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Debating heresy : changing perceptions of Zayniyya dervishes toward Ibn’Arabi in the Fifteenth Century
Get PDFThis thesis deals with the ideas of Zayniyya dervishes toward Ibn ‘Arabi and his
thought and traces the differences between the Central Asian and Anatolian
dervishes in this regard. The early Zayniyya sheikhs Zayn al-Din Khwafi and ‘Abd al
Latif Qudsi, the respective founders of the Zayniyya tariqa in Central Asia and
Anatolia, held a dim view of Ibn ‘Arabi’s thought, and saw the use of the science of
letters as sufficient to implicate a person as heretic. In contrast to these early
Zayniyya leaders, most prominent Anatolian Zayni dervishes later adopted a positive
attitude toward Ibn ‘Arabi, and Sheikh Vefa, one of the more prominent Anatolian
Zaynis, himself practiced the science of letters.
I follow the changes in the stances toward Ibn ‘Arabi by investigating the opinions of
different Zayni dervishes, from Central Asia and Anatolia, on five controversial topics
related to Ibn ‘Arabi: the doctrine of oneness of being (wahda al-wujud), the doctrine
of levels of existence (maratib al-wujud), and the issues of Pharaoh’s faith, the seal
of sainthood (khatm al-walaya) and comparison of sainthood with prophethood, and
the state of infidels in hell.
Demonstrating the differences in the attitudes toward Ibn ‘Arabi and, relatedly, in
the definitions of heresy in Central Asia and Anatolia, this thesis argues that in the
fifteenth century, heresy was not a universal term, but a context-bound historical
one. Its meaning changed according to different political, social, and religious concerns of various times and places. In addition, the thesis indicates that in the
fifteenth century, tariqas did not produce facsimile disciples. Disciples did not feel
themselves obliged to strictly follow their sheikhs in the tariqa, and easily adapted to
their cultural and religious environments.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................ vi
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... viii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ xi
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xiii
Notes on Usage .......................................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1. 1. Statement of the Problem and the Argument ................................................. 1
1. 2. Literature Review ............................................................................................. 9
1. 3. Primary Sources .............................................................................................. 17
1. 3. 1. Books of Zayni Dervishes ........................................................................ 17
1. 3. 2. Biographical Sources .............................................................................. 21
2. ZAYN AL-DIN KHWAFI AND HIS IDEAS ABOUT THE RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF HIS
TIME ........................................................................................................................... 23
2. 1. The Question of the Sunnification Project of Shahrukh ................................ 23
2. 2. Zayn al-Din Khwafi (d. 1435) .......................................................................... 33
2. 3. Khwafi and Ibn ʿArabi ..................................................................................... 38
2. 4. Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................... 50
3. ‘ABD AL-LATIF QUDSI: THE TRANSITIONAL FIGURE ............................................... 54
3. 1. ‘Abd al-Latif Qudsi (d. 1452) ........................................................................... 55
3. 2. Qudsi’s Loyalty to his Sheikh Zayn al-Din Khwafi ........................................... 58
3. 2. 1. Spiritual Stations and Levels (Maqamat wa Maratib) and Cosmological
Realms (Aʿlam) for Abd al-Latif Qudsi ................................................................ 59
3. 2. 2. Hurufis in Qudsi’s Kashf al-Iʿtiqad .......................................................... 62
3. 3. ‘Abd al-Latif Qudsi and Ibn ‘Arabi .................................................................. 68
3. 4. Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................... 72
4. IBN ‘ARABI AS A POLEMICAL FIGURE ..................................................................... 77
4. 1. Polemical Clichés of Ibn ‘Arabi ....................................................................... 78
4. 1. 1. Oneness of Being (Wahda al-Wujud) ..................................................... 80
4. 1. 2. The Faith of Pharaoh .............................................................................. 95
4. 1. 3. Seal of Sainthood (Khatm al-Walaya) and Comparison of Sainthood with
Prophethood ...................................................................................................... 99
4. 1. 4. State of Infidels in Hell ......................................................................... 103
4. 1. 5. Doctrine of Levels of Existence (Maratib al-Wujud) of Akbari School . 104
