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Transfer learning effects on image steganalysis with pre-trained deep residual neural network model
Full text linkSteganalysis researches for the techniques used to reveal the embedded messages that is hidden in a digital medium -in most cases in images. The research and development activities in Image Steganalysis has gained more traction in recent years. Although machine learning techniques have been used for many years Deep Learning is a new paradigm for the Image Steganalysis domain. The success of the deep learning process is based on the training of the model for a sufficient amount of and with a high quality, diverse and large-scale data set. When the training process lacks dataset in terms of quality, variety and quantity, Transfer Learning emerges as an effective solution from Deep Learning methods. In Transfer Learning, an untrained model benefits from a previouslytrainedmodelanditsdataset. Basefunctionisdefinedtotransfertheparameters from the trained model to the untrained model. Hence, it would increase the success of deep learning model on Image Steganalysis. In this work, we compare the results of two series of models that are trained both with and without Transfer Learning method. The optimization method of the model training process is selected as experimental AdamW optimization method. Comparison of training, testing, evaluating and F1 scoring are based on the models trained with different steganography payload values which starts from easy to hard to detect. We investigated for the best possible ways of increasing the success rate and decreasing the error rate on detecting stego images and cover images separately with this study. Results showed that transfer learning applied model is more successful on detecting stego images on every different rated payload dataset compared to the normal trained model.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xii
Abbreviations xiii
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Issue of Secrecy ................................. 1 1.2 Steganography ................................. 3 1.2.1 History of Steganography ....................... 5 1.2.2 A Very Basic Steganographic Method: Least Significant Bit (LSB) 8 1.2.3 An Least Significant Bit (LSB) Example ............... 9 1.3 Steganalysis .................................. 10 1.4 Deep Learning ................................. 11 1.4.1 Convolutional Neural Networks .................... 13 1.4.2 Residual Neural Networks ....................... 15 1.4.3 Transfer Learning ........................... 16 1.5 Contributions ................................. 17 1.6 Outline ..................................... 18
2 Related Work 19
3 Proposed Method: Steganalysis via Transfer Learning 22 3.1 Background ................................... 22 3.2 Transfer Learning Applied Model ....................... 24 3.3 Normal Trained Model ............................. 25
4 Evaluation 27 4.1 Research Questions ............................... 27 4.2 Experimental Setup .............................. 27 4.2.1 The Dataset ............................... 27
4.2.2 Test Environment ........................... 37 4.2.3 Discussions ............................... 38 4.3 Performance Evaluation ............................ 39
5 Results 41 5.1 HUGO Test Results .............................. 42 5.2 WOW Test Results ............................... 48 5.3 Result Comparisons .............................. 52 5.3.1 Train Comparisons ........................... 52 5.3.2 Train Validation Comparisons ..................... 54 5.3.3 Evaluation Comparisons ........................ 56 5.3.4 Prediction Comparisons ........................ 58 5.3.5 Precision Comparisons ......................... 60 5.3.6 Recall Comparisons .......................... 61 5.3.7 F1-Score Comparisons ......................... 65 5.3.8 Related Work Comparisons ...................... 66
6 Conclusion 69
A WOW Training Validation Results 71
B Source Codes 82
Bibliography 9
Why do peace processes fail : the case of Turkey-PKK conflict
Full text linkThe conflict between Turkey and the Kurdistan Worker’s Party(PKK) has been the
long-running problem in the Turkish history. Turkey experienced a Resolution Process
at the end of 2012 in order to end this bloody conflict but it came to the end soon,
and a new round in the conflict began in 2015. This thesis aims to explain failure of
the peace process in Turkey with the actor-oriented perspective and discusses how
spoilers pose threat to peace processes in the case of Turkey. First, I make an analysis
of Spoiler Theory in the Peace literature by referring the questions that ask what are
the factors that motivate spoilers to destroy peace? What are the tactics used by
spoilers to destroy peace processes? Second, I focus on the Turkish case between
2012 and 2015, with the aim of examining how spoilers play a key role in the collapse
of peace process in Turkey. I support my arguments with a content analysis of the
PKK leaders’ discourse used during the peace talks in Turkey. Finally, I offer
inferences in terms of if the concept of spoiler can be applied to the Turkey-PKK case
in addition to recommendations for peace processes involving spoiler threat.Abstract ................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ............................................................................................................................. v
