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Multi-label document classification for Urdu: corpus and methods
No full textAutomatically assigning various labels to language data is a core NLP task that has attracted the attention of researchers in multiple fields, for instance, medical records with diagnostic labels, products with categories, and so forth. All these tasks require an annotated multi-label corpus for supervised learning. Existing multi-label annotated corpora primarily focus on English, with a shortage in the Urdu language, which is widely spoken worldwide and whose digital text is increasing rapidly. To fill this gap, this research study presents the first large benchmark Urdu multi-label document corpus, which contains 600 documents from the field of journalism. The proposed corpus is manually annotated with 232 tags of a semantic classification scheme, with two to six tags per document to provide fine-grained categorization of the textual document. To evaluate the proposed corpus, we extracted content-based features and applied several multi-label classifiers. In addition, the results of the proposed content-based methods are compared with several deep and transfer learning-based methods. After conducting a comprehensive set of experiments, the best results are obtained using SOTA multi-label machine learning methods on word tri-gram (MicroPrecision = 0.62, MicroRecall = 0.48, MicroF1 = 0.62). To foster research in Urdu NLP, our proposed multi-label Urdu document classification corpus has been made publicly available for research and benchmarking purposes
Testing the Sentinel Method: Live and Artificial Prey Display Contrasting Patterns of Predation Across an Urban Gradient
Get PDFAssessing changes in the intensity of biotic interactions across environmental gradients is a central issue in ecology. The sentinel method has been widely adopted to study predator–prey interactions by establishing patches of prey under different conditions that predators can attack. Sentinels, proxies for prey, are frequently worm-shaped prey resembling caterpillars and are commonly used to assess predation by arthropod-feeding predators, with predation measured as the rate of disappearance or evidence of predation after a certain period of exposure. While it has been suggested that artificial sentinel prey might produce divergent results from live prey, previous studies showed mixed results in the difference between these two prey types. Results are likely to vary with context, and the assessment of different prey types along urban gradients is still lacking. Here, we performed an experiment at 10 sites across a natural-to-urban gradient in Suzhou (East China) combining live prey and artificial prey to determine differences in predation intensity between these prey types. We released 2575 artificial prey and 3825 live prey, either separately (artificial or live prey alone) or combined, in a randomized sequence. We found a positive relationship between our index of predation and the level of urbanization using both types of prey. However, the predation rate using artificial prey was lower than with live prey and showed a different pattern with urbanization. The predation rate using live prey was higher for avian predators and lower for insect predators with increasing urbanization. Our results show that artificial and live prey can produce divergent estimates of predation intensity. Thus, while artificial prey may be used as a rapid-screening tool, live prey could be favored in comprehensive studies to assess this fundamental ecosystem service
Hogg and the Ettrick Clearances
No full textThis article attempts to connect the long development of commercial sheep farming in the Ettrick Forest with the life of James Hogg (1770–1835). It combines original archival research with a wide-ranging review of recent developments in the history of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century agriculture in the region. In so doing, it argues that Hogg did not belong to a traditional peasant society, but instead to a modern commercial one. After reconsidering the extent to which Ettrick had been cleared of people by Hogg’s time, it concludes with some significant new insights into the Hogg family’s eviction in the late 1770s
Smart City Code: Governance Handbook for Digital Transformation Managers in the Public Sector
No full textSmart City Code: Governance Handbook for Digital Transformation Managers in the Public Sector explores how to govern the planning, implementation, and maintenance operations in smart city projects and transitions, and the urban digitalization processes that may potentially trigger. It provides readers with the evidence-based knowledge they need to approach the complexity of smart city governance, responding to the United Nations’ call for more advanced strategic and technical support on urban digital transformations to national, regional, and local governments. The book uses a comprehensive framework that details what configuration of multi-level components should be considered in the governance of smart city transitions
Sustainability Agency Theory: A New Agency Framework for Social Enterprises
Get PDFThe purpose of this article is to extend agency theory (AT) by applying it to social enterprises (SEs), which exhibit a dual focus on both corporate social responsibility (CSR) and profit-driven operations. This duality, often referred to as the double-bottom-line attribute, complicates the agency relationship within SEs and has led to conceptual unclear in previous studies. This study also explains why traditional AT and reciprocal theory are not applicable to the analysis of complex agency relationships in SEs. In response, this article builds upon traditional AT to propose a developmental framework that redefines the roles of principal and agent in SE contexts. This research proposes a new theory, Sustainability Agency Theory (SAT), which aims to more clearly define the dynamic agency relationships within SEs. The article further distinguishes SAT from other AT-based extensions, such as the reciprocal theory. By offering a theoretical extension to SEs, this study contributes a novel perspective to the literature on agency relationships in hybrid organizations. Furthermore, this article expands SAT through seven distinct dimensions, laying a strong foundation for future theoretical developments related to SAT
Biodegradable biopolymers for electrochemical energy storage devices in a circular economy