4. 2. Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................... 114
5. ZAYNIYYA IN ANATOLIA: AKBARI ZAYNIS ............................................................. 120
5. 1. Early Ottoman Reception of Ibn ‘Arabi ........................................................ 121
5. 2. Şehabeddin Sivasi (d. 1455) ......................................................................... 126
5. 3. Molla Fenari (d. 1431) .................................................................................. 135
5. 4. Kutbüddinzade İzniki (d. 1480) ..................................................................... 139
5. 5. Piri Halife Hamidi (d. 1460) .......................................................................... 143
5. 6. Sheikh Vefa (d. 1491) ................................................................................... 148
5. 6. 1. An Akbari Zayni Sheikh in Istanbul: Sheikh Vefa and Ibn ‘Arabi .......... 154
5. 7. Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................... 179
6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 186
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 19
Türk hukukunda örtülü reklam
No full textTüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun (TKHK) da örtülü reklam, Radyo ve
Televizyonların Kuruluş ve Yayın Hizmetleri Hakkında Kanun (RTÜK yasası) da ise Gizli
Ticari İletişim adı altında ayrı ayrı düzenlenen kavramların ortak tanımı, reklam
olduğu açıkça belirtilmeyen ancak ortalama tüketicinin reklam mesajını
anlayabileceği her türlü iletişimdir. Her ikisi de “Reklamlar” ile ilgili idari düzenlemeler
içeren mevzuatta TKHK da yer alan düzenleme genel tanım olduğu halde Radyo ve
Televizyon mecraları için RTÜK ile özel düzenleme oluşturulmuştur. Reklamı yasak
olan ürünlerin reklamını yapabilmek, reklama karşı direnç gösteren tüketicinin
direncini kırmak, daha etkili reklam oluşturmak, mali sebepler gibi pek çok sebeple
günümüzde reklam verenler örtülü reklamı tercih etmektedir. Reklamın varlığının
tüketicinin bilinçlenmesi ve doğru tercih yapabilmesi şeklinde sağladığı fayda ve
reklam sektörünün bu bağlamda gelişmesi gereği ile tüketicinin istemediği mecrada
denetimsiz reklama maruz bırakılması tehlikesinin engellenmesi gereği arasındaki
dengeyi yasa koyucu yasalar ve ikincil mevzuatlar ile dengeleme gayreti içindedir.
Tüketici hukukunda örtülü reklam unsurları içeren ürün yerleştirme RTÜK mevzuatı
ile yasal zemine oturtulduğu gibi program destekleme, bant reklam da yine RTÜK ile
yasal statü kazanan özel reklam türleridir. Her iki kurul yapısı ve kararları hakkında ki
tartışmalar aynı zamanda öz denetim mekanizmasının yeterince gelişmeme sebebini
de sorgulatmaktadır.İÇİNDEKİLER:
Öz .................................................................................................................................. i
Abstract ........................................................................................................................ v
İçindekiler .................................................................................................................... Vİ
Kısaltmalar .................................................................................................................... X
BÖLÜMLER
1. GİRİŞ ......................................................................................................................... 1
2. REKLAM .................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Reklamın Tanımı ............................................................................................... 4
2.1.1. Genel Olarak ............................................................................................. 4
2.1.2. Reklamın Hukuki Niteliği ........................................................................... 4
2.1.2.1. Sözleşmeler Hukukuna Göre ............................................................. 5
2.1.2.2. Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanununa Göre ............................ 7
2.1.2.3. Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanuna Göre ................................................ 10
2.2. Reklam ve İlgili Müesseseler .......................................................................... 13
2.2.1. Vaat ......................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2. İlan Yoluyla Ödül Sözü Verme(Vaat) ....................................................... 15
2.2.3. İlan .......................................................................................................... 16
2.2.4. Haksız Ticari Uygulamalar ....................................................................... 17
2.3. Doktrinde Reklam ........................................................................................... 19
2.4. Mevzuatta Reklam .......................................................................................... 21
2.5. Reklamın İşlevi ................................................................................................ 23
2.6. Reklamın Unsurları ......................................................................................... 24
2.6.1. Reklam Yapma İradesi (Amaç) ................................................................ 24
