel Olarak .......................................................................................... 117
2. 202/1 inci Maddeye Göre Hâkimiyetin Hukuka Aykırı Kullanılmasından Doğan Sorumluluk .................................................................................... 118
a. Sorumluluğun Şartları ........................................................................ 118
aa. Hâkim Şirketin Yönlendirmesi ..................................................... 118
bb. Bağlı Şirketin Kayba Uğratılması ya da Uğrama İhtimali ........... 119
cc. Bağlı Şirketin Kaybına Sebebiyet Veren İşlemin Özen Borcuna Aykırı Olması ..................................................................................... 121
dd. Kaybın Hâkim Şirket Tarafından Denkleştirilmemesi ................. 122
b. Hâkimiyetin Hukuka Aykırı Kullanılmasının Sonuçları ................... 122
3. TTK m. 202/2 Uyarınca Haklı Sebebi Bulunmayan Kararların Alınmasından Dolayı Sorumluluk ............................................................. 123
D. Şirketler Topluluğunda Perdenin Aralanması İhtiyacı ............................. 125
1. TTK m. 201’de Alacaklıların Doğrudan Zararlarını Talep Edememeleri ................................................................................................................... 125
2. TTK m. 202/2’de Alacaklılara Talep Hakkı Tanınmaması ................... 126
3. Hâkim Şirket Ortaklarına Sorumluluk Öngörülmemesi ........................ 129
4. Genel Kurulda Verilen Kararlardan Sorumsuzluk Kuralına İstisna Getirilmesi ................................................................................................. 129
5. Şirketler Topluluğunda Hâkim Şirkete ve Yöneticilerine Haksız Fiiller Açısından Bir Sorumluluk Öngörülmemiş Olması ................................... 129
§.9. TÜZEL KİŞİLİK PERDESİNİN ARALANACAĞI DURUMLAR ............. 133
I. Bir Yasanın / Düzenlemenin Amacına Uyum İçin Tüzel Kişilik Perdesinin Aralanması ........................................................................................................ 133
A. Genel Olarak ............................................................................................ 133
B. Yasa veya Düzenlemelerin Amacına Uyum............................................. 13
1. Ortakların Perdenin Aralanması Yoluyla Sorumlu Tutulması .............. 137
2. Ortakların Doğrudan Özel Yasanın Hükmüyle Sorumlu Tutulması ..... 140
3. Yasal Uyumluluk – Regulatory Compliance ......................................... 140
4. Benzer Uygulamalar .............................................................................. 141
C. Ortaklara Genel Kurulda Verdikleri Oylardan Sorumlu Tutulmalarına Getirilebilecek İtirazlar ve Yanıtlar .............................................................. 142
1. Genel Kurulun Karar Almaktan Kaçınması .......................................... 144
2. Genel Kurulda Red Oyu Kullanılması .................................................. 145
3. Genel Kurul Kararına Karşı Hükümsüzlük Davası Açılması................ 146
D. Değerlendirme .......................................................................................... 147
II. Malvarlıklarının Ve Alanların Karışması..................................................... 149
A. Genel Olarak ............................................................................................ 149
B. Malvarlıklarının Birbirine Karışması ....................................................... 150
1. Tanımı ve Türleri ................................................................................... 150
2. Hâkimiyet Olgusu .................................................................................. 152
C. Alanların Birbirine Karışması .................................................................. 152
1. Tanımı ................................................................................................... 152
2. Hâkimiyet Olgusu .................................................................................. 157
D. Değerlendirme .......................................................................................... 157
§.10. TÜZEL KİŞİLİK PERDESİNİN ARALANMASINI GEREKTİRMEYEN DURUMLAR ....................................................................................................... 162
I. Yönetici Sorumluluğu ................................................................................... 162