Get PDFThe rising trend of green energy has made it necessary to utilise efficient green materials in electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs) under a green economy. The need for sustainable energy storage technologies due to the rising demand for energy, improved technology, and the huge challenge of E-waste requires the development of eco-friendly advanced materials and recycling processes in electrochemical energy storage within a circular economy framework. This paper focuses on cellulose, shellac, polylactic acid (PLA), chitin, and chitosan due to their exceptional sustainability, biodegradability, and functional properties and explore how these polymers can improve the circular economy for batteries and supercapacitors by following the aspects of their background, processing and preparation methods, properties, chemical structures, applications, and recent development. As such, this review promotes the increased utilisation of biodegradable biopolymers within the circular economy of EESDs, particularly for future technologies such as flexible, wearable, stretchable, and transparent devices. This review raises awareness of these materials' capability to improve sustainability and recyclability, thus promoting increased use and integration of these materials into EESDs leading to green technologies and low environmental impact
A Self-Administered Gamified Mobile Application for Secondary Prevention of Heart Disease in Patients Following a Cardiac Event (MyHeartMate): Process Evaluation from a Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textObjective: This study reports the process evaluation of a randomized controlled trial of the MyHeartMate app for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Materials and Methods: Data were collected on engagement in the intervention group from the app platform logs and self-reported usage and via interviews for perspectives of usefulness and acceptability. Participants’ (n = 194) data logs showed 80.4% entered baseline data. Tracking (≥30 days) occurred for body mass index (23.2%), blood pressure (BP) (21.1%), and exercise (23.7%). Missions completed on ≥4 days were 47.5% for healthy eating and 30.9% for exercise; 50.5% used the word game. One quarter (26.8%) was classified as “engaged” (tracked exercise and/or BP ≥5 times and completed ≥18 missions in the first 30 days). There were no differences between participants who were “engaged” or not in baseline characteristics or 6-month outcomes, although engaged users were more likely to meet 4/5 recommended risk factor guideline levels (30.8% vs. 17.6%, P = 0.03).Results: Participants perceived tracking, prompts, and rewards as useful for recovery and risk factor-related lifestyle change, and games were enjoyed. Engagement decreased with time. Acceptability was limited when app processes were difficult to understand, not personalized enough and/or the overall game concept was disliked.Conclusions: Insight into user’s perceptions and use of gamified app components is essential to address barriers to uptake and optimize potential health benefits. The target audience for a serious game app for CHD remains uncertain
Bots on the Ground vs Boots on the Ground: The Future of Robots in Terrestrial Ecological Surveying
Get PDFAt the 2023 CIEEM Modernising Ecology conference, a robot greeted the attendees as they arrived. Was it a glimpse into the future? As with other technologies, robots have the potential to revolutionise ecological surveying, yet this comes with both optimism and concern about possible impacts on our work. To explore the potential of terrestrial robots, as a group of ecological consultants, research ecologists and roboticists, we participated in a workshop organised by Edinburgh Napier University in 2022. This discussion highlighted some specific areas that might present the greatest opportunities or challenges for robots in terrestrial surveying. There was consensus that robots are likely to allow collection of more, better quality data in many areas, and to do so more safely, thus reducing human risk
The Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adverse Family Experiences: A Qualitative Exploration of Sibling Resilience
Get PDFThe Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Adverse Family Experiences (AFEs) frameworks have been employed extensively in research. However, to date, no such studies have considered both frameworks concurrently, nor have they explored the similarities and differences in resilience between siblings with ACE- and AFE-exposed parent(s). Doing so could, perhaps, establish the ways in which adversity is transmitted through generations and subsequently identify what trajectories to address in potential interventions. Thus, the objectives of this study were to examine the experiences of families with intergenerational ACE and AFE trauma, and to ascertain what influences similarities and differences in sibling resilience. The thematic analysis of two family case studies (n = 6) proposed a narrative encompassing fear, relationships and challenging trauma. Findings demonstrated the influence of neighbourhood violence which appeared to initiate this narrative. The fear associated with neighbourhood violence and maltreatment in early childhood appeared to influence both the parent–child bond and intimate relationships. Finally, participants demonstrated the protective properties of dissociation and sibling parentification, exhibiting their relationship with resilience. Investigators suggested neighbourhood violence be considered in the ACE questionnaire to inform current and future policies, and to safeguard the needs of families affected by intergenerational trauma
Computational Analysis of Aerodynamic Blade Load Transfer to the Powertrain of a Direct-Drive Multi-MW Wind Turbine
Get PDFThis paper details the development of a full turbine model and ensuing aero-servo-elastic analysis of the International Energy Agency’s 15MW Reference Wind Turbine. This model provides the means to obtain realistic turbine performance data, of which normal and tangential blade loads are extracted and applied to a simplified drivetrain model developed expressly to quantify the shaft eccentricities caused by aerodynamic loading, thus determining the impact of aerodynamic loading on the generator structure. During this process, a method to determine main bearing stiffness values is presented, and values for the IEA-15MW-RWT obtained. It was found that wind speeds in the region of turbine cut-out induce shaft eccentricities as high as 56%, and that tangential loading has a significant contribution to shaft eccentricities, increasing deflection at the generator area by as much as 106% at high windspeeds, necessitating its inclusion. During a subsequent generator structure optimisation, the shaft eccentricities caused by the loading scenarios examined in this paper were found to increase the necessary mass of the rotor structure by 40%, to meet the reduced airgap clearance
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