Dedication ............................................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. vii
Table of Contents ................................................................................................... viii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................. x
List of Figures ........................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1.Historical Background ..................................................................................... 2
1.1.1.Peace Talks between Turkey and the PKK................................................. 2
1.1.2.The Collapse of the Peace Process............................................................ 4
1.2.Statement of the Problem .............................................................................. 5
1.3.Significance of the Study................................................................................. 7
1.4.Research Questions ........................................................................................ 8
1.5.Research Design ............................................................................................. 8
1.6.Theoretical Framework................................................................................. 12
1.7.Outline of the Thesis..................................................................................... 14
1.8. Literature Review ........................................................................................ 15
1.8.1.Socio-Psychological Explanations ........................................................... 16
1.8.2.Materialist Explanations ..........................................................................19
2. Spoiler Theory And Failure Of Peace Processes .................................................. 22
2.1. Spoilers and Peace Processes....................................................................... 23
2.1.1.Spoiler Types and Spoiling ...................................................................... 23
2.2. Peace Implementation ................................................................................. 26
2.3. Spoilers and Peace Implementation ............................................................. 31
2.4. Catalyzers of Spoiling: When Spoilers Succeed? ........................................... 32
2.5. Strategies of Spoilers ................................................................................... 37
2.5.1.Use of Violence ...................................................................................... 37
2.5.2.Use of Non-Violent Means ..................................................................... 39
2.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 41
3. Collapse of Peace Process In Turkey ................................................................... 43
3.1 Historical Background ................................................................................... 45
3.1.1.Kurdish Issue in Turkish Politics .............................................................. 45
3.1.2.Peace Attempts Before the 2000s .......................................................... 46
3.1.3.The Kurdish Opening- The 2000s ............................................................ 47
3.1.4.Rise of Conflict (2011-2012) ................................................................... 49
3.2 The Resolution Process (2012-2015) ............................................................. 52
3.2.1.De-escalation of the Conflict and the Start of Dialogue (2012-2013) ...... 52
3.3 Weakening of the Process (2013) ................................................................. 57
3.3.1.YDG-H .................................................................................................... 57
3.3.2.PKK’s New Strategy and the Rise in Spoiling Discourse ........................... 58
3.4 Collapse of Turkey’s Peace Process (2013-2014) ........................................... 59
3.5 Recurrence of Conflict (2015) ....................................................................... 68
4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 74
Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 85
Appendix
Codebook .............................................................................................................. 9
The symptoms of PTSD in women who are residents of shelters and were exposed to IPV:an investigation in the frame of cognitive model by Ehlers&Clark
No full textIn this study, the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women who
are residents of shelters and were exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) is
examined in the frame of the cognitive model by Ehlers and Clark (2000). The sample
of the study consisted of 142 women aged between 19-55, in İstanbul. Assessment
tools were the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), posttraumatic cognitions inventory
(PTCI), multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) and brief COPE
inventory. In order to test the variables of cognitive model, multiple hierarchical
regression analysis was used. Results indicated that 75.4% of women might fulfill the
diagnostic criteria of PTSD. Moreover, the demographic and risk factors alone
predicted the 12% of variance in PTSD symptoms. The final model including both risk
factors and cognitive behavioral variables explained 41% of variance in PTSD
