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2020 Racial Justice Protests in Portland, OR: An Analysis of Radical Place-making and Police Tactics in a Neighborhood Context
Get PDFDuring the George Floyd protests, police used tactics infrequently seen until now, including the use of tear gas and sonic weapons in contested spaces. Police tactics are presumably sanctioned by policing directives, but little is known about how these tactics may vary across space at a granular spatial level, or how they might be normalized over time. To address this knowledge gap, I used the concept of repertoires of protest control to characterize and quantify the tactics of the Portland Police Bureau (PPB) deployed on racial justice protesters during the 2020 racial justice protests and describe the role of these tactics in normalizing police use of force. In addition, I performed a qualitative analysis of several days of protests to examine the place-making activities of protesters in order to highlight the agency of the protesters who sought racial justice and further contextualize the protest events. To address these issues, I used a mixed methods approach based on Vitale\u27s (2007) framework of hard and soft hat policing tactics, and Nassauer & Legewie\u27s (2019) framework of video data analysis to code and perform both statistical and thematic analyses. I found that while the use of PPBs soft and hard hat tactics did vary between neighborhoods, it was difficult to ascertain a clear pattern. Differences in built environments, transgressive protester actions, and police perceptions of place/protesters were all discussed as contributing factors. Overall, the difference between the average soft hat and hard hat tactics decreased, showing that PPB opted to use more hard hat tactics as the protests progressed. I further contextualize these findings in a qualitative discussion of themes that arose from analyzing protesters\u27 place-making actions, including the impermanent and permanent aspects of a protest, the addition of police violence to the landscape, and the plurality of protestors. These differences in tactics of policing between neighborhoods and across time have implications not just for future protest events, but also for how Portland Police respond to any emergency call, and how tactics of strategic incapacitation can act to further entrench racialized police violence. Examining the police tactics of strategic incapacitation as a process of normalization, rather than as an inevitable progression, enables people to seek alternatives to this form of policing
Fight, Flight, Freeze: How Access to Support Shapes Tenant Responses to Eviction in Multnomah County
Get PDFFacing eviction is a traumatic event that forces tenants into a fight, flight or freeze response. Our focus groups with Multnomah County tenants reveal that their responses to eviction are directly shaped by their access to support. Many tenants are unable to access formal support and therefore respond to eviction by freezing up or fleeing their home. Conversely, tenants who can access formal support—including rental assistance or legal assistance—exhibit a fight response, leveraging external support to challenge or avoid their eviction
Reconnecting a Stream Channel to its Floodplain: implications for benthic diatoms and macroinvertebrate trophic structure
Get PDFStreams systems draining upland landscapes provide valuable ecosystem services, but they are vulnerable to incision and channelization caused by anthropogenic disturbance. Restoring a degraded stream to its pre-disturbance condition by reconnecting the channel to its historical floodplain aims to recover lost hydro-morphological processes and functions. Seeking evidence to indicate whether that aim is met in practice, we examined diatoms and the stream macroinvertebrate trophic structures in three reaches of Whychus Creek, Oregon, United States. Two reaches were reconnected to their pre-disturbance floodplains in 2012 and 2016. The third, control reach, was not restored and was selected to represent the degraded stream condition prior to restoration. Ordinations showed that benthic diatom species composition shifted from the control reach to the restored reaches. Compared to the control reach, reconnection decreased the percentages of diatoms with nitrogen (N)-fixing cyanobacterial endosymbionts in the 2012 restored reach and decreased diatoms tolerant to low N conditions in both the restored reaches. δ15N values in both stream macroinvertebrates and tree leaves in the riparian zone were higher in the restored reaches. These findings suggest that floodplain reconnection may modify hydro-morphological processes and ecosystem functions in ways that enhance organic matter retention and hyporheic exchange, resulting in increased nutrient availability, improved nutrient cycling, and greater primary productivity. More generally, our results suggest that characterizing diatom species composition and trophic interactions using stable isotopes provides the basis for identifying and evaluating the beneficial effects of stream restoration on ecosystem functions and the food-web
To Identify or Not to Identify: a Choice in Chemistry Education Research and Practice
