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Developing and validating in-house, standardised, English reading and listening placement/streaming and achievement tests aligned to the Common European Framework of Reference Levels A2–B1 at a Japanese university
No full textEmpirical thesis."Research carried out at Hiroshima Bunkyo Women’s University in Hiroshima, Japan" -- title page.Bibliography: pages 269-293.1. Introduction to the study -- 2. Literature review : an overview of validity and validation in language testing -- 3. Literature review : empirical investigations relevant to the current study -- 4. The Bunkyo English test interpretation/use argument -- 5. Materials and methods -- 6. Results -- 7. Summary, conclusions and reflections -- References -- Appendices.The research project presented in this thesis investigates one aspect of redesigning a compulsory English as a foreign language curriculum at a Japanese university to match intended target CEFR proficiency levels. Specifically, this thesis focuses on the creation and validation of institutional standardised tests of English reading and listening proficiency intended to be aligned to levels A2 and B1 of the CEFR.Kane’s argument-based approach to test validation, which firstly elaborates an Interpretation/Use Argument (IUA), and secondly uses a validity argument to evaluate evidence gathered to support the IUA, is used as a framework for the validation of the tests in question, known as the Bunkyo English Tests (BETs). Inferences in the IUA are also drawn from Chapelle, Enright, and Jamieson (2008), and the warrant for the final inference is drawn from Bachman and Palmer (2010).To substantiate the validity argument, data were collected from a variety of sources, including test results and test specifications, course outlines, surveys administered to teachers and students, interviews with teachers and university senior administrators, student course grades and assessment results, and student results from two other standardised tests, the Oxford Online Placement Test® and the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC®).Results indicate that the BETs seem to have functioned sufficiently as course placement tests, but not as class streaming tests to divide classes within courses. Further analysis shows that the tests did not function effectively as achievement tests aligned to CEFR levels A2 and B1. This study demonstrates that Kane’s approach to test validation is viable for small-scale, in-house testing programs in the development phase, as it facilitated the selection of validity evidence, the analysis of which exposed areas of weakness in the tests and the test specifications, indicating clear avenues for improvement. Results also point to the need for further validation research on in-house tests which aim for CEFR alignment.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xii, 348 pages) graphs, table
Power and ideology in the New Caledonian independence debate: a pragma-functional approach to critical discourse analysis
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 273-302..Chapter One. Background to the research -- Chapter Two. Critical discourse analysis and its epistemological underpinnings -- Chapter Three. A pragma-functional analysis of the ontological praxis of power and ideology in the New Caledonian independence debate -- Chapter Four. The construction of New Caledonian identity and the negotiation of power and ideology by the interactants through the systems of transitivity and modality -- Chapter Five. Argumentative reconstruction and evaluation of the discourse samples -- Chapter Six. Discussion of the ideological adherences and practices of the participants in the independence debate -- Chapter Seven. Insights and recommendations for future research -- References -- Appendices.This thesis critically analyses the discourse employed by eight representatives of the main stakeholder groups in the debate on New Caledonian independence to reveal the impact of historically formed power relations and the continuing ideological incongruence of perspectives on the participants’ lexicogrammatical selections and argumentative moves.By performing a contextual systemic functional and pragma-dialectical analysis of a set of French discourse samples, represented as an intercollective plurilogue between various protagonists and their heterogeneous audience and encompassing a variety of genres and registers, I clarify the interlocutors’ imagined realities and the negotiation process that could determine the Pacific nation’s future forever, and this stands as my original contribution to knowledge.A contrastive mixed-methods pragma-functional approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was undertaken, combining Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Pragma-Dialectics (PD) and informed by postcolonialism and poststructuralism.The study showed that the French and Caldoche or European-originated interactants constructed New Caledonia’s future and identity as closely intertwined with France and its Republican values, as opposed to the Kanak interlocutors, who perceived the nation as self-governing according to the Melanesian Way. The former also represented themselves as more powerful Agents in the decolonisation process.It was revealed that the dominant French and Caldoche powers employed a fallacious rhetoric of multiethnicity and postcolonial pluralism to convince the other groups of the superiority of a co-existence solution