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Application of label-free shotgun proteomics for the analysis of metabolic pathways in Euglena gracilis and its potential as a source of food supplements
No full textEmpirical thesis.Includes bibliographical references.Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Materials and methods -- Chapter 3. A comprehensive assessment of the biosynthetic pathways of ascorbate, α-tocopherol and free amino acids in Euglena gracilis var. saccharophila -- Chapter 4. Comparative proteomics investigation of central carbon metabolism in Euglena gracilis grown under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations -- Chapter 5. Differential response of Euglena gracilis enzymes involved in paramylon metabolism under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations -- Chapter 6. Investigation of Euglena gracilis var. saccharophila as a producer of valuable metabolites during mixotrophic cultivation in a laboratory-scale bioreactor -- Chapter 7. Conclusive summary and future research directions -- Chapter 11. Supporting information -- Appendix.Proteomic studies provide insight into the global expression patterns of proteins within cells. Proteomic profiling of the freshwater protist Euglena gracilis has not been previously investigated, although its transcriptome has recently been published. This work aimed at profiling and identifying proteins involved in carbon metabolism, the biosynthetic and degradation pathways of paramylon, and the biosynthetic pathways of α-tocopherol, ascorbate and the twenty protein-building amino acids under photoautotrophic (PT), mixotrophic (MT) and heterotrophic (HT) cultivations.Paramylon content was the highest under HT condition, with the streptomycin-bleached mutant E. gracilis ZSB synthesising the most paramylon and the wild-type E. gracilis var. saccharophila synthesising paramylon the fastest. However, antioxidant content was the highest under PT condition, with the wild-type E. gracilis Z strain accumulating the most antioxidants. The abundance of some free amino acids varied between the mid-exponential phase and the beginning of the stationary phase, and between growth conditions, but the total amount remained about the same with arginine as the most abundant amino acid.Label-free shotgun proteomics enabled identification of over 4000 translated proteins, about 30% of which could not be annotated by sequence similarity alone. Many enzymes exhibited several isoforms that were influenced by growth condition. Not all isozymes identified in the transcriptome were detected in the proteome, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. The results indicated diversity of pathways similar to different organisms, such as lysine biosynthesis to fungi, and serine and proline biosyntheses to plants. Some pathways were unique to Euglena, such as the TCA cycle, and paramylon, ascorbate and arginine biosyntheses.The proteomic studies revealed that instead of hexokinase E. gracilis uses a high-specificity glucokinase for the EMP pathway. Two paramylon synthase candidates (EgGSL1 and EgGSL2) were identified of which EgGSL2 was predominant and expressed under all growth conditions. EgGSL1 was not expressed under HT condition, but the gene transcript was detected by qRT-PCR across all growth conditions indicating light induction and post-transcriptional regulation. Some enzymes of the Calvin pathway were expressed under HT cultivation suggesting post-translational regulation. HT cells may also carry out CO2 fixation in the dark even in the presence of sufficient glucose in the medium. Two pathways for serine biosynthesis were identified, one of which was prevalent under PT and MT cultivation, and the other under HT cultivation.The MT cultivation of E. gracilis var. saccharophila was further chosen for evaluation of this strain as a potential source of food supplements in a laboratory-scale bioreactor, as this strain produced higher paramylon than E. gracilis Z, and under MT cultivation its antioxidant levels were higher than those of E. gracilis ZSB.This work expands on the existing knowledge of metabolic pathways in E. gracilis and provides insight into how these pathways are influenced by growth condition, thus providing a foundation for future strain engineering.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xvii, 190, ) diagrams, graphs, table
Real-time event detection from the Twitter datastream