No full textChemistry Education Research and Practice is pleased to announce that authors will have the option to select whether their manuscript will undergo a single-anonymous or double-anonymous peer review process starting concurrent with this editorial. Single-anonymous has been the process to date, where the identities of the referees are not disclosed (is masked) to the author; however, the identity of the author is made known to the referees. In double-anonymous, the identities of the referees are masked to the author, and the identities of the authors are masked to the referees. Research literature from other disciplines found that single-anonymous review has been associated with higher referee ratings of manuscripts but also the potential for referee bias, while double-anonymous reviews can mitigate biases, such as the halo effect, but can also lead to lower referee ratings overall. It is unclear if these findings extend into chemistry education research. Allowing authors the choice of a single- or double-anonymous review process will also allow the Journal to learn about the relative benefits of each approach when applied within the chemistry education community. A search through the typical publishers in science education research revealed that among the high-impact journals, such as Science Education, Journal of Research in Science Teaching (Wiley), the International Journal of Science Education and Studies in Science Education (Taylor & Francis), as well as the International Journal of STEM Education and Research in Science Education (Springer), a double-anonymous review process is prevalent. Meanwhile, journals with a specific focus on chemistry education research, such as the Journal of Chemical Education (ACS) or Chemistry Teacher International (DeGruyter), use single-anonymous processes for peer review. None of these science education or chemistry education research journals provide authors with a choice on the peer review process
Interannual Variations in Stable Isotopes of Atmospheric Water in Arid Central Asia Due to Changes in Atmospheric Circulation
No full textThe oxygen isotope compositions in atmospheric water including water vapor and precipitation have been widely used to trace moisture sources and to reconstruct past climates. However, the environmental controls of stable isotopes in atmospheric water depend on the time scales. Because of limited observations in arid Central Asia, factors controlling interannual variations in atmospheric water isotopes are still not clear. Using an isotope-enabled general climate model, we do not find at the annual scale the significant relationship between temperature and δ18O values during 1979–2020 that is usually observed at the monthly scale. Under a warming background, there is no significant enriching trend in water isotopes. We found a strong positive correlation between westerly (and southerly) water vapor flux and δ18O values on an interannual scale for the area between 35°N–50°N and 50°E–80°E in the upstream direction. High and low δ18O years are characterized by different atmospheric circulations of mid-latitude Westerlies, and do not always correspond to the warm and cold years respectively. When the prevailing Westerlies are enhanced, the Westerlies circulation may carry more water vapor from the lower latitudes, leading to higher δ18O values in Central Asia. The changes in Westerlies circulation are supported by the clustered backward trajectories during enriched and depleted years. The limited precipitation isotope observations also show similar findings as the simulations on an interannual scale. The interannual variations of stable isotopes in atmospheric water in arid Central Asia reflect the changes in the mid-latitude Westerlies circulation. This should be taken into account when interpreting oxygen isotope proxies of paleoclimate records
Contralateral Second Dose Improves Antibody Responses to a 2-Dose Mrna Vaccination Regimen
Get PDFBACKGROUND. Vaccination is typically administered without regard to site of prior vaccination, but this factor may substantially affect downstream immune responses. METHODS. We assessed serological responses to initial COVID-19 vaccination in baseline seronegative adults who received second-dose boosters in the ipsilateral or contralateral arm relative to initial vaccination. We measured serum SARSCoV-2 spike–specific Ig, receptor-binding domain–specific (RBD-specific) IgG, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid–specific IgG, and neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2.D614G (early strain) and SARS-CoV-2.B.1.1.529 (Omicron) at approximately 0.6, 8, and 14 months after boosting. RESULTS. In 947 individuals, contralateral boosting was associated with higher spike-specific serum Ig, and this effect increased over time, from a 1.1-fold to a 1.4-fold increase by 14 months (P \u3c 0.001). A similar pattern was seen for RBDspecific IgG. Among 54 pairs matched for age, sex, and relevant time intervals, arm groups had similar antibody levels at study visit 2 (W2), but contralateral boosting resulted in significantly higher binding and neutralizing antibody titers at W3 and W4, with progressive increase over time, ranging from 1.3-fold (total Ig, P = 0.007) to 4.0-fold (pseudovirus neutralization to B.1.1.529, P \u3c 0.001). CONCLUSIONS. In previously unexposed adults receiving an initial vaccine series with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, contralateral boosting substantially increases antibody magnitude and breadth at times beyond 3 weeks after vaccination. This effect should be considered during arm selection in the context of multidose vaccine regimens
Development-Ally Focused: a Review and Reconceptualization of Ally Identity Development
No full textPurpose Although allies have been shown to be effective at helping to ignite positive change for marginalized groups, the literature on ally identity development is fragmented. Design/methodology/approach We draw from developmental, contextual, and identity theories to review the existing literature and focus squarely on the ally experience, resulting in a synthesized process-based conceptualization of ally identity development. Findings At each stage, we discuss intrapersonal experiences individuals are likely to have internally, interpersonal experiences that are likely to occur with others, and catalysts for progression to subsequent stages. In doing so, we outline the multilevel factors that influence and are influenced by ally development in hopes of identifying what motivates or dissuades individuals from becoming more active allies. Originality/value We provide practitioners and scholars with a deeper understanding of the organizational and societal benefits associated with allyship behaviors, as well as tools for increasing their presence within organizations
Electron-Phonon Interaction Mediated Gigantic Enhancement of Thermoelectric Power Factor Induced by Topological Phase Transition.
