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Hate speech detection: A comprehensive review of recent works
Get PDFThere has been surge in the usage of Internet as well as social media platforms which has led to rise in online hate speech targeted on individual or group. In the recent years, hate speech has resulted in one of the challenging problems that can unfurl at a fast pace on digital platforms leading to various issues such as prejudice, violence and even genocide. Considering the acceptance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques in varied application domains, it would be intriguing to consider these techniques for automated hate speech detection. In literature, there have been efforts to recognize and categorize hate speech using varied Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques. Hence, considering the need and provocations for hate speech detection we aim to present a comprehensive review that discusses fundamental taxonomy as well as recent advances in the field of online hate speech identification. There is a significant amount of literature related to the initial phases of hate speech detection. The background section provides a detailed explanation of the previous research. The subsequent section that follows is dedicated to examining the recent literature published from the year 2020 onwards. The paper presents some of the hate speech datasets considered for hate speech detection. Furthermore, the paper discusses different data modalities, namely, textual hate speech detection, multi-modal hate speech detection and multilingual hate speech detection. Apart from systematic review on hate speech detection, the paper also implement several multi-label models to compare the performance of hate speech detection by employing classic ML technique namely, Logistic Regression and DL technique namely, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and a multiclass multi-label architecture. In the implemented architecture, we have derived two new elements to quantify the hatefulness and intensity of hatred to improve the results for hate speech detection using Indonesian tweet dataset. Empirical Analysis of the model reveals that the implemented approach outperforms and is able to achieve improved results for the underlying dataset
Investigating low intelligence stereotype threat in adults with developmental dyslexia
Get PDFStereotype threat (ST) is a phenomenon that leads to decreased test performance and occurs when one deals with added pressure of being judged on the basis of stereotyped group membership. The ST effect has been previously investigated in many contexts but not in individuals with dyslexia who are often stereotyped as less intelligent. Prevalent use of intelligence tests in job selection processes and employment gap between people with dyslexia and those without warrants this investigation. Sixty-three participants (30 with dyslexia and 33 without dyslexia; mean age = 33.7; SD = 13.7; 47 F, 13 M, three non-binary) were asked to complete intelligence test typically used in selection processes. All participants were randomly assigned to one of three test instruction conditions: (1) they were told the test was diagnostic of their intelligence (ST triggering instruction); (2) test was a measure of their problem-solving skills (reduced threat); (3) or they were simply asked to take the test (control). Results showed that participants with dyslexia in ST condition performed poorer than those in other conditions and those in the same condition who did not have dyslexia. This study provides preliminary evidence for diminishing effects of ST in individuals with dyslexia
Completeness of intervention reporting in randomised trials of technology-enabled remote or hybrid exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation: A systematic review using the TIDieR framework
Get PDFBackground Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improves clinical outcomes and quality of life. Technology-enabled delivery of remote cardiac rehabilitation is as effective in improving health outcomes as in-person delivery and has the potential to transform clinical service delivery. However, for the successful translation of research to clinical practice, interventions must be adequately reported in the literature. Methods Systematic review of MedLine, CINAHL, PubMed and SPORT Discus databases applying PRISMA guidance. Randomised controlled trials of remote or hybrid technology-enabled exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation interventions were included. Completeness of reporting was evaluated against the TIDieR checklist.Results The search strategy returned 162 articles which, following screening, resulted in 12 randomised trials being included containing data for 1588 participants. No trial fully reported their rehabilitation intervention as per the 12-item TIDieR checklist, with a median score of 8 out of 12 categories. Notably, intervention detail, dosage and modification were comparatively poorly reported.ConclusionTechnology-enabled remotely delivered cardiac rehabilitation may be effective at improving cardiovascular fitness, however the quality of reporting of these interventions in randomised trials is insufficient for replication which has material implications for translation into clinical practice
Exercising Jurisdiction in Competition Damages Claims Concerning Online App Stores: A Complex Question
Get PDFFire Design: Principles
No full textUnderstanding fire behaviour and how it affects buildings and occupants is critical to the design of fire safety strategies. Designers utilising timber construction should understand the means of fire protection, general concepts of evacuation safety, and how to ensure design strategies meet and exceed fire safety objectives
MedOptNet: Meta-Learning Framework for Few-shot Medical Image Classification
Get PDFIn the medical research domain, limited data and high annotation costs have made efficient classification under few-shot conditions a popular research area. This paper proposes a meta-learning framework, termed MedOptNet, for few-shot medical image classification. The framework enables the use of various high-performance convex optimization models as classifiers, such as multi-class kernel support vector machines, ridge regression, and other models. End-to-end training is then implemented using dual problems and differentiation in the paper. Additionally, various regularization techniques are employed to enhance the model's generalization capabilities. Experiments on the BreakHis, ISIC2018, and Pap smear medical few-shot datasets demonstrate that the MedOptNet framework outperforms benchmark models. Moreover, the model training time is also compared to prove its effectiveness in the paper, and an ablation study is conducted to validate the effectiveness of each module
Parent-reported posttraumatic stress reactions in children and adolescents: Findings from The Mental Health of Parents and Children in Ukraine Study