No full textEmpiriical thesis.Bibliography: pages 107-122.1. Introduction -- 2. Literature review -- 3. TwitterNews -- 4. TwitterNews+ -- 5. Providing a context to an event -- 6. Conclusion -- References.Detecting events in real-time from the Twitter data stream has gained substantial attention in recent years from researchers around the world. We have performed a survey on different event detection systems and identified that one of the major challenges faced, while designing these systems, is the high volume of tweets in the Twitter stream which can incur a computationally prohibitive cost to detect events in real-time. As a solution to the problem, we have designed an end-to-end event detection framework, TwitterNews+, which incorporates a novel variant of an incremental clustering approach to provide alow computational cost and a scalable solution to detect newsworthy events in real-time from the Twitter data stream.We have conducted a parameter sensitivity analysis to fine-tune the parameters used in TwitterNews+ in order to improve its performance in detecting newsworthy events. We then performed an experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of TwitterNews+ against five state-of-the-art baselines that cover a wide range of event detection techniques. Theresults of the evaluation, performed on a publicly available tweet corpus, show that TwitterNews+ outperforms the baselines by achieving the highest recall and precision in detecting newsworthy events. Our experiments revealed that the number-of-tweets/second processing capability of TwitterNews+ is sufficiently high and thus, allows our system to achieve real-time event detection capability and scalability.Finally, we have incorporated a novel component in TwitterNews+, which can provide a set of context tweets for an event by extracting relevant additional information using theTwitter Search API. A probabilistic-feedback-based approach has been taken to maximize the relevancy of the context tweets associated with an event. The modular nature of the context providing component in TwitterNews+ allows it to be used by any event detection system to supplement the limited information often contained in an event.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xx, 122 pages) table
Human-centred design and person-centred care: developing design personas in residential aged care
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 79-83.Part 1: Concept Development -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Literature Review -- 1.3 Methodology review -- Part 2: Proof of concept -- 2.1 Method -- 2.2 Findings -- 2.3 Discussion -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- AppendixBackground: Personas are a human-centred design technique that employ a narrative style to present data and insights in a form that engages our social conscience, emotional intuition and empathy. Representing clusters of service users who display similar behaviours, attitudes or needs, personas can help shift our focus away from the needs of the organisation or system and onto the needs of the service user.Method: First, the concept of personas and human - centred design in aged care was explored through a literature review and examination of persona methodology. Next , the persona methodology was implemented in a residential aged care facility in Sydney, Australia . Data was collected through observation and interview s to understand resident s ' needs, behaviours and attitudes . A variable mapping process was used to identify clusters of similar residents. Insights were presented in the form of personas which were reviewed with key staff to obtain feedback on their usefulness for informing future service improvement initiative.Results The literature review revealed few studies using human - centred participato ry design techniques to enhance person - centred care in aged care . One human - centred design technique not previously utilised in aged care was personas . A methodology to develop ethnographic research - based personas in a residential aged care setting was developed . Four key behavioural and attitudinal variables were identified that distinguished between residents: tendency to interact/isolate; likes to help out/does not help out (insular); strong/weak family bond; and, feeling unsettled in care. These four factors were manifest in three personas. Each persona has a unique identity but draws on the anecdotes, life stories an d experiences of all residents involved in the study.Conclusions: This proof of concept study has demonstrated the potential of personas to assist in the design and delivery of more person - centred care : to drive person - centred decision making ; turn resident data into a ctionable insights; and, encourage aged - care facilities to look at how to deliver person - centred care more effective ly and in new ways. For residents, the technique could allow a vulnerable, often marginalised, group to express their experience, needs, and expectations in their own voice. For service delivery, personas could be used to great advantage in residential aged care to overcome the challenge of operationalising person - centred care.1 online resource (95 pages
South Korean cinema 2000-2010: A masculinity in crisis?