2.6.2. Hedef Kitleye Yönelik “Duyurunun” Varlığı ............................................ 26
2.6.3. Reklam Verenin Kimliğinin Belirli Olması................................................ 26
2.6.4. Mecra ...................................................................................................... 27
2.6.5. He&&&def Kitle .............................................................................................. 31
2.7. Reklamın Tarafları ........................................................................................... 32
2.7.1. Reklamda Sorumlu Olanlar ..................................................................... 32
2.7.2. Reklam Verenler ..................................................................................... 33
2.7.3. Reklam Ajansı .......................................................................................... 35
2.7.4. Mecra Kuruluşu ....................................................................................... 37
2.8. Reklamdan Etkilenenler .................................................................................. 38
2.8.1. Tüketiciler ............................................................................................... 38
2.8.2. Müşteriler ............................................................................................... 40
3. ÖRTÜLÜ REKLAM .................................................................................................... 42
3.1. Örtülü Reklamın Tanımı .................................................................................. 42
3.1.1. Genel Olarak ........................................................................................... 42
3.1.2. Hukuki Niteliği ......................................................................................... 42
3.1.3. Doktrinde Örtülü (Gizli) Reklam.............................................................. 44
3.1.4. Mevzuatta Örtülü Reklam....................................................................... 45
3.2. Örtülü Reklamın Unsurları .............................................................................. 48
3.2.1. Reklam Uyarısı Bulunmaması ................................................................. 49
3.2.2. Reklam Alanı Dışında Tanıtım ................................................................. 49
3.2.3. Reklam Yapmak Amacı ile Belirli bir Mal ya da Hizmete İlişkin Unsurlara
Yer Verilmesi ..................................................................................................... 51
3.2.3.1. Reklam İradesi ................................................................................. 51
3.2.3.2. Orantısızlık ...................................................................................... 53
3.2.3.3. Belirli Mal ya da Hizmeti Gösteren Unsurları Kullanmak ................ 54
3.3. Örtülü Reklamın Görülme Nedenleri .............................................................. 55
3.3.1. Tüketici ile İlgili Sebepler ........................................................................ 55
3.3.2. Reklam Etkisine İlişkin Sebepler ............................................................. 56
3.3.3. Ekonomik Sebepler ................................................................................. 57
3.3.4. Hukuki Sebepler ...................................................................................... 58
3.3.5. Yayın Politikaları...................................................................................... 61
3.4. Örtülü Reklamın Fayda ve Sakıncaları ............................................................ 62
3.4.1. Örtülü Reklamın Faydaları ...................................................................... 62
3.4.2. Örtülü Reklamın Sakıncaları .................................................................... 63
3.4.2.1. Tüketicilere İlişkin ........................................................................... 63
3.4.2.2. Ekonomik Olarak Kamu Menfaatine İlişkin ..................................... 64
3.4.2.3. Haksız Rekabete İlişkin .................................................................... 64
3.5. Örtülü Reklamın Görünüm Şekilleri................................................................ 65
3.5.1. Haber Yoluyla .......................................................................................... 66
3.5.1.1. Haber Kavramı ................................................................................ 66
3.5.1.2. Haberin Unsurları ............................................................................ 67
3.5.1.3. Haberin Yayın İlkeleri ...................................................................... 69
3.5.1.4. Haberlere Yönelik Reklam Engelleri ................................................ 72
3.5.2. Bilgi İçeren Program -Yayınlar ................................................................ 76
3.5.2.1. Sağlık Programları ........................................................................... 76
3.5.2.2. Tanıtım İçeren Program ve Yayınlar ................................................ 84
3.5.2.3. Kişisel Görüş Açıklama Mecraları .................................................... 86