symptoms. Furthermore, variables which explained a statistically significant amount
of variance in PTSD were partner’s alcohol consumption, women’s past suicidal
thoughts, absence of work experiences, family history of psychological disorders,
posttraumatic negative cognitions about self. To sum up, the cognitive model of PTSD
is a useful model to explain symptoms of PTSD in victims of IPV and can be used to
developed beneficial treatment techniques for those women.Öz……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iv
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..v
İthaf………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..vi
Teşekkür………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..vii
İçindekiler……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..viii
Tablolar Listesi………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xi
Şekiller Ve Görseller Listesi…………………………………………………………………………………….xii
Semboller Ve Kısaltmalar Listesi………………………..………………………………………..……..…xiii
BÖLÜMLER
1. Giriş……………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1. Şiddet Kavramı…………………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.1.1. Kadına Yönelik Şiddet………………………………………………………………………4
1.1.2. Eş Şiddeti/Yakın Partner Şiddeti……………………………………………………….4
1.1.2.1. Fiziksel Şiddet………………………………………………………………………5
1.1.2.2. Duygusal Şiddet…………………………………………………………………..5
1.1.2.3. Cinsel Şiddet……………………………………………………………………….6
1.1.2.4. Ekonomik Şiddet………………………………………………………………….6
1.1.2.5. Dijital Şiddet………………………………………………………………………..7
1.1.2.6. Şiddet Döngüsü……………………………………………………………………7
1.2. Eş Şiddeti İle İlgili Yapılan Çalışmalar………………………………………………………….8
1.2.1. Eş Şiddetinin Dünya’daki Yaygınlığı………………………………………………….8
1.2.2. Eş Şiddetinin Türkiye’deki Yaygınlığı…………………………………………………9
1.2.3. Eş Şiddetini Açıklayan Psiko-Sosyal Kuramlar…………………………………11
1.2.4. Eş Şiddetindeki Risk Faktörleri, Demografik Faktörler Ve Koruyucu
Faktörler………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
1.2.5. Eş Şiddetinin Sonuçları Ve Sığınma Evlerinde Kalan Kadınlarla İlgili
Literatür…………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
1.3. Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu………………………………………………………………24
1.3.1. Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu DSM-5 Tanı Kriterleri…………………..24
1.3.2. Bilişsel model…………………………………………………………………………………27
1.4. Araştırmanın Amacı Ve Önemi…………………………………………………………………33
2. Yöntem .…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
2.1. Katılımcılar……………………………………………………………………………………………….34
2.2. Veri Toplama Araçları………………………………………………………………………………34
2.2.1. Kişisel Bilgi Formu………………………………………………………………………….34
2.2.2. DSM 5 İçin Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kontrol Listesi- PCL-5…34
2.2.3. Travma Sonrası Bilişler Ölçeği-TSBÖ……………………………………………….35
2.2.4. Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Gözden Geçirilmiş
Formu………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
2.2.5. Başa Çıkma Stilleri Ölçeği Kısa Formu- Brief COPE………………………….36
2.3. İşlem………………………………………………………………………………………………………..37
2.4. Verilerin Analizi………………………………………………………………………………………..37
3. Bulgular…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
3.1. Betimsel Analiz Bulguları………………………………………………………………………….39
3.2. Pearson Korelasyon Analizi Bulguları……………………………………………………….45
3.3. Çoklu Hiyerarşik Regresyon Analizi Bulguları……………………………………………49
4. Sonuç……………………..………………………………………………………………………………………….54
4.1.Betimsel Analiz Bulgularının Değerlendirilmesi………………………………………….54
4.2. Pearson Korelasyon Analizi Bulgularının İncelenmesi………………………………..58
4.3. Çoklu Hiyerarşik Regresyon Analizi Bulgularının Değerlendirilmesi…….…….61
4.4. Genel Değerlendirme……………………………………………………………………………….64
4.5. Klinik Doğurgular………………………………………………………………………………………65
4.6. Çalışmanın Sınırlılıkları……………………………………………………………………………..66
4.7. Yeni Çalışmalar İçin Öneriler……………………………………………………………………..67
Referanslar……………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..69
Ekler………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………….77
A. Bilgilendirilmiş Onam Formu…………………………………………………………………..77
B. Kişisel Bilgi Formu………………………………..………………………………..……………….78
C. Dsm 5 İçin Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kontrol Listesi
(Pcl-5)…………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…84
D. Travma Sonrası Bilişler Ölçeği (Tsbö)……………………………..………….…………..86
E. Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin Gözden Geçirilmiş
Formu……………………………………………………………………………………………...………88
F. Başa Çıkma Stratejileri Kısa Formu (Brıef Cope)…………………..……………….90
G. Aile, Çalışma Ve Sosyal Hizmet Bakanlığı İzni……………………………….………92
H. Etik Kurul Onayı……………………………………………………………………….………….9
Global city discourse and large scale projects:İstanbul case
No full textWith the changing production relations, effects of the expansion of industry on
urbanization and, hence, on the concept of city, is at a substantial level. Today,
cities began to gain central importance due to capitalism’s evolution, increasing
prominence of financial capital, techonological and scientific developments, the size
of employment, which is created by the service sector, in comparison to production
sector, and changes on world geography caused by global web. States give more
prominence to urbanization and tend to adopt policies that can transform existing
big cities in the context of global urban vision. The quality and structure of the