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 305 - 327Introduction -- Chapter 1 - Theoretical reflections of South Korean Screen -- Chapter 2 - The Hermit Natin -- Chapter 3 - Masculinity and the Nation in JSA, Silmido and Brotherhood of War -- Chapter 4 - Politics, recessive masculinity and the legacy of Student Era Cinema in Memories of Murder,The Host and Mother -- Chapter 5 - Violence, Fantasy and Global Capital in The Foul King, A Bittersweet Life and I Saw The Devil -- Chapter 6 - Masculinity in Conflict in Sympathy for Mr. Vemgeance, Thirst and Oldboy -- Chapter 7 - Gender relations in Samaritan Girl, 3-Iron and Time -- Conclusion.This thesis provides a cohesive account of the changing face of masculine representations in the cinema of South Korea between 2000 - 2010. During this period, the presentation of male characters in South Korean films went through a period of substantial change. Due to several external factors, including the decline of the Hong Kong film industry following the British hand over to China, the South Korean industry was able to rise to prominence from the compromised position created by the division of the peninsula. Traditionally South Korean masculinity - as analysed in the work of such theorists as Lee Hyangjin and Kim Kyung-hyun - has been considered to be in a state of recession. This condition was thought to reflect the peninsula's inferior position in 20th century world politics. However, in the 21st Century South Korea's image - both on screen and off - has experienced both repair and prosperity. This has been very much reflected in the industry's dramatic shift in masculine iconography. Gone are the traditionally wounded and pathetic masculine characters and in their place are sleek suited male representations portrayed by such internationally acclaimed stars as Song Kang-ho, Choi Min-sik and Lee Byung-hun. Through insight into the trends and dynamics of gender featured in the works of Gender Studies theorists including RW Connell, combined with analysis of numerous films, this thesis provides a fully comprehensive critical analysis of South Korean screen masculinity. The thesis shows how this masculinity has been transformed from a wounded, recessive gender model to one of the most dominant and thriving models on the world stage. It also attempts to provide a global perspective on many of the theories tied to issues of South Korean masculinity through comparison to similar examples in both East-Asian cinema and beyond.1 online resource ([4], 327 pages
The global convergence of financial reporting in Bangladesh
No full textThesis by publication.Bibliography: pages 138-189.Chapter 1. Overview of the thesis -- Chapter 2. Theoretical and methodological suggestions for improving research on the global convergence of financial reporting -- Chapter 3. The influence of Islamic religiosity on professional accountants’ judgments on the global convergence of financial reporting : evidence from Bangladesh -- Chapter 4. The influence of perceived accountability on professional accountants’ judgments on the convergence of financial reporting : evidence from Bangladesh -- Chapter 5. Conclusions -- References -- Tables -- Appendices.The thesis comprises three related papers which extend the literature on global convergence of financial reporting using Bangladesh as a proxy for Islamic countries. Figure 1.1 on page 14 provides the aim of the thesis and objectives of the three papers, and Figure 1.2 on page 15 provides the theoretical framework of the study. The first paper is entitled, “Theoretical and Methodological Suggestions for Improving Research on the Global Convergence of Financial Reporting”. This paper critically evaluates 430 scholarly articles published in leading journals (classified as A* and A by the Australian Business Deans Council) from January 1985 to June 2018. The articles examine various aspects of the global convergence of financial reporting with the objective of providing theoretical and methodological suggestions for improving research in this area. All 430 papers were grouped into two categories, namely (1) de jure convergence (12) and (2) de facto convergence (418). Whilst de jure research examines uniformity and consistency in accounting standards, de facto research studies consistency in accounting practices. The papers in the de facto category are further classified as follows: (1) archival research (199); (2) behavioral research (85); and (3) others (134), which includes topics related to, for example, the standard-setting agendas of the IASB and countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, the history and politics of accounting standards in different countries, and accounting system classification. All 418 papers categorised as de facto are evaluated in terms of the objective of the paper. Archival studies primarily examine the impact of IFRS adoption on various variables, including earnings management, value relevance, analyst following and forecast accuracy, various financial ratios, cost of capital, and liquidity. Fifty-four studies developed quantitative approaches such as indices and regression analysis to measure the de facto level of global convergence. However, these simplistic quantitative techniques are criticised on a number of theoretical and methodological grounds. For example, the indices used to measure convergence are very sensitive to sample size, number of countries, and number of accounting practices examined. In these studies, quantitative models are simplistically employed and country-specific contextual factors that influence professional accountants’ judgments are largely ignored. Measuring convergence poses serious challenges because accounting standards require extensive use of accountants’ professional judgment and applying quantitative approaches to capture complex judgment