through opting for a continued association with France, whereas the Kanak indigenous interactants asserted in vain that their preferred political pathway was to obtain full independence. An investigation of some of the recent social and ideological practices of the French and Caldoche participants provided evidence of covert postcolonial racism in the form of significant discrepancies in social and economic development between the two extremes of New Caledonia’s population.French neo-colonialism and the conjunction of Caldoche and Kanak nationalisms were found to infuse the representatives’ conflictual discourse, leading to an inevitable discord in viewpoints on the independence issue, which could materialise in a form of independence that is forced into existence by the most powerful French collective argument. Without doubt, however, the local indigenous counter-discourse will persist in defending the Kanak’s inalienable rights to self-determination and cultural recognition, since the indigenous voice has not been properly heard.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (428 pages) table
Access for deaf people: perceptions of the NDIS client experience
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 83-97.Chapter One. Introduction -- Chapter Two. Literature review -- Chapter Three. Theoretical framework -- Chapter Four. Methodology -- Chapter Five. Results -- Chapter Six. Discussion.In Australia, the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) seeks to ensure that people with a disability can access the supports they need to live well and flourish. In its most recent report, the NDIS acknowledged that it needs to improve the client experience; particularly for those clients who are members of culturally, and linguistically diverse groups (NDIA, 2018b). There is limited knowledge available regarding the NDIS client experience of signing deaf people—people who use Australian Sign Language as their primary language. This research explores signing deaf people’s experiences when accessing the NDIS to obtain a service package. Taking an ontological view, an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach was adopted where membersof the Sydney signing deaf community participated in a focus group and discussed their experiences in accessing the NDIS for a service package. The focus group’s discussions were interpreted from Auslan, and then transcribed into English, which was subjected to qualitative analysis using NVivo. While all participants indicated that the provision of information by NDIS of independent access, through Auslan was adequate—though lacking depth of detail; all also noted that the NDIS’s staff awareness and knowledge of signing deaf people’s life experience was an obvious area for development. This study can contribute to improving the quality of the service of the NDIS by identifying factors that can enhance the NDIS client experience for signing deaf clients.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (97 pages
Effects of clay-organic association on hydrocarbon generation in shale
No full textEmpirical thesis.Includes bibliographical references.Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Two examples of distinct shale fabrics : what they are composed of and how they are formed -- Chapter 3. Clay-organic association as a control on hydrocarbon generation in shale -- Chapter 4. The influence of shale depositional fabric on the kinetics of hydrocarbon generation through control of mineral surfac contact area on clay catalysis -- Chapter 5. Conclusions -- Appendices.Widely variable and inconsistent results are reported in many previous studies while investigating the influence of mineral matrix on hydrocarbon generation using laboratory pyrolysis experiments. Some studies show greater hydrocarbon generation in mixtures of clay minerals and organic matter while others report an inhibiting effect of clay minerals. The effect of physical association of organic matter and mineral matrices on hydrocarbon generation has not been tested yet. This thesis investigates the forms of organic carbon in shale and their physical relationship to the mineral matrix as a control on hydrocarbon yield and generation kinetics. Two distinct shale textures are compared with varying degree of surface contact between minerals and organic matter. Samples of the Micoene Monterey Formation in California, USA demonstrate a complex intimate association of amorphous organic matter with clay minerals at sub-micron scale in a nanocomposite shale fabric. Organic matter in the Permian Stuart Range Formation of South Australia is present as discrete organic particles of > 5 μm size that are largely unrelated to the mineral matrix. The relationship between organic matter and mineral surfaces is also evident in the scaling between total organic carbon (TOC) and mineral surface area (MSA). Samples with intercalated clay mineral and organic matter (nanocomposite) typical of the Monterey Formation show a strong first-order relationship between TOC and MSA (R2 = 0.91) identifying a genetic relationship between these structures leading to a molecular scale coating of organic matter on mineral surfaces. Samples from the Stuart Range Formation have a poor relationship between TOC and MSA (R2 = 0.54) indicating independence of organic matter accumulation without mineral matrix influence. Pyrolysis experiments of whole rock samples compared to the extracted kerogen isolates show greater hydrocarbon generation of the kerogen