employed population is changing due to the economical reconstruction, making of
new organizational forms in manufacturing, addition of new professions in service
sectors, which are built on knowledge, and thus knowledge becoming more
prominent. With transformation of urban economy, urban search for a new ‘role’,
‘Global City’ policies which are developed in order to be embedded to global
economy and variation at income levels of urban population, living spaces of cities,
specifically where economic activities are accumulated, are in the process of spatial
transformation. In this thesis, economical and political roots of this transformation
is elaborated. Then, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the following points:
how urban transformation, and gentrification in particular, is designed as an urban
strategy within the context of globalization, its social outcomes, the formation of
‘global city’ discourse and policy as a political construction at local level and its
transformation.Öz ................................................................................................................................. iv
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... v
İçindekiler ..................................................................................................................... vi
Tablolar Listesi ............................................................................................................ viii
Şekiller Listesi ............................................................................................................... ix
BÖLÜMLER
1. Giriş .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Amaç ve Yöntem ............................................................................................ 5
1.2. Literatür: Modern Kentin Dönüşümü ............................................................ 9
2. Küresel Kente Kuramsal Yaklaşımlar ...................................................................... 13
2.1. Lefebvre ve Kentin Politik Ekonomisi ............................................................. 13
2.2. Harvey: Sermayenin Mekânı Olarak Kent ...................................................... 17
2.3. Castells: Tüketim Mekânından Ağ Mekânlarına Kentler ................................ 27
2.4. Sassen: Yükselen Küresel Şehirler .................................................................. 42
2.5. ‘Kültür Endüstrisi’ Yoluyla Seçkinleştirilen Kent Mekânı ................................ 43
3. Küresel Kent Söylemi ve İstanbul ........................................................................... 56
3.1. Küresel İstanbul’un Oluşumunda Göç Hareketleri ......................................... 57
3.2. Küreselleşme Sürecinde İstanbul ................................................................... 61
3.3. İstanbul’da ‘Küresel Kent’ Söylem ve Politikalarının Gelişimi ........................ 63
3.3.1. ANAP Belediyeciliği Dönemi (1984 – 1989); Küresel Kent Söyleminin
Oluşumu ............................................................................................................ 67
3.3.2. SHP Belediyeciliği Dönemi (1989 – 1994); Küresel Kenti Planlama
Çalışmaları ......................................................................................................... 70
3.3.3. RP ve FP Belediyeciliği (1994-2004); Medeniyet Şehrinden Küresel Kente
.......................................................................................................................... 73
3.3.4. AK Parti Belediyeciliği Dönemi (2004-2019); Küresel Kentin
Kurumsallaşması ............................................................................................... 76
4. Küresel Kentin İnşası: Büyük Ölçekli Projeler ......................................................... 80
4.1. Büyük Ölçekli Projelerin Kategorik İncelemesi ............................................... 80
4.2. Büyük Ölçekli Proje Örnekleri ......................................................................... 82
4.2.1. Galataport Projesi (Salıpazarı Kruvaziyer Liman Alanı) .......................... 83
4.2.2. Tarlabaşı Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi ........................................................ 83
4.2.3. Sulukule Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi ......................................................... 84
4.2.4. Avrasya Tüneli Projesi………………………………………………………………………...84
4.2.5. Fener-Balat Kentsel Yenileme Projesi ..................................................... 85
4.2.6. Taksim Meydanı Yayalaştırma Projesi .................................................... 86
4.2.7. İstanbul Finans Merkezi Projesi .............................................................. 86
4.2.8. Taksim Camisi Projesi ............................................................................. 87
4.2.9. Kabataş Ulaşım ve Aktarma Merkezi Projesi .......................................... 87
4.2.10. 3.Boğaz Köprüsü Projesi ....................................................................... 88
4.2.11. Fikirtepe Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi ....................................................... 89
4.2.12. Büyük İstanbul Havalimanı Projesi ....................................................... 89
4.2.13. Haliçport Projesi (Haliç Yat Limanı ve Kompleksi) ................................ 90
4.2.14. Cendere Vadisi Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi ............................................. 90