A. Genel Olarak ............................................................................................ 162
B. Ortakların Sorumluluğunu Gerektirecek Durumlara Dair Ayrımlar ........ 163
1. Sermayedar – Yönetici Ayrımı .............................................................. 163
2. Yönetim Kurulu Üyeliği Açısından Ayrım ........................................... 164
a. Tek Ortağın Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi Olması ...................................... 165
b. Tek Ortak Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi İken Yönetim Yetkisini Devretmesi ............................................................................................................... 165
c. Tek Ortağın Tüzel Kişi Olması .......................................................... 166
d. Yönetim Kurulunun Üçüncü Kişilerden Oluşması ............................ 167
3. Yönetim Yetkisi – Genel Kurul Yetkisi Ayrımı.................................... 168
C. “Yönetici” ................................................................................................. 169
II. Yabancı Yönetim ......................................................................................... 171
III. Özkaynak Yetersizliği................................................................................. 173
ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ................................................................................................ 181
TÜZEL KİŞİLİK PERDESİNİN ARALANMASININ SONUÇLARI ............. 181
§.11. TÜZEL KİŞİLİK PERDESİNİN ARALANMASI HALLERİ .................... 181
I. Genel Olarak .................................................................................................. 181
II. Tüzel Kişilik Perdesinin Düz Aralanması .................................................... 181
III. Tüzel Kişilik Perdesinin Ters Aralanması .................................................. 182
A. Perdenin Dış Ters Aralanması.................................................................. 182
B. Perdenin İç Ters Aralanması .................................................................... 183
IV. Tüzel Kişilik Perdesinin Yatay (Horiz
Religion and the Ottoman novel : a reading of Ahmet Mithat’s novels
Get PDFAhmet Midhat produced most of the novels in the late Ottoman period while he also sought to experiment in this literary genre, exploring the possibilities of crafting an indigenous Ottoman novel. Whilst adopting this Western genre, he also adapted it; pursuing a discourse which, on one level, promoted an idealized Western model of progress also on another adhered to Islamic ethics and values espoused by his own culture. Being conscious that the novel was a Western genre, Ahmet Midhat sought for a novel discourse which reflected the Islamic ethos and Ottoman weltanschauung. However, Ahmet Midhat draws different stances as to religion in different works and I aim to trace a biographical understanding of how religious/secular his discourse manifests itself at different stages of his life. This thesis is an attempt to examine this, to analyze to what extent and how, Ahmet Midhat’s novels mirrored Islamic ethics, practices and Western thinking, culture, and balanced the two. To do so I have tried to utilize works which studied the relationship between religion and modern literature. Since the literature had a strong relation to politics at the time, I sought to make sense of the modernizing transformation from a historical perspective as well. I have also visited Bakhtin’s theory on the dialogic imagination of the novel given the fact that Ahmet Midhat’s novel was a realm wherein he brought together opposing ideas of two diverging cultures, and different ideologies of the time. Not claiming his novel fully fitted the Bakhtinian concept of dialogy, I do see him attempting to represent different voices in his narrative. If Ahmet Midhat’s novel was not exactly a heteroglottic novel, its representation of differing ideas and voices paved the way towards heteroglossia for the Turkish novel. This is most seen in his synthesis of the religious/modern in the novels, i.e. the most controversial dichotomy of the time.ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv
ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTERS 1. RELIGION AND THE NOVEL .............................................................................. 9