processes both within and across countries is problematic. To address the limitations of these archival studies, another stream of research in de facto convergence, ‘behavioural research’, representing 85 papers in our sample, primarily use survey and experiment research designs to obtain in-depth insights into professional accountants’ judgments. This strand of research primarily attempts to unpack the ‘black-box’ of culture. However, all these attempts to assess global convergence are concentrated mostly in Anglo-American and European countries and largely ignore transitional, developing, and Islamic countries, which differ substantially from Anglo-American countries in terms of country-specific contextual factors. While useful, these studies are often narrow in their focus, and do not provide adequate holistic insights into the global convergence of financial reporting, particularly within countries. Hence, there have been calls in the literature to provide more holistic and in-depth insights into professional accountants’ judgments. By integrating multidisciplinary perspectives, this study suggests that researchers may extend this strand of research by taking into account relevant and important contextual factors such as cultural, political, legal, and economic factors, which collectively provide a more complete framework of factors that cause within- and between-country-level differences in accounting practices. This study also suggests that relevant accountants’ personality variables such as Islamic religiosity and perceived accountability need to be examined with respect to global convergence to gain holistic and in-depth insights into professional accountants’ judgments.The second paper is entitled, “The Influence of Islamic Religiosity on Professional Accountants’ Judgments on the Global Convergence of Financial Reporting: Evidence from Bangladesh”. This paper examines the influence of Islamic religiosity on professional accountants’ judgments on issues related to the global convergence of financial reporting. Gray’s (1988) accounting values—professionalism vs. statutory control, uniformity vs. flexibility, conservatism vs. optimism, and secrecy vs. transparency—are the dependent variables. These accounting values, which have been tested for validity and reliability, are selected because they provide useful insights into accountants’ judgments and decision making on issues related to IFRS convergence. Islamic religiosity is measured using the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude towards Islam (Sahin & Francis, 2002) because it has been tested for validity and reliability in different jurisdictions, including Pakistan, Malaysia, and Kuwait. Islam is a rigid religion and allows its adherents little room to exercise their judgments. It is quite specific in many of its prescriptions and is no doubt more rules-based than most of the world’s religions. However, IFRS are more principles-based and adopt the ‘substance over form’ approach, which requires accountants to exercise their professional judgments in interpreting and applying IFRS. The paper finds support for the hypothesis that professional accountants in Bangladesh who score higher on measures of Islamic religiosity are more likely to be supportive of statutory control, uniformity, conservatism and secrecy, and therefore, are less likely to be supportive of principles-based financial reporting standards. The results show that the accounting values of Bangladeshi professional accountants are not compatible with Anglo-American accounting values. The findings also show that Islamic religiosity is an important variable in examining the convergence of financial reporting. The findings have implications for global standards setters, international accounting firms, and cross-cultural research, particularly in Islamic countries. The results may be useful to multinational companies that employ a significant number of Muslims, and regulators in Bangladesh and other Islamic countries in improving the quality of convergence and financial reporting.The third paper is entitled, “The Influence of Perceived Accountability on Professional Accountants’ Judgments on the Convergence of Financial Reporting: Evidence from Bangladesh”. This paper examines the influence of perceived accountability on professional accountants’ judgments on the global convergence of financial reporting using Bangladesh as a proxy for Islamic countries. Gray’s (1988) accounting values—professionalism vs. statutory control, uniformity vs. flexibility, conservatism vs. optimism and secrecy vs. transparency, which have been tested for validity and reliability, are selected as dependent variables because they provide useful insights into accountants’ JDM on issues related to global convergence. The concept of perceived accountability is rooted in the phenomenological view of accountability, which describes accountability as a state of mind and posits that subjective interpretations of objective conditions impact individuals’ attitudes and behaviour. Although the phenomenological view emphasises the subjective, internal nature of accountability, it also recognises that these assessments of accountability are based, in part, on perceptions of objective external conditions. Individuals may perceive and experience those objective conditions differently. This focus on perceived or subjectively experienced accountability is useful in examining what drives professional judgments. Consequently, the contextual perspective on perceived accountability is important and critical for both theoretical and practical reasons in understanding globalisation and convergence in an Islamic context. Perceived accountability is particularly important in Islam because accountability to God and the community for all activities is paramount to a Muslim’s faith. Using the measures of