3.5.3. Doğrudan Ürün Kullanımı ....................................................................... 91
3.6. Örtülü Reklam ve İlgili Kavramlar ................................................................... 92
3.6.1. Gizli Ticari İletişim ................................................................................... 93
3.6.2. Bilinçaltı (Subliminal) Reklam ................................................................. 95
3.6.2.1. Subliminal Kavramı ......................................................................... 95
3.6.2.2. Bilinçaltı Reklam Teknikleri ............................................................. 95
3.6.2.3. Bilinçaltı Reklam Yasal Düzenlemesi ............................................... 96
3.6.2.4. Uygulama Örnekleri ........................................................................ 98
3.6.3. Ürün Yerleştirme ................................................................................... 100
3.6.3.1. Ürün Yerleştirme Kavramı ............................................................. 100
3.6.3.2. Ürün Yerleştirme Kavramının Oluşumu ........................................ 102
3.6.3.3. Ürün Yerleştirme Yöntemleri ........................................................ 103
3.6.3.4. Sanal Reklam Uygulaması ............................................................. 104
3.6.3.5. Ürün Yerleştirme Yasal Sınırları .................................................... 105
3.6.3.6. Uygulama Örnekleri ...................................................................... 110
3.6.4. Program Destekleme (Sponsorluk) ....................................................... 114
3.6.4.1. Program Destekleme Kavramı ...................................................... 114
3.6.4.2. Program Destekleme ile Ürün Yerleştirme Farklılıkları ................ 115
3.6.4.3. Program Destek Yasal Sınırları ...................................................... 116
3.6.4.4. Uygulama Örnekleri ...................................................................... 117
3.6.5. Bant Reklam .......................................................................................... 119
4. REKLAMDA İDARİ DENETİM ................................................................................. 123
4.1. Öz Denetim ................................................................................................... 123
4.1.1. Özdenetim Kurulu ................................................................................. 123
4.1.2. Öz Denetimin Faydaları ........................................................................ 124
4.1.3. Öz Denetim İşlevi .................................................................................. 124
4.1.4. Kararlarının Bağlayıcılığı ........................................................................ 125
4.2. İdari Denetim Mekanizmaları ...................................................................... 126
4.2.1. İdari Yaptırımlar .................................................................................... 128
4.2.2. Yasal Düzlemde “Ne bis in idem ilkesi” ................................................ 129
4.3. Reklam Kurulu .............................................................................................. 131
4.3.1. Kurulun Yapısı ....................................................................................... 131
4.3.2. Kurul Üyeleri ......................................................................................... 131
4.3.3. Kurul Yetki ve Görevleri ........................................................................ 134
4.3.4. Kurul Kararları ....................................................................................... 135
4.3.4.1. Ceza Türleri ve Uygulama Sorunları .............................................. 136
4.3.4.2. Eşitliğin İhlali ................................................................................. 137
4.3.4.3. Cezalarda Ölçüsüzlük .................................................................... 139
4.3.5. Kanun Yolları ......................................................................................... 141
4.4. Radyo ve Televizyon Üst Kurulu (RTÜK) ....................................................... 143
4.4.1. Üst Kurul Oluşumu ................................................................................ 143
4.4.2. Üst Kurul Siyasal Yapısı ......................................................................... 144
4.4.3. Kurul Kararları ....................................................................................... 147
4.4.3.1. Üst Kurul Gizli Reklam İhlaline İlişkin Müeyyideler ....................... 148
4.4.3.2. Kararların Ölçüsüzlük ve Eşitlik Sorunu ......................................... 149
4.4.4. Yargısal Denetim ................................................................................... 150
5. SONUÇ .................................................................................................................. 152
KAYNAKÇA ................................................................................................................ 15
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