isolates than the whole rocks (containing minerals and organic matter) in both sample suites. Between the two sample sets, however, there is a significant difference of hydrocarbon generation potential (HI) between extracted kerogen and whole rock with the Stuart Range Formation showing a much greater range (56 to 210 mgHC/gTOC) than in the Monterey Formation (85 to 142 mgHC/gTOC). This is interpreted to result from greater hydrocarbon retention by the mineral surfaces unoccupied by organic matter in the Stuart Range Formation.Kinetic experiments are performed on paired samples of whole rock and theextracted kerogen component from both Monterey and Stuart Range formations using open system, non-isothermal pyrolysis at three different heating rates (0.7, 2 and 5 K/min). The majority of the samples of the Stuart Range Formation show nearly identical generation pattern for whole rock and kerogen isolate pairs in kinetic models, which is consistent with the independent distribution of organic matter and minerals. The Monterey Formation, however, show a significant clay catalytic effect by reducing the onset temperature of hydrocarbon generation by 20°C when compared to kerogen isolates. This finding is consistent with the nanocomposite fabric of samples of the Monterey Formation where reactive clay minerals are intimately associated with organic matter. The results show that shale fabric,and in particular, the physical relationship between clay mineral surfaces and organic matter at sub-micron scales can influence timing and yield of hydrocarbon generation. In turn, this association is determined by conditions in the depositional environment leading to a predictable effect between different types of shale.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xviii, 222 pages) illustrations (some colour
Can oysters provide a refuge to coastal biodiversity in a changing world?
No full textThesis by publication.Includes bibliographical references.Chapter 1. General introduction -- Chapter 2. The mechanisms by which oysters facilitate invertebrates vary across environmental gradients -- Chapter 3. Fast growing oysters show reduced capacity to provide a thermal refuge to intertidal biodiversity at high temperatures -- Chapter 4. Intraspecific differences in the transcriptional stress response of two populations of Sydney rock oyster increase with rising temperatures -- Chapter 5. Are all oyster beds equal? Trait-mediated climate amelioration by oysters -- Chapter 6. Discussion.Climate change is forcing species to adapt to the rapidly changing environment, migrate, or face extinction. Ecosystem engineers can ameliorate environmental stress experienced by associated organisms, and may provide climate refugia for biodiversity. However, for their conservation to be an effective strategy for climate change adaptation, we need to know where, when and how ecosystem engineers have the greatest influence on biodiversity. This thesis focuses on ecosystem engineering by intertidal Saccostrea oysters, examining (1) how the mechanisms of facilitation by oysters change across environmental gradients, (2) whether specific Saccostrea populations are more resilient to temperature extremes, (3) whether greater resilience is driven by sub-cellular stress responses to high temperatures, and (4) how intraspecific variation in key structural traits of oysters influence their capacity to ameliorate temperature extremes. Manipulative experiments replicated across 900km of coastline revealed that although provision of structure by oysters was a key mechanism by which they facilitated biodiversity, at warmer sites amelioration of heat and desiccation stress was an increasingly important mechanism of facilitation, whereas in cooler climates, amelioration of predation was more important. Oysters selectively bred for fast growth and disease resistance were more susceptible to rising temperatures than unselected oysters, and consequently, were less effective microhabitat refugia to invertebrates under scenarios of warming. However, selectively bred oysters demonstrated greater upregulation of genes involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis under warmer climate scenarios, suggesting that breeding programs targeting climate resilience may successfully increase the resilience of Saccostrea. The structural traits of oyster habitat influenced their capacity to ameliorate climate, with vertically but not horizontally orientated oysters alleviating physical stress experienced by associated species. Overall, Saccostrea appear to have the capacity to endure the predicted temperature increases for the coming decades, and where they form dense, vertically orientated habitat, their conservation can provide a climate-adaption strategy for coastal biodiversity.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xxi, 176 pages) graphs, table
Comparative analysis of quantitative whole body orthostatic postural measures: a systematic review