perceived accountability (Hochwarter et al., 2003) and Gray’s (1988) accounting values, the paper provides evidence that perceived accountability is positively (negatively) associated with statutory control (professionalism), uniformity (flexibility) and conservatism (optimism), and transparency (secrecy). The results show that the accounting values of Bangladeshi professional accountants are not compatible with Anglo-American accounting values. The findings also show that perceived accountability is an important personality variable. Findings from this study provide important insights for understanding the global convergence of financial reporting in an Islamic context. The findings are useful for global standards setters, international accounting firms, and cross-cultural research, particularly in Islamic countries. In addition to these three papers, the thesis also includes an introduction and a conclusion section that integrate the papers together.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (vii, 222 pages) diagrams, table
The development of novel physical layer security algorithms to mitigate cognitive radio attacks
No full textEmpirical thesis.Bibliography: pages 145-154.1. Introduction -- 2. Cognitive radio networks -- 3. Security threats for a new generation of networks -- 4. Mitigation of primary user emulation attacks -- 5. Single iteration belief propagation -- 6. Compressive sensing belief propagation hybrid -- 7. Mitigation of spectrum sensing data falsification attacks -- 8. SSDFA, reputation mining and reset attacks -- 9. Discussion and conclusion -- Bibliography.Since the implementation of the first public-access networks, attackers have looked to take advantage of vulnerabilities in network security to gain an unfair advantage. In recent times, wireless networks have increasingly been integrated in our everyday lives. Science-fiction style automated homes and societies have increasingly become a reality. Today's wireless devices possess high cognitive ability, they dynamically adjust according to their environment and user preferences to ensure maximum comfort for their users. As a result, a global network of interconnected wireless devices has been growing exponentially for the past few decades. Previous radio-frequency spectrum allocation has failed to predict this growth, which has resulted in extreme congestion in some bands and low utilisation of others. Cognitive Radio, a collection of intelligent methods, is seen as the most promising solution. To increase effciency they allow secondary users (users that do not have a regulatory right to use a frequency channel) to utilise allocated frequency bands when they are not being utilised by paying users (primary users). However, cognitive radio implementation has been delayed several times because of its susceptibility to a number of security attacks, specifically in the physical layer. As such, a taxonomy of new attacks has been identfied, which could not be mitigated by standard security algorithms that were developed for conventional wireless networks. The primary aim of this thesis is to mitigate the effects of physical layer attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN). In particular, two attacks have been identified as the most serious threats to cognitive radio security. These are a Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA), which involves an attacker emulating the properties of primary users in order to gain an unfair advantage over other secondary users and a Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification Attack (SSDFA), during which an attacker intentionally manipulates messages containing spectrum sensing information in order to trick secondary users into miss-diagnosing the status of a primary user. In this thesis, we present a number of algorithms to combat the vast array of attacks within the physical layer. In particular we present a number of novel, highly effective, low computational complexity algorithms that can be implemented to completely eradicate these attacks and render them ineffective. Since many of the devices that make up a cognitive radio network have battery and computational complexity constrains, our objective was to develop mitigation algorithms that they are lightweight and can be implemented effectively.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xvi, 154 pages) graph
Dispatches from a forgotten war: Australian journalists and China’s Boxer Rebellion
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 86-99.Introduction -- Chapter 1. "Yellow peril" -- Chapter 2. "Handy men" -- Chapter 3. "Chinese" Morrison -- Conclusion -- Bibliography.China weighs heavily on Australian public discourse, influenced by perceptions that have been moulded by the stories, voices and images produced by Australian journalists reporting from China. My thesis critically examines the experiences of a group of journalists who were reporting on China at the start of the 20th century and how they interpreted the populous Asian nation for a domestic audience. While most studies looking at the way the Australian media has helped frame our images of China use the 1930s or World War II as a starting point for their analysis, this thesis investigates the importance of those reporters who covered Australia’s military involvement in the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900-01. It initially examines the role of the media in stoking anti-Chinese sentiment in the Australian colonies in the 1800s, looking at the part played by jingoistic periodicals like the Bulletin and the Boomerang . The thesis then uses original press dispatches from reporters and editors as part of aqualitative analysis of media coverage of a conflict which has often been referred to as Australia’s “forgotten” war. It will also explore the role played in press coverage of the Boxer Rebellion by George “Chinese” Morrison, a Geelong-born reporter for The Times of London who has been described by many as Australia’s most important foreign correspondent, but whose reputation should be open to more rigorous scrutiny than has been the case to date. Although some source material used in this study has been utilised by other researchers in the past to examine other issues, this thesis provides a new perspective that focuses on the role of the print media in shaping Australian views on China at the time of federation.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (100 pages