Get PDFWe propose an effective strategy to significantly enhance the thermoelectric power factor (PF) of a series of 2D semimetals and semiconductors by driving them toward a topological phase transition (TPT). Employing first-principles calculations with an explicit consideration of electron-phonon interactions, we analyze the electronic transport properties of germanene across the TPT by applying hydrogenation and biaxial strain. We reveal that the nontrivial semimetal phase, hydrogenated germanene with 8% biaxial strain, achieves a considerable 4-fold PF enhancement, attributed to the highly asymmetric electronic structure and semimetallic nature of the nontrivial phase. We extend the strategy to another two representative 2D materials (stanene and HgSe) and observe a similar trend, with a marked 7-fold and 5-fold increase in PF, respectively. The wide selection of functional groups, universal applicability of biaxial strain, and broad spectrum of 2D semimetals and semiconductors render our approach highly promising for designing novel 2D materials with superior thermoelectric performance
Recovery of Black Carbon Concentrations in Burned Forests
Get PDFForest fires shed light absorbing particles (LAP), such as black carbon and burned woody debris, into snowpacks, darkening snow surface albedo, and advancing snowmelt timing and snow disappearance patterns for decades following fire. Although the role of LAPs in seasonal snow has been extensively studied in recent years, the spatiotemporal variability of LAPs and contributions to snowmelt relative to years since fire and burn severity is still unknown. In the Triple Divide region of western Wyoming, the headwaters of the Colorado, Columbia, and Missouri rivers, we quantified the spatiotemporal variability of forest fire effects on snow albedo, using geochemical analysis and radiative transfer modeling of black carbon and burned woody debris concentrations in snowpacks from a chronosequence of eight burned forests. We found that the postfire radiative forcing on snow due to black carbon and burned woody debris concentrations was greatest immediately following fire and in high severity burned forests, but snow albedo in burned forests recovered over decades following fire to resemble snow albedo in open meadows. Geochemical analysis and radiative transfer modeling enhances our understanding of the spatiotemporal variability of the key mechanisms driving forest fire effects on snowmelt
Characterization of Histone Modifications in Response to Anoxia in Killifish Cells
No full textEmbryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus have the greatest tolerance to anoxia of all vertebrates, making them ideal to study the cellular mechanisms necessary for anoxia tolerance. This tolerance is supported by the ability of embryos to arrest development in diapause as part of their normal development and to enter into a state of anoxia-induced quiescence even during active development. While key RNAs have been described, the regulatory mechanisms that control anoxic gene expression have not. Gene expression is regulated by a variety of mechanisms, including alteration of chromatin through histone modification. Preliminary data in WS 36 embryos (anoxia LT50 of 65 days) identified 626 peptides across fifteen distinct histone proteins, representative of H1, H2A, H2B, and H3 isoforms. Since whole embryo patterns of histone modifications are an aggregate of multiple cell types, we are repeating this work using WS40NE cells, a neuroepithelial cell line isolated from embryonic A. limnaeus tissue explant that can survive anoxia for 49 days. Mass spectrometry based proteomics will be used to quantify histone modifications that occur in anoxic, anoxia-recovered, and normoxic WS40NE cells and compared to modifications in WS 36 embryos. Understanding patterns of histone modification in response to anoxia will provide insight into how cells can utilize histone posttranslational modifications to alter gene expression and support stress tolerance. This work is partly funded by NSF (2025832, 2209383)