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 44-48.Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Methods -- Chapter 3. Results -- Chapter 4. Discussion -- Chapter 5. Strengths and limitations of the review -- Chapter 6. Future research -- Chapter 7. Conclusions -- References -- Appendix.Background: Measuring whole body posture has played a part in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal conditions for decades. However, there is little evidence supporting the supposed impact of faulty posture on the musculoskeletal system. A valid and reliable method of whole body postural measurement is required to build upon the evidence. The aim of this study was to identify and qualitatively assess quantitative methods of whole body orthostatic postural measurement that are valid, reliable, and that reflect conventional practices. Also investigated was the management of variables that affect posture.Methods: A systematic search through eight electronic databases and a search through grey literature were conducted. Two independent reviewers critically analysed methodologies with a critical analysis tool.Results: Ten articles retrieved from the literature search and three systems from the grey literature found that photogrammetry and ordinal scaling were two methods of measurement. Four studies were of high methodological quality but did not reflect conventional practice. A narrow aspect of reliability was assessed while validity was undetermined. The protocols poorly managed postural variables.Conclusions: Photogrammetry has good potential for precise measurements of whole body orthostatic posture. Further research in establishing protocols to improve the reliability and validity of postural measurement is necessary.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (ix, 49 pages) 1 illustratio
An analysis of factors affecting ICT co-ordination and integration in schools
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 72-90.1. Introduction -- 2. ICT integration -- 3. Responsibility for ICT co-ordination -- 4. Research problem and question -- 5. Research methodology -- 6. Methods -- 7. Results -- 8. Discussion -- 9. Conclusion -- 10. References -- 11. Appendices.ICT integration, or the use of these ICTs in everyday classroom practice, has become mandatory in many education systems. ICT integration is often but not exclusively led by ICT coordinators. Others may be assigned the role due to local constraints. However, ICT integration may not always benefit schools due to factors such as leadership, teachers' beliefs and ICT infrastructure provision. Using a case study method and Engeström's Activity Systems Analysis, the effect of school interactions and environmental elements on ICT co-ordination in two government high schools was investigated.The study revealed elements in these schools such as NSW Department of Education policies, conflicting responsibilities and lack of funding as important factors influencing ICT co-ordination. Interactions between the rules governing these schools, the available tools and the division of labour also influence ICT co-ordination efforts. This study holds implications for future research and for schools who may be wishing to improve the depth and efficiency of their ICT integration by improving the status of their ICT coordinators.1 online resource (106 pages
Power management and control of hybrid AC/DC microgrids integrated with renewable energy sources and electric vehicles
No full textEmpirical thesis.Bibliography: pages 169-193.1. Introduction -- 2. Literature review -- 3. Centralized coordinated Control of EVs for improved hybrid microgrid operations -- 4. A need-based distributed coordination strategy for multiple EVs in a commercial microgrid -- 5. V2M via optimization-incorporated distributed EV coordination Strategies -- 6. Conclusions and future work -- Appendices -- References.Microgrids are the building blocks for the next generation power grid, the so-called `Smart Grid'. They facilitate the integration of various distributed-generation (DG) units such as electric vehicles (EV), diverse energy storage systems (ESS), and renewable energy resources (RER) utilizing intelligent forecasting, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and control infrastructures to achieve active consumer participation, augmented network reliability, reduced expansion cost, and self-healing capabilities. Due to the binary nature of electricity i.e. alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC), microgrids are broadly classiffed as AC microgrids and DC microgrids. However, to comply with the legacy AC system and to interface with the growing DC technologies, lately, coupled AC and DC microgrids or hybrid AC/DC microgrid structures are gaining momentum.The benefit of this structure is that it can accommodate both AC and DC loads and generators instantaneously with minimum power-electronics-based losses. In addition, this structure is suitable for integrating distributed storages such as the emerging electric-vehicle energy-storage systems (EV-ESS) for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications. EV storages can effectively improve the overall performance of a hybrid microgrid in terms of voltage and frequency regulation,system stability, active and reactive power support and fault robustness. However, the optimized coordination of EV storages within microgrids is an intricate issue due to their different control and configuration structures along with inadequate standards regarding V2G applications. The centralized and distributedcontrol structures are viable options to coordinate spatially dispersed EV storages within microgrids of different geographical sizes. Consequently, this Ph.D. thesis presents three contributions in the area of microgrid control techniques and V2G application within microgrids.The first contribution of this research is the design and implementation of an improved three-layered centralized coordinated control strategy considering EV availability constraints for