1.1. Religion, Literature and the Novel in Literary Theory .................................... 9
1.2. Islam and Literature, and the Muslim Novel .................................................. 15 2.
RELIGION VS. MODERNIZATION IN LATE OTTOMAN HISTORY ........... 29
2.1. Islam and in the Late Ottoman Period ............................................................ 31
2.2. Ahmet Midhat Efendi: Biography of a Late Ottoman Author ....................... 43
3. FIRST NOVELS AND AHMET MIDHAT’S EARLY PHASE ........................... 51
3.1. Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fıtnat ................................................................................ 52
3.2. Intibah ............................................................................................................. 54
3.3. Felatun Bey ile Rakım Efendi ........................................................................ 60
3.4. Felsefe-i Zenan ............................................................................................... 63
3.5. Hasan Mellah yahut Sır İçinde Esrar (Mariner Hasan or Mysteries within a Mystery) ................................................................................................................ 70
3.6. Hüseyin Fellah ................................................................................................ 77
4. NOVELS THAT WAVER ..................................................................................... 84
4.1. Esrar-ı Cinayat ................................................................................................ 85
4.2. Müşahedat ...................................................................................................... 91
4.3. Hayal ve Hakikat .......................................................................................... 102
5. AHMET MIDHAT’S MATURE PHASE ........................................................... 106
5.1. Ahmet Metin ve Şirzad ................................................................................. 106
5.1.1. Ideology and the Novel ......................................................................... 108
5.1.2. Civilizationism ...................................................................................... 110
5.1.3. Ottomanism/Turkism ............................................................................ 113
5.1.4. Islamism ................................................................................................ 117
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 120
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 12
Üsküdar arz-ı mukaddes'e dâhil midir?:Silâhdar Fındıklı’lı Mehmed Ağa’nın Üsküdar'la ilgili yeni bir eseri ve Vâlide Sultan Câmii’nin inşâsına ilişkin izlenimleri
No full textBildiri, yazarın izniyle açık erişim kullanıma açılmıştır
High performance LNA design for next generation wireless
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.Nowadays, wireless communication systems are the most growing eld in telecommunica- tions industry. New standards have been introduced and the number of frequency bands that need to be supported increase enormously. The receiving end of any communication system has a key component which is the Low Noise Amplier (LNA). LNA is placed as the rst block in the receiver. The design of LNAs is one of the most challenging aspects in radio frequency (RF) systems. The most important parameters to measure the per- formance of LNA are gain and noise gure while stability, linearity, and return loss are examples of others. Nowadays, the limitations on power consumption and area are two major bottlenecks in LNA design because of the increased number of supported bands that increases the number of LNAs, matching networks and duplexers in the solution. Furthermore, as the demand of diversity and carrier aggregation increase, the number of LNAs increases further. For instance, a receiver solution that supports 2G, 3G and 4G standards with diversity for multiple bands may easily have more than 15 LNAs. This increase in the number of LNA in a single receiver requires a decrease in the power and area consumption of each LNA. In this thesis, we have studied the ways to decrease those two parameters while still complying with the state-of-art common source based LNA specications. Two designs have been introduced, one of them is the widely used common source LNA with inductive load and degeneration. The other one is our new approach common gate LNA without any load inductors and it does not need a matching network as well. This thesis is divided into two main parts. The rst part presents some design aspects and a comparative study for the implemented LNAs. The second part of this thesis presents two LNAs design, one of them is CS based LNA with load and source inductors which is often preferred and used in the wireless communication chips that is available in the market. This LNA operates at frequency 1.9 GHz and achieves 27 dB gain and noise gure less than 2.4 dB. The second design is a new approach to reduce the area and power consumption while still getting a good performance compared with the st design. It operates at 2.4 GHz and achieves more than 22 dB gain and less than 2.3 dB noise gure. Both designs are implemented in UMC 65nm CMOS technology.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iii
Öz iv
Acknowledgments vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1.2 Thesis Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 State of Art 4
2.1 Performance Metrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1.1 Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1.2 MOSFETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1.3 Capacitors and Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1.4 Noise Factor (f) and Noise Figure (NF) . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.3 Input Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.4 Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4.1 The 1-dB Compression Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4.2 The 3rd Order Intercept Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4.3 The 2nd Order Intercept Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 LNA Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 Conventional Common Source Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 Conventional Common Gate Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.3 Active/Passive Feedback LNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.4 Noise-Canceling LNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Low Noise Amplier Design 34
3.1 Cascode Common Source with Inductive Degeneration LNA Design . . . . 34
3.2 Cascode Common Gate Capacitive Cross Coupled LNA Design . . . . . . 4
4 Conclusion and Future Work 58
Bibliography 5
Investigating mis-implementation of SSL libraries in android applications
