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Da MCP a Greislzel per il tramite di Rzecznik Praw Dziecka e altri. Questioni inerenti alla competenza e al ritorno nei casi di sottrazione internazionale di minori
No full textNell'articolo Da MCP a Greislzel per il tramite di
Rzecznik Praw Dziecka e altri. Questioni inerenti alla competenza e al ritorno nei casi
di sottrazione internazionale di minori, traendo spunto da tre recenti sentenze della
Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, emesse tra il 2021 e il 2024 (le pronunce
MCP, Rzecznik Praw Dziecka e altri, e Greislzel), viene affrontato il tema della
sottrazione internazionale di minori, illecito che si realizza qualora bambini,
fanciulli e adolescenti di qualsiasi nazionalità, abitualmente residenti in uno Stato,
vengano forzatamente condotti o trattenuti all’estero senza il consenso di uno dei
titolari della responsabilità genitoriale.
Il contesto familiare è cruciale in questi casi, poiché la decisione di trasferire
il minore deve essere valutata alla luce del suo interesse superiore, che include il
diritto a mantenere un rapporto costante con entrambi i genitori e a conservare il
suo ambiente di vita. L’esame viene condotto in riferimento alle questioni della
competenza giurisdizionale in seguito a sottrazione internazionale e del ritorno
del minore, ed è l’occasione per mettere in evidenza, alla luce della
giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia, quanto il regolamento (CE) n. 2201/2003,
e oggi il regolamento (UE) 2019/1111, contribuiscano, nel settore di interesse, a
rafforzare la certezza giuridica, a incrementare la flessibilità e la maggiore
efficienza dei procedimenti pertinenti, nonché ad assicurare il buon
funzionamento di uno spazio europeo di giustizia rispettoso dei diversi sistemi e
delle diverse tradizioni giuridiche degli Stati membri dell’Union
Time Trends in Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Respiratory Pathogens in a Tertiary Hospital in Rome, Italy: A Retrospective Analysis (2018–2023)
Full text linkBackground: The increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern for global health. Understanding longitudinal trends in pathogen prevalence and resistance patterns is essential for guiding clinical management and antibiotic stewardship. This retrospective observational study analyzed respiratory microbial isolates collected from 2018 to 2023 in Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy. Methods: The data were analyzed through WHOnet 2025 software, and the breakpoint references used are those of EUCAST 2025. The data analyzed included pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance rates, and specimen types. Time-trend analyses were conducted to assess changes in pathogen prevalence and antibiotic resistance rates over time, using the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model. Results: More than 54,000 unique microorganism/drug associations were analyzed, with the majority of them relative to inpatients (over 90%). A. baumannii showed persistently high prevalence and drug resistance to multiple antibiotics. Significant upward resistance trends of K. pneumoniae to multiple antibiotics were observed. Approximately 20% of clinical isolates were fungi, also including some non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, which exhibit intrinsic resistance to azoles. Other microorganisms displayed variable trends in prevalence and resistance profiles. Conclusions: These findings underscore the dynamism of changing patterns of prevalence of microorganisms and their resistance to antimicrobials. They underscore the importance of continuous microbiological surveillance to optimize empirical therapies and guide infection control policies
Il territorio senese nel Medioevo: comunità e istituzioni locali
No full textIl saggio illustra la formazione dello spazio istituzionale della Repubblica di Siena e la genesi degli ordinamenti comunali all'interno di esso, con particolare riguardo alle forme giuridiche di gestione del territorio e dell'utilizzo delle risorse naturali.The essay illustrates the formation of the institutional space of the Republic of Siena and the genesis of municipal systems within it, with particular attention to the legal forms of land management and the use of natural resources
Artificial intelligence based platform for the automatic and simultaneous explainable detection of apnoea, oxygen desaturation, and artefacts in paediatric polygraphy exams (REST)
Full text linkThe gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep apnoea (SA) is polysomnography, consisting of overnight in-lab tests, which are expensive for both patients and healthcare systems. Airflow and pulse/oximetry signals contain most of the necessary information for detecting SA and widely simplify the data acquisition process, hence holding the promise to increase the availability of SA diagnosis and reduce waitlists. Deep learning has recently shown some interesting steps forward in analysing these signals in paediatric patients. Here we introduce a novel platform, REST, that is able to simultaneously detect the presence of apnoea, desaturation, and artefacts in input signals. To achieve this goal, we developed a novel 1D deep neural network architecture that leverages prior knowledge of the information distribution across signals, allowing for the concurrent detection and interpretation of target events. The platform was trained, validated, and tested on data from 86 paediatric patients. We show that our approach outperforms other three approaches from the literature, reaching 92.50% (1.10%), 98.30% (0.43%), and 97.59% (0.28%) balanced classification accuracies for apnoea, desaturation, and artefact, respectively (mean and standard deviation, in brackets). Notably, the REST platform also gives a confidence score as output, highlighting to the doctor the samples that need to be reviewed and further boosting the performances of the other samples. Lastly, based on gradient-weighted class activation mapping (grad-CAM) heatmaps, our platform allows the explanation of the decision process, pointing out the regions of the input signals in which events occur, increasing the reliability of the whole process for a human user