three-phase (3P) and DC type EV-ESSs to improve the operation of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid. The first layer of the algorithm ensures DC subgrid management, which includes DC bus voltage regulation and DC power management. The second and third layers are responsible for the AC subgrid management, which includes AC bus voltage and frequency regulation with active and reactive power management. The multi-layered coordination is embedded into the microgrid central controller (MGCC) which controls the interlinking controller in between the AC and DC subgrids as well as the interfacing controllers of the participating EVs and distributed RER.The second contribution of this research is to develop a new need-based distributed coordination strategy (NDCS) for multiple EV storages in an islanded commercial hybrid AC/DC microgrid with extended geographical size. The control capacity of the interlinking converter is enhanced by incorporating combined power-droop and voltage-droop strategies to leverage the coupling of AC and DC voltages. Therefore, the AC bus voltage can be regulated simultaneously by regulating only the DC bus voltage without affecting the power-sharing capabilities of the converter. The NDCS is proposed to coordinate the EV storages to regulate the DC bus voltage. The main objective of the NDCS is to decide whether the coordination of the available EV storages is to be performed in a decentralized or a distributed manner. The mathematical model and the algorithm to deploy NDCS are developed to realize its application to a real system.The final contribution of this research is to establish an optimized distributed controller for coordinating EV storages within microgrids. An optimizer is incorporated with the previously developed distributed controller for EV storages. An economic dispatch problem is solved in real time with the optimizer to minimize the output power-generation cost. The optimizer adjusts the power setpoint for each EV, which ensures proper power management within the microgrid. As a result, a cost-effective distributed V2G operation can be ensured.The hybrid AC/DC microgrid and its extended version are designed in a MATLAB/Simulink environment resembling the microgrid under construction at Griffth University, Australia. Extensive case studies are performed considering real-life solar irradiation, commercial load profiles, EV time delay, and EV plug and-play and fault conditions etc. to validate each proposed control scheme. Additionally, the performance of the controllers is compared with the conventional controllers. The results of the case studies demonstrate the efficacy of the overall system in terms of improved transient response, fault-robustness, scalability, cost effectiveness and reliability.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xxxii, 193 pages) diagrams, graphs, table
Identity-based consumption of subsistence consumers
No full textTheoretical thesis..Bibliography: pages 208-243.1. Introduction -- 2. Literature review -- 3. Methodology -- 4. Results -- 5. Discussion and conclusion -- 6. Appendices -- 7. References.Individuals increasingly use consumption to express identities in today’s socially connected, wealthy and expressive societies. Similar to affluent consumers, subsistence consumers who live in poverty, also have strong desires to express identities through consumption but face difficulties doing so due to poverty and other related disadvantages in the subsistence marketplaces. In addition to economic poverty, low literacy levels and inadequate access to resources, subsistence consumers are also affected by unfavourable social power relations that create unique intersectional identities of multiple oppression. These complexities and tensions make identity-based consumption of subsistence consumers an important, yet underdeveloped area in consumption research.This thesis is a qualitative study of identity-based consumption of subsistence consumers. Using in-depth interviews and focus groups, this study examines female consumers in Sri Lanka who either work or reside near apparel manufacturing factories. The thesis consists of three components. The first component of the study examines the multiple identities of subsistence consumers within key consumption situations and identifies external and internal factors that influence these identities. The second component narrows the focus of identity-based consumption by exploring how subsistence consumers’ disadvantaged social power relations intersect and shape their consumption behaviours. The third component of the thesis looks at how social initiatives of business organisations influence identity-based subsistence consumption. The study considers two different social initiatives, one based on corporate social responsibility and the other on the principles of creating shared value, developed by two business organisations operating in subsistence marketplaces.Results show subsistence consumers possess many identities, though only a limited number of identities influence their consumption. The strongest and most prevalent identities are based on family relationships. Others include social (e.g., friend, neighbour, unmarried girl), work-related (e.g., employee, team member of social initiatives), religious (e.g., Buddhist, Catholic) and personal attributes-related (e.g., hard worker, carer) identities. In addition to these identities, this study also reveals six intersectional identities that work in tandem to create