4.2.15. Haydarpaşaport Projesi (Haydarpaşa Limanı ve Garı Dönüşüm Projesi) .
.......................................................................................................................... 91
4.2.16. Çamlıca Camisi Projesi .......................................................................... 92
4.2.17. Okmeydanı Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi .................................................. 92
4.3. Büyük Ölçekli Projelerin Kuramsal Değerlendirmesi ...................................... 93
5. Sonuç ve Değerlendirme ...................................................................................... 104
Kaynakça .................................................................................................................. 10
Sultan Abdülhamid II’s domestic policy:an attempt at periodization
Full text linkMakale yazarı aynı zamanda kitap editörü olduğu için önsöz bilgisi, ayrı bir dosya olarak verilmiştir.
Kitabın basılı hali İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'nde mevcuttur.With the death of Âli Paşa in 1871, the myriad of issues and problems that had been simmering for some time erupted in the power vacuum, and the Tanzimat policies – political, administrative and financial – all began, one by one, to collapse. In this atmosphere of perpetual crises, the ideals and policies that had been supported and implemented by the advocates of the Tanzimat regime began to be questioned and the search for new, alternative solutions and new political options began to surface. The crisis reached its most critical levels from 1875 onwards, with the empire entering a period that can only be characterized as chaotic. The state treasury had all but collapsed, unable to repay the loans that had been intermittently issued since the Crimean War; a series of insurgencies had begun to break out in the Balkan provinces, in which huge investments had been made in an attempt to prevent their secession; the European Great Powers had initiated a major offensive on the diplomatic front; a palace coup had taken place in an attempt to initiate the constitutional regime; three sultans had been crowned in succession in the space of three months; and, finally, the army had been thoroughly routed in a war with Russia.2 As a result of the treaty of Berlin, which formally ended the war in July 1878, the Ottoman Empire lost significant swathes of territory, as well as population
[Bilkent Üniversitesi'nin kuruluşuna dair dilekçe]
No full textM. Vehbi Dinçerler tarafından taranıp tarafımıza iletilmiştir. Orjinal nüsha elimizde mevcut değildir
İtalo Calvino'nun "Görünmez Kentler" eserinde metin-mekan ilişkisi ve zihinsel imgeleme
Full text linkKaraman’da mesken ve mesken mimarisi: Karaman Evleri’nin mekân kurgusu üzerine literatür araştırması
No full textMakine öğrenmesi algoritmalarına dayalı yazılım hata tahmini:çevresel metriklerin etkisi
Full text linkAccording to the Word Quality report, the use of machine learning studies in the industrial field is rare due to the severe lack of quality data. Software metrics are generally utilized during software fault prediction in this field. In this study, besides the software metrics, the environmental metrics are also explored to see whether they also affect the results of machine learning and if they could, what would be the success rates and which environmental metrics are more effective on the results. The data set for this study was generated from combining various data from 10 projects that were produced a team of 4 analysts, 8 software engineers, and 5 test experts. 36 metrics and 6676 test cases in total were evaluated. The errors occurred in the test cases are not just considered as an error, their priority and cases that can not be tested are also taken into consideration. 9 fault level are employed in models. During the pre-processing phase, the PCA analysis is conducted, out of 36 metrics 12 are effective to the results. Models are created with four different algorithms which have achieved a success rate of; 89% by the decision tree algorithm, 87% by the nearest neighbors algorithm, 88% by the random forests algorithm and91%bytheNaiveBayesalgorithm.Inconclusion,itwasobservedthatenvironmental metrics are indeed effective in software fault prediction and when applied with machine learning algorithms a high rate of success can be achieved.Yazarlık Beyanı ii
Abstract iii
Öz iv
Teşekkür v
Şekil Listesi viii
Tablo Listesi x
Kısaltmalar xi
1 Giriş 1
2 İlgili Çalışmalar 4
3 Yazılım Test 8 3.1 Test Stratejileri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2 Yazılım Test Türleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3 Test Teknikleri/ Test Metodolojisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4 Yazılım Test Yaşam Döngüsü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.5 Yazılım Test Trendleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.5.1 Türkiye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.5.2 Dünya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 Makine Öğrenmesi 24 4.1 Ön İşleme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.1.1 Etiket Kodlaması (Label Encoding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.1.2 Ölçekleme (Scaling) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.1.3 Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.2 Karar Ağacı (Decision tree) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.3 En Yakın Komşular Algoritması (K Nearest Neighbour) . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.4 Rastgele Ormanlar (Random Forest) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.5 Naive Bayes Algoritması . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5 Uygulama 33 5.1 Verilerin Toplanması . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.1.1 Proje Bilgileri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.1.2 Analiz Bilgileri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.1.3 Yazılım Bilgileri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.1.4 Test Bilgileri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.2 Verilerin İstatistikleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.3 Uygulama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.3.1 Ön İşleme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.3.2 Algoritma Uygulamaları . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.3.2.1 Karar Ağacı Uygulaması . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.3.2.2 En Yakın Komşular Algoritması Uygulaması . . . . . . . 69 5.3.2.3 Rastgele Ormanlar Uygulaması . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.3.2.4 Naive Bayes Uygulaması . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6 Sonuç 75
Kaynakça 7
Körfez İşbirliği Konseyi ülkelerinde göçmen işçi rejimi
No full textThis thesis aims to explain the underlying factors that create a specific migration
regime in the Arab Gulf. The Gulf region is hosting millions of migrants and guest
workers for years, however, there are major human rights violations against them.
Also different from other migrant friendly destinations, long term migrants do not
have the chance to become naturalized citizens. The thesis first explains the
characteristics of the labor migration regime in the Gulf through some examples in
the media and the judicial system. Then, it argues that the rentier state development
and the distinctive demographics of the Gulf explain the labor migration regime,
where tribalism facilitates it as an intermediary factor.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................. v
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... vi
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................vii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................ix
List of Figures ............................................................................................................... x
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Historical Background ........................................................................................ 3
1.2. Kafala System .................................................................................................... 7
1.3. Labor Market Nationalization Efforts in the Gulf .............................................. 9
1.4. Methodology ..................................................................................................... 9
2. Characteristics and the Analysis of the Migration System .................................... 12
2.1. Characteristics of the Migration Regimes in the Gulf ..................................... 21
2.2. Analysis of Media Sources ............................................................................... 26
2.2.1. Qatar ...................................................................................................... 29
2.2.2. Saudi Arabia ........................................................................................... 32
2.2.3. United Arab Emirates ............................................................................ 34
2.2.4. Bahrain ................................................................................................... 39
2.2.5. Oman ..................................................................................................... 40
2.2.6. Kuwait .................................................................................................... 41
2.3. Legal Analysis ................................................................................................... 43
2.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 46
3. Discussion of the Underlying Reasons to the Labor Migration Regime in the Gulf . 49
3.1. What Explains the Labor Migration Regime in the Gulf? A Literature Review 49
3.1.1. Tribalism and Cultural Conditions ......................................................... 50
3.1.2. Political Economy Argument: The Rentier State ................................... 54
3.1.3. Colonial Legacy ...................................................................................... 59
3.1.4. Wahhabi Religious Tradition ................................................................. 61
3.1.5. Demography .......................................................................................... 62
3.2. Argument ......................................................................................................... 63
3.2.1. Political Economy and the Rentier States ............................................. 65
3.2.1. Tribalism, Culture, and Political Exclusion ............................................. 67
3.2.3. Wahhabi Religious Tradition ................................................................. 70
3.2.4. Colonial History...................................................................................... 72
3.2.5. Demography .......................................................................................... 74
3.3. Summary and Conclusion ................................................................................ 75
4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 77
Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 8