Tracking geomorphic and vegetative recovery: implications for flow hydrology and river management
No full textEmpirical thesis.Bibliography: pages 48-56.1. Introduction, literature review and thesis aims -- 2. Regional setting and methods -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5, Conclusion -- References -- Appendix.Throughout Eastern Australia, and much of the World, river systems have undergone a series of hydro-geomorphic and vegetative changes following European settlement. Recent research has shown that river recovery is occurring, through improved geomorphic and vegetative condition, but there is limited evidence on the composition and effect of increased riparian vegetation on roughness and flood hydrology. Using the Allyn River, New South Wales, Australia as a case study, historical aerial photographs and satellite imagery showed that significant geomorphic recovery has occurred since the 1970s and total riparian vegetation canopy cover has increased from 30.4% in 1940 to 38% in 1967 and 62.9% in 2016. Riparian vegetation roughness, calculated using a terrestrial laser scanner gap fraction method and retrospective analysis, showed an increase in average Manning’s n from 0.0156 in 1940 to 0.0194 in 1967 to 0.0372 in 2016 (2 m stage height). As a result, flood wave travel time has attenuated by over 8 hours for ~3 m flows, but further river recovery is required to attenuate high flows (>4 m). This study highlights the outcomes of catchment-scale passive river recovery and provides improved methods for quantifying site- and stage-height- specific vegetative roughness.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (vi, 61 pages) illustrations (some colour), colour map
Estimating housing supply elasticities across Sydney LGAs
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 88-92.Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Literature review -- Chapter 3. Housing market at the LGA level in Sydney -- Chapter 4. Preliminary data analysis -- Chapter 5. Modeling housing supply elasticity in Sydney -- Chapter 6. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix.The real estate industry plays a pivotal role in the Australian economy. This has led to a debate regarding the determinants of real house price changes. This thesis uses annual data over the period 1991 to 2015 to estimate supply elasticities across metropolitan Sydney, at the local government level. Our results indicate that the average supply elasticity for all types of dwellings is inelastic, with the average estimated elasticity less than unity. Disaggregating the results between strata and non-strata properties provides more detail into the market forces driving the real house price. For instance, we find that about one-fifth of local government areas (LGAs) have estimated elasticities greater than one, implying that they exhibit elastic demand. On the other hand, the supply elasticity of non-strata properties across all 43 LGAs is inelastic. Having estimated supply elasticities, we also investigate which explanatory factors contribute to explaining the slope of the housing supply curves across the Sydney metropolitan area. We find that geographic factors, development approval time and population density all play significant roles in determining the supply elasticities.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (100 pages) graphs, table
What is the most accurate and reliable methodological approach for predicting peak height velocity in adolescents? A systematic review
No full textObjectives: To identify the most accurate method of predicting peak height velocity in adolescents. Design: Systematic review. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of six electronic databases and reference lists was conducted. Studies that met selection criteria of (1) observational longitudinal cohort study (2) reproducible method/s of predicting peak height velocity (3) minimum six-month follow-up (4) healthy male and/or female adolescent subjects, with the exception of participants with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, were considered for review. Studies were screened using a modified quality assessment checklist, with only those scoring >50% included. The type of surrogate measure of peak height velocity, its reliability and ability to predict peak height velocity were extracted from the year or stage immediately preceding peak height velocity. We defined "predict" as when both the estimates of effect and 95% confidence intervals of the surrogate occurred prior to the actual age of PHV. Results: The nine included studies examined three anthropometric, three equation and four radiographic-based surrogates for PHV. Of these, the radiographic measures were reported to exhibit moderate to high intra- and inter-rater reliability. Three of the four radiographic surrogates predicted PHV. Two anthropometric measures also predicted PHV but reliability of the measures is unknown. All equation-based methods predicted the timing of PHV to occur later than it actually happened when applied in the year prior to expected PHV. Conclusions: In the year/stage immediately preceding peak height velocity, radiograph-based methods appear to be accurate and reliable surrogates.6 page(s