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Testing the Relationship Between Per-Pupil Expenditures and Demonstrated Mastery Across Biology and Literature
No full textBecause inquiry-based, resource intensive Biology instruction is more costly than Literature instruction, a relationship between district-wide per-pupil expenditure and performance differences between Biology and Literature exams is hypothesized. Using Pennsylvania’s Keystone exams, analyses reveal a small but significant effect, with higher expenditures associated with smaller gaps in mastery between Biology and Literature
Supporting Struggling Readers in Digital Instruction: Audio Support Features as Instructional Tools
No full textAudio Support is a common functionality in digital instruction platforms intended to increase accessibility. A significant portion of the literature on Audio Support focuses on its use as a testing accommodation or, in and instructional context, on its use by students with disabilities. We examined how much 6th-grade students used audio support in reading comprehension digital lessons as an instructional support tool and its potential impact on learning outcomes. Audio support usage assisting reading comprehension instruction was found to be associated with higher likelihood of lesson success, particularly for Below-level Readers
New Legal Realism at 20: Rethinking Law in an Era of Populism and Social Movements
No full textThis Article critically examines the New Legal Realism (NLR) movement on its twentieth anniversary and illuminates its distinctive intellectual contributions. In evaluating NLR’s unique methodological and substantive contributions, we explore the movement\u27s relationship to other interdisciplinary theories and empirical approaches to law. NLR approaches show a commitment to a comparative, crossnational exploration of legal phenomena while allowing for grounded generalizations about the relationship between law and society. NLR approaches embrace a diverse range of methods and emphasize the importance of “looking up, down, and sideways.” Notably, NLR embraces both “top-down” and “bottom-up” methods, providing comprehensive insights into the intricate interactions and competition between various actors and legal institutions. In contrast to perspectives that narrow the law to a mere instrument of social control, NLR recognizes that the law is a complex and nuanced social phenomenon with relative autonomy that often leads to unintended consequences.
Two case studies––one in Colombia and the other in Brazil––elucidate the complex power dynamics of law’s interaction with elites and grassroots social movements. In Colombia, grassroots social movements appropriated and repurposed corporate law and neoliberal reforms to advance progressive causes. Conversely, in Brazil, populist and illiberal leaders exploited a progressive government policy promoting digital access and reoriented it towards objectives that were contrary to the original intent of the policy. Both cases exemplify NLR’s insistence on observing “top-down” policies as well as “bottom-up” social processes to understand the ways in which law and policy are deployed by diverse actors in varied ways. They illustrate the particular nature of the law itself and how the law in any given moment represents the crystallization of the social forces that produced it through competition over the direction of legal and social change
Workplace AI and Human Flourishing
No full textThis Article explores the important but largely unexplored relationship between workplace artificial intelligence (AI) and human flourishing. More specifically, the Article examines the potential impact of workplace AI decision tools on such critical matters as workers’ human dignity, workplace and personal autonomy, and the opportunity for upward mobility. AI can analyze data far more quickly and efficiently than humans. Moreover, AI computer models are far superior to people in uncovering subtle correlations in large amounts of data and learning from those correlations. Thus, workplace AI decision tools teach themselves to choose the criteria for recruitment, hiring, compensation, promotion, and termination of workers and ground their employment decisions firmly in empirical data that humans fail even to perceive. At the same time, these AI tools may insult human dignity, threaten worker autonomy, and serve as an agent of social ossification.
This Article demonstrates that both efficiency and elements of human flourishing are important values in the law governing American workplaces. Thus, both should be given significant weight in formulating the regulation of workplace AI decision tools. The Article then proposes a means of balancing the interests of employers (and society more generally) in workplace efficiency against the need to protect and promote workers’ interests in human dignity, autonomy, and the opportunity for upward mobility. In particular, the Article argues that when an employer operates a factor-selecting AI decision tool on a worker that results in an adverse employment action with respect to that worker, the employer should bear the burden of demonstrating that the AI tool has only used factors that appear, on their face, relevant to the job at issu
Review of the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of Naegleria fowleri-induced Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
No full textNaegleria fowleri is a thermophilic, ubiquitous, free-living amoeba, but is also known as the “brain-eating” amoeba. This is the etiological agent of a rare and fulminant waterborne disease known as Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) that is acutely fatal in 90-99% of reported cases. Those who come into contact with infested waters are at risk of introducing the amoeba into their upper nasal canal, whence the trophozoite form is known to migrate along the olfactory nerve, through the cribriform plate, and enter the central nervous system. Although the exact pathogenesis of N. fowleri is not known, studies have demonstrated contact-dependent and contact-independent mechanisms that contribute to the pathogen’s invasion of and damage to the host central nervous system. This review includes the diagnosis, pathophysiology, main therapeutic strategies, and preventative strategies against N. fowleri-induced PAM
An Examination of Treatment Fidelity and Transfer of Strategies in a Cross-age Dialogic Reading Intervention
No full textWe developed the Dialogic Reading with Integrated Vocabulary Enrichment (DRIVE) approach to promote reading achievement in struggling readers. This study investigates the treatment fidelity of DRIVE in a Title I school across training and intervention and near and far transfer of learning. Fourteen “Big Buddies” and 7 “Little Buddies” were chosen by low reading scores. Across training and intervention, EMPOWERED strategy use was consistent, but three were used less during intervention. Six strategies were frequent in near transfer compared to three in far transfer. Overall, treatment fidelity of DRIVE was consistent, but lower frequency of strategies will inform future training
International Postgraduate Students’ Lived Experiences of Academic, Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Higher Education, Human Development, and Growing Inequality in Pre-and Post Pandemic Haiti
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