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.This thesis presents our analysis of applications that are popular at the market against SSL miss-implementation. 8.882 applications analyzed and as a result 2.354 applications have at least one miss use of SSL libraries which are Custom TrustManager, Custom HostnameVeriers and WebViewClient libraries. After analysis phase we have created a proof of concept application as an Xposed framework plugin to identify vulnerabilities. Ourconclusionisthat27percentofapplicationshaveavulnerabilityfromSSLconnection stand point. The main reasons for these vulnerabilities are developer errors and third party generators or libraries. Using third party libraries can cause security bugs which leads to informations leakage or exploitation.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xi
Abbreviations xii
1 Introduction 1
2 SSL & SSL Applications in Android 3
3 Application Testing Methodology 5
3.1 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Static Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Inspection of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.4 Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4.1 CERT Transparent Proxy Capture Appliance (Tapioca) . . . . . . 10
3.4.2 Nogotofail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 Cross Reference Traversing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6 Analysis and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Proposed Solution 13
4.1 Xposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Trust But Verify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5 Development Best Practices for Security & Privacy 15
5.1 Certicate Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 Certicate pinning in Android . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.3 Alternative Methods for Certicate Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6 Related Work 22
7 Conclusions 2
A Cross Reference Traversing 26
Bibliography
Supply chain-linked sustainability assessment of the US manufacturing:an ecosystem perspective
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Sustainable Production and Consumption
Volume 5, January 01, 2016, Pages 65-81
Supply chain-linked sustainability assessment of the US manufacturing: An ecosystem perspective (Article)
Egilmez, G.a , Kucukvar, M.b , Park, Y.S.c
a Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT, United States
b Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Sehir University, Kusbakisi Cad. No:27 East Campus (Suit:125), Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
c Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Abstract
This paper addresses the ecological resource consumption extents of the US manufacturing industries with a specific focus on renewable and non-renewable resource indicators from the national economic viewpoint. A hierarchical methodology was employed to quantify renewable and non-renewable resource life cycle inventory associated with the nation's manufacturing sectors and to evaluate the ecological sustainability performance. Therefore, first, ecological life cycle inventory of renewable and non-renewable resource consumption of 53 national manufacturing sectors was quantified with the ecologically-based life cycle assessment framework, and then, ecological sustainability performance assessment was performed based on well-known metrics such as loading ratio (LR), renewability ratio (RR) and non-renewable based eco-efficiency (NREE). Results indicated that nonferrous metal and nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing sectors were the drivers of non-renewable resource consumption, which caused these industries, have the least nonrenewable eco-efficiency (NREE) scores, renewability ratios (RRs) and the highest environmental loading ratios (LRs). Ecological life cycle inventory results indicated that nonferrous metal production and processing non-renewable resource consumption shares ranged between 46% and 55% in the entire supply chain network. Additionally, nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing had usage share of various non-renewable resources between 23% and 74% of the supply chains' total usage. Besides, food, tobacco and apparel manufacturing were found to have the highest RRs where the average NREE was found to be 0.4. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of non-renewable resource indicators to NREE scores indicated that the average sensitivity ratios ranged between 5.1% and 22.4%, where 'Talc and pyrophyllite' was found to have the highest sensitivity
Support for Kurdish language rights in Turkey:the roles of ethnic group, group identifications, contact, and intergroup perceptions
Get PDFThe question of Kurdish language rights has been a central issue in the Turkish– Kurdish conflict. The current study examined endorsement of Kurdish language rights in relation to intergroup factors (i.e. group identifications, cross-group friendships, perceived discrimination, and perceived out-group beliefs about state unity) among self-identified Turkish and Kurdish participants. The results indicate that Turks were much less in favour of these rights than the Kurds. In addition, for the Turks, higher national and ethnic identification were associated with lower support for Kurdish language rights, while cross-group friendship, perceived discrimination of Kurds and the belief that Kurds endorse national unity were associated with more support for rights. For the Kurdish participants, stronger national identification seems to undermine the mobilizing meaning that Kurdish group identification has for language rights support. Furthermore, friendship with Turks can undermine the support for rights because it strengthens national identification and reduces ethnic identification
Scalable sentiment analytics
No full textSpark has become a widely popular analytics framework that provides an implementation of the equally popular MapReduce programming model. Hadoop is an Apache foundation framework that can be used for processing large datasets on a cluster of computers using the MapReduce programming model. Mahout is an Apache foundation project developed for building scalable machine learning libraries, which includes built-in machine learning classifiers. In this paper, we show how to build a simple text classifier on Spark, Apache Hadoop, and Apache Mahout for extracting out sentiments from a text collection containing millions of text documents. Using a collection of 7 million movie reviews taken from IMDB, a Bayesian classifier was learned to predict sentiments for test reviews. Separate classifiers were learned on both Spark and Hadoop, i.e. our contenders for scalable sentiment analytics. Our empirical results showed that the sentiment learning task on Spark ran almost 10 times faster than the learning task on Hadoop