multiple oppression on subsistence consumers. Gender and social class related intersectional identities of being female, poor and uneducated reinforce each other to influence subsistence consumption. In addition to these three identities, participants also suffer from the intersectional identities surface from the socio-economic layer of subsistence society. As a result, identities of a single parent, rural villager and also being labelled as a ‘garment girl’, based on employment create a unique form of oppression in subsistence consumption.Main factors that influence identity-based consumption are fourfold. First, the influence of family members impacts identity-based subsistence consumption due to the strong family orientation of subsistence consumers. The second factor is the psychological centrality consumers place on an identity. The female research informants’ mother and daughter identities display strong psychological centrality. Disadvantaged social power relations and economic poverty are the third and fourth key factors that influence identity-based consumption of subsistence consumers of this study.Three main disadvantaged social power relations influence the identities of the research informants. Being poor, uneducated and female interact to exert a compounded effect, limiting informants’ product choice and payment options as well as negatively influencing their confidence in consumption decisions. As a result, subsistence consumers tend to avoid bargaining and do not seek additional information but instead resort to familiar options in consumption decisions which tend to be restrictive and at times, exploitative. Multiple forms of oppression arise from intersecting identities based on social divisions of a rural village girl and a single mother also influence subsistence consumption. These negative effects compound when the identity of being a garment girl intersects. Social stigma associated with being a garment girl reinforces poverty, gender discrimination and lack of education. Subsistence consumers sometimes construct new identities to manage or comply with the negative effects of social power relations.The two social initiatives investigated influence subsistence consumption in different ways. First, the shared value initiative assists subsistence consumers to counter the oppression created by disadvantaged social power relations through education and confidence building. Knowledge and confidence gained from the shared value initiative on aspects related to everyday consumption such as personal finances, healthy eating and nutrition empower women to reach their potential and help them fight against the influences of being poor and uneducated in society. The second initiative, the corporate social responsibility project mainly provides drinking water to communities that suffer from poverty and lack of access to water. Participants of this project indicate they help people in similar or worse social and economic situations to themselves. The non-reciprocal nature of this initiative reminds female participants of the value of giving, which enacts their religious identities and helps participants to accept and come to terms with disadvantaged social power relations as opposed to countering them like in the shared value initiative.This thesis contributes to consumption scholarship by both extending identity-based consumption to subsistence consumers which is otherwise predominantly researched in developed markets. This study also integrates the concept of intersectionality in identity-based consumption to explore overlapping systems of disadvantages faced by subsistence consumers. The results also indicate that corporate management should consider the holistic nature of shared value initiatives over non-reciprocal social responsibility initiatives. Holistic social initiatives are important to build confidence and knowledge in subsistence consumption.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (243 pages) table
Gray tensor product and Kontsevich's Swiss-Cheese conjecture
No full textTheoretical thesis.Bibliography: pages 49-50.1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. Result in (Cat,×, I) -- 4. Symmetric closed monoidal structure on 2Cat with Gray tensor product -- 5. Result in (2Cat,⊗G,I) -- 6. Kontsevich's Swiss-Cheese conjecture.We study connections between two seemingly very distant constructions: Gray-product of higher categories and famous Kontsevich Swiss-Cheese conjecture. Gray-product of 2-categories is known for almost 50 years and it is an extremely important construction in 2-category theory. It was proved by Crans and later by Bourke and Gurski that a naive analogue of Gray-product in higher dimensions does not exist. Nevertheless, there is a conjecture that there exists a weaker version of this product in all dimensions such that it descends to a closed structure on homotopy level. Swiss-Cheese conjecture was proposed by Fields medalist M. Kontsevich in 1998 to handle a problem of the existence of higher order Hochschild complexes. It is geometrical in nature and is very important in deformation quantisation theory. In the thesis we outline a surprising relationship between these two important conjectures, which was not observed before. Namely, the existence of a homotopically closed Gray-product of V-enriched categories implies the Swiss-Cheese conjecture in V. We provide a full proof of this statement for V = Set, Ab and Cat using the idea of categorification.1 online resource (x, 50 pages