Get PDFBackground: Despite the long-standing ongoing war in Ukraine, information regarding war-related negative mental health outcomes in children is limited. A nationwide sample of parents in Ukraine was surveyed to assess posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in their children and to identify risk factors associated with child PTSD status.Methods: A nationwide opportunistic sample of 1,238 parents reported on a single randomly chosen child within their household as part of The Mental Health of Parents and Children in Ukraine Study. Data were collected approximately six months after the war escalation in February 2022. The prevalence of PTSD was estimated using the parent-reported Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS).Results: Based on parental reports, 17.5% of pre-schoolers and 12.6% of school-age children met DSM-5 criteria for PTSD. Delay in milestone development (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.38 – 4.08), having a parent affiliated with the emergency services or army (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.28 – 3.53), parental PTSD/Complex PTSD status (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.22 – 2.89), and mean changes in parental anxiety (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.44 - 2.72) were among the strongest predictors were among the strongest predictors of increased risk of paediatric PTSDConclusion: Russia’s war escalation in Ukraine resulted in increased estimated prevalence of war-related PTSD in children of various ages. Urgent efforts to increase the capacity of National paediatric mental health services are critically needed to mitigate these challenges in an environment of limited financial and human resources
Recontextualizing the referent: An iterative approach to composition and collective music-making
No full textThis article investigates the musical text within an original-music project, aligning manifold perspectives on this with a practice-led research endeavour. Some form of text is central to musical engagements involving jazz musicians, in the form of lead sheets, arrangements of existing repertoire, original compositions and, more abstractly, subjective understandings of canon common to the community. Central to this article is the extent to which text influences the synergy of a musical situation and how different musicians within an ensemble interpret the same material. By coupling historical and synchronic perceptions of the musical text with my own practice, I offer insights on how improvising musicians negotiate the potential autonomy of a composition whilst offering their own perspectives. During collaboration, musicians create a context-specific approach to music-making, accommodating social and intra-musical influences. This article aligns existing narratives on authorship and materiality with jazz practice, suggesting overlaps with textility, and notated scores such as scripts, heteroglossia and boundary objects
Hypertension management and outcomes during the covid-19 pandemic: diagnosis, blood pressure telemonitoring use and mortality
No full textIntroductionThe effects of COVID-19 on people with hypertension are poorly understood, but potentially severe both due to increased risk of cardiovascular events post covid (1) and by altering the way people accessed healthcare (2). This study aimed to explore the immediate impact of COVID-19 on the hypertensive population in Scotland.MethodsThe study used linked routine clinical data. Hypertensive patients from five NHS Scotland Health Boards were identified through the Prescribing Information System (PIS) between March 2019 and February 2021. Linked data included Blood Pressure (BP) telemonitoring data from the Connect Me BP service, outcome data (cardiovascular events and mortality) from Scottish Morbidity Records, and National Records of Scotland COVID-19 testing and vaccination records from Public Health Scotland (PHS). Follow up was until February 2022.EDRIS, the research arm of PHS, linked and pseudonymised the data and transferred it to the secure national safe haven analysis platform for access by the research team. The study was approved by the Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for Health and Social Care.ResultsAlmost 450,000 people with hypertension were identified across the whole adult age range, 52% male. Of those, 89% had been diagnosed prior to the study. New diagnoses dropped by over 50% during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of long term BP telemonitoring increased rapidly during the pandemic from 5000 to over 10,000. Overall mortality was over 8%. Mortality rates showed a similar pattern to the general population during the pandemic and remained above pre-pandemic levels until the end of the follow up period in February 2022.DiscussionBP telemonitoring supported healthcare delivery at a time when normal services were severely disrupted due to COVID-19. However the data suggests that there may be an increase in the number of people with undiagnosed hypertension with associated raised cardiovascular risk. Mortality in this population was increased by the COVID-19 pandemic and remained above pre-pandemic levels
Patients' perspectives on feedback interventions to support adherence to long-term medication: a systematic review with thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence
No full textBackgroundMedication optimisation is a global issue with up to 50% of people not taking medicines as prescribed. Numerous interventions have been developed to address this, many of them including feedback on behaviour and outcomes. Understanding patients’ views on such interventions is essential for successful adoption and use.PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review is to: (1) Understand patients’ perspectives and experiences of medication adherence feedback interventions and (2) Identify barriers and facilitators which influence their implementation within practice.MethodsCINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMED, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. The inclusion criteria included; studies with qualitative or mixed method designs describing patients’ perspectives on medication adherence feedback interventions, primary studies with adult participants on long-term medications and studies involving interventions suitable for self-management in primary or community care. Quality assessment was completed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The review was reported using the PRISMA and conducted using ENTREQ guidelines. Data were extracted and analysed using thematic synthesis (NVivo 20). Findings were presented narratively.ResultsFrom the 1,031 records screened, ten studies were included. Five studies were conducted in the United States, two in the United Kingdom, and one in the Netherlands, Canada, and Tanzania, respectively. Medication adherence interventions included the use of therapeutic drug monitoring methods and digital adherence technologies such as mHealth and eHealth for people living with asthma, HIV, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Patients found interventions acceptable if they were simple to use, allowed control over data sharing options, incorporated audio visual cues, and provided emotional and motivational support. Building trust between patients and healthcare providers and the resulting benefit of shared decision-making were also considered key factors for intervention success. However, developing interventions without user input was identified as a potential barrier to intervention implementation. Patients expressed an overall desire to have interventions tailored to meet their personal needs and preferences, highlighting the importance of placing user needs at the centre of intervention development.ConclusionPlacing user needs at the centre of adherence intervention development is crucial for successful implementation. Further research which facilitates user involvement in co-designing interventions to compliment patients’ characteristics and preferences would be key for intervention implementation
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