Factors influencing AI adoption: an international comparative qualitative study of Library professionals
No full textBuilding upon an initial quantitative study exploring the perceptions and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) among library and information professionals in Italy, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, and Mexico, this research paper presents a subsequent qualitative comparative investigation. To delve deeper into the findings of the first study, the research team conducted in-depth interviews with selected leading librarians. These interviews focused on exploring the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations related to AI adoption in libraries, aiming to provide a richer, nuanced understanding of the factors influencing library professionals in the four countries
Characterizing diamond detectors for various dose and dose rate measurements in scanned carbon and oxygen beams
Full text linkBackgroundThe emerging FLASH radiotherapy technique employs "Ultra-High Dose Rate" (UHDR) irradiations and offers the potential to spare normal tissue while maintaining iso-effective tumor treatment. Given the physical and biological advantages inherent to high "Linear Energy Transfer" (LET) particles, the combination of UHDR and high LET has the capability to enhance the normal tissues sparing, as indicated by initial in vivo trials. However, to ensure a safe implementation of this combined modality, it is essential to establish robust dosimetric protocols utilizing dose-, dose rate-, and LET-independent detectors.PurposeThe objective of this study is to characterize the dose, dose rate, and LET dependency of two diamond detectors with high LET carbon and oxygen ion irradiation under "Standard Dose Rate" (SDR) and UHDR conditions.MethodsThe "microDiamond" (mD) and a "flashDiamond" (fD) prototype were benchmarked against measurements with a monitoring ionization chamber, Advanced Markus chamber (AMC), and simulations for carbon and oxygen irradiation, with energies of 274.98 MeV/u and 325.98 MeV/u under SDR and UHDR conditions. First, the entire depth-dose profiles obtained during SDR irradiations and the partial in-depth profiles of the Bragg peak region in UHDR were compared to the corresponding simulation values. Secondly, the linearity of the diamond detector response during dose escalation measurements was investigated for both dose rates.ResultsThe two detectors exhibited alignment with the simulated depth-dose distributions for oxygen and carbon irradiations across both dose rate conditions. The mD overestimated the dose values for carbon and oxygen measurements. This overestimation increased with "dose-averaged LET" (LETd) during SDR irradiation and maintained a stable value of 5% for UHDR. Meanwhile, the fD demonstrated a high degree of agreement with the simulation, with a maximum discrepancy of 5% across all irradiation modalities in the plateau and "Bragg Peak" (BP). Deviations were observed in the BP fall-off region, while both diamond detectors exhibited a strong alignment with the AMC measurements. Furthermore, both detectors exhibited dose linearity under SDR and UHDR irradiation for both carbon and oxygen irradiation, with a coefficient of determination (R2) above 0.99.ConclusionIn the context of heavy ion carbon and oxygen irradiation in UHDR and SDR, the two diamond detectors demonstrated dose-rate independence. While the mD exhibited a tendency to overestimate dose values with increasing LETd, the fD was found to be LET-independent. The fD appears to offer accurate and reliable dose assessments for UHDR heavy ion experiments
Frequency-bounded matching strategy for wideband LNA design utilising a relaxed SSNM approach
Full text linkThis paper proposes relaxed Simultaneous Signal and Noise Matching (SSNM) conditions to address limitations in selecting source degeneration inductors for multistage LNA design, achieved by introducing controlled mismatches at the external ports. Additionally, a novel frequency-bounded mismatch envelope is introduced to guide load termination selection based on desired IM-OM (input mismatch-output mismatch) characteristics across the operating band. Building on these concepts, a systematic, easy-to-follow strategy is presented for implementing wideband multistage low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), significantly reducing reliance on blind CAD-based optimisation. This approach is validated through a three-stage MMIC LNA prototype, fabricated using a 0.15 μm GaAs process and operating from 28 to 34 GHz. The measured results closely match the simulation, demonstrating a stable gain of 23 ± 1 dB and a noise figure of 2–2.5 dB, confirming the practical effectiveness of the proposed design approach for wideband amplifiers
Paper-based metal-air battery electrochemical sensor for smartphone-assisted oxygen monitoring in food packaging
Full text linkThe monitoring of oxygen in food packaging during storage and transportation is crucial in food quality surveillance, warning users regarding food spoiling, happening through compound oxidation and aerobic microorganism proliferation. In this overall scenario, we report the development of a flexible, cost-effective, and Bluetooth-assisted electrochemical sensor for oxygen detection in food packaging. The device encompasses three layers, namely a zinc sheet as an anode, a conductive silver ink printed on an oriented polypropylene sheet serving as a cathode, and a deep eutectic solvent deposited on a paper-based substrate sandwiched between both electrodes. The sensing tool provided a wide linear range for oxygen detection up to 20.9 O2% v/v with good intra-electrode repeatability (RSD % = 0.02 %). Finally, the developed device was integrated with a 3D printed holder and tested for oxygen detection in packages containing mushrooms, tomatoes, and broccoli samples, obtaining a good correlation with the reference method. This study opens noticeable possibilities for employing paper-based metal-air batteries in the detection of specific target analytes, by integrating paper substrate and metal-based batteries delivering smart and self-powered instruments as reliable and accurate analytical tools