17628 research outputs found
Sort by
ポーランドの選択的夫婦別姓制度から見た 日本の夫婦別姓についての問題
No full text本論文では、日本の夫婦別氏についての問題を概要し、ポーランドの選択的夫婦別姓制度の要点とその歴史的発展を提示した。日本において、夫婦別氏の問題を比較学をもって解決できるだろうか、ポーランドの選択的夫婦別姓制度は、日本に対応するだろうか、こういう疑問に答える
Deep Learning and Dempster-Shafer Theory Based Insider Threat Detection
Get PDFOrganizations' own personnel now have a greater ability than ever before to misuse their access to critical organizational assets. Insider threat detection is a key component in identifying rare anomalies in context, which is a growing concern for many organizations. Existing perimeter security mechanisms are proving to be ineffective against insider threats. As a prospective filter for the human analysts, a new deep learning based insider threat detection method that uses the Dempster-Shafer theory is proposed to handle both accidental as well as intentional insider threats via organization's channels of communication in real time. The long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture is applied to a recurrent neural network (RNN) in this work to detect anomalous network behavior patterns. Furthermore, belief is updated with Dempster's conditional rule and utilized to fuse evidence to achieve enhanced prediction. The CERT Insider Threat Dataset v6.2 is used to train the behavior model. Through performance evaluation, our proposed method is proven to be effective as an insider threat detection technique
Corporate Insolvency: Why Are Directors Afraid of Help? Preliminary Study on the Stigma Associated with Corporate Insolvency
No full textCorporate insolvency laws and procedures have changed significantly over the last decades in the UK, especially since the publication of the Cork Report in 1982. The report noted the limitations of existing procedures towards the rescue of companies and posited that the aims of a good modern insolvency law are 'to diagnose and treat an imminent insolvency at an early stage rather than a later stage [and] to provide means for the preservation of viable commercial enterprises.'Therefore, one of the aims of the report was to foster the development of the rescue culture, rooted in the idea that calculated risk should be promoted and that a system should be in place to lessen the adverse effects that failure may have on affected parties. Sicne the Cork Report, the philosophy of responding to corporate crises ex post has been replaced by an increased focus on the way that corporate actors manage insolvency ex ante. Since the 1990s in particular, corporate insolvency law and processes have changed in a way that places greater emphasis on early actions; actors have increasingly been encouraged to see corporate failure as a matter to be anticipated and prevented, rather than dealt with after is has occurred.However, while this position has been endorsed by the judiciary, bankers, and politicians, the use of rescue procedures has remained quite low. One of the reasons put forward to explain such low take-up is the ubiquity of stigma, argued to act as an obstacle to the successful materialisation of the rescue culture: due to the stigma associated with insolvency, corporate debtors are hesitant to initiate insolvency processes. This reluctance arguably exhausts potential rescue avenues, forcing firms into liquidation. For a phenomenon which is argued to hamper the development of the rescue culture, a policy priority in the UK for the last four decades, the study of levels and impact of insolvency stigma has certainly been neglected in legal scholarship and policy debates. Therefore, there is a limited amount of empirical material on insovlency and stigma providing in-depth analyses of this phenomenon. Rather, one mostly finds brief, perfunctory remarks on the existence of the phenomenon, which is taken for granted. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in Scotland through a series of semi-structured interviews of micros, small, and medium enteprises owners and directors. The data gathered during the interviews mitigates the generally held belief that stigma is an obstacle to the rescue culture. The data suggest that the behaviour of corporate managers is not attributable solely to the insolvency stigma, which seems to play a moderate role in insolvency decisions. Rather, inexperience and incomprehension of insolvency (concept, law, and procedures) play a greater role
Strategies to promote the acceptance of sandbag building technology for sustainable and affordable housing delivery: the South African case
Get PDFPurposeSandbag building technologies (SBTs) have been offered as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative building technology (ABT) capable of accelerating house construction in South Africa, but its acceptance remains low. However, knowledge about how to effectively improve SBT social acceptance is limited. This study aims to develop and prioritise SBT social acceptability strategies towards providing a comprehensive framework for the successful deployment and widespread adoption of sandbag technology.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a quantitative research strategy that included a literature review and a structured questionnaire survey of 228 ABT professionals and stakeholders in the South African housing industry. The study statistically analysed 13 strategies for the social acceptance of SBT.FindingsThe analysis showed that the top three strategies include the availability of sandbag demonstration projects in all provinces, the approval of a sandbag building code and the availability of standard design methods for earthbags. A factor analysis clustered the 13 strategies into Stakeholders integration and policy formation, Effective education and knowledge sharing and Grassroots advocacy and incentives.Practical implicationsThe current study’s findings provide a broad framework for the effective implementation and wide acceptance of sandbag technology in housing projects. It offered certain best practices that policymakers and practitioners might use to promote ABT and SBT societal acceptability.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study represents the first and only attempt to investigate the viewpoints of experts and housing market stakeholders in South Africa regarding sandbag technology social acceptance strategies and contributes to the social acceptance body of knowledge in ABT and SBT
Detention of children and adolescents under mental health legislation: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors, and legal frameworks
Get PDFBackground: For individuals with severe mental illness, involuntary assessment and/or treatment (hereafter detention) can be a necessary intervention to support recovery and may even be lifesaving. Despite this, little is known about how often these interventions are used for children and adolescents. Methods: This global scoping review set out to: (1) map the current evidence around mental health detentions of children and adolescents (< 18 years); (2) identify the clinical, sociodemographic, and behavioural factors associated with detention; and (3) document the views of professionals and young people on the implementation of mental health legislation. Results: After searching databases of peer-reviewed literature and citation chaining, 42 articles from 15 jurisdictions were included. About one fifth of psychiatric admissions in national register data were detentions, however trends were only available for a few high-income Western countries. The circumstances justifying detention and the criteria authorising detention varied between studies, with a mix of clinical factors and observed behaviours reported as the reason(s) warranting/precipitating a detention. Particular groups were more likely to experience detention, such as children and adolescents from minority ethnic communities and those with a documented history of abuse. There was a notable absence of qualitative research exploring the views of professionals or children and adolescents on detention. Conclusion: Further research is needed to explore the impact of detention on those aged < 18 years, including national register-based studies and qualitative studies. This is particularly relevant in nations currently undergoing legislative reform
Hybrid Threats, Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare
No full textNowadays in cyberspace, there is a burst of information to which everyone has access. However, apart from the advantages the internet offers, it also hides numerous dangers for both people and nations. Cyberspace has a dark side, including terrorism, bullying, and other types of violence. Cyberwarfare is a kind of virtual war that causes the same destruction that a physical war would also do.A hybrid threat is an umbrella term encompassing a wide variety of existing adverse circumstances and actions, such as terrorism, migration, piracy, corruption, ethnic conflict, etc., and is not exclusively a tool of asymmetric or non-state actors, but can be applied by state and non-state actors alike. ‘Cyberconflict’ and ‘cyberwar’ serve as examples of the use of new technologies within the scope of hybrid threats. Cyberwar basically refers to a sustained computer-based cyberattack by a state against the information technology (IT) infrastructure of a target state. On the other hand, cybersecurity is a major factor that shapes productivity and efficiency of the modern industry in both technical and economic terms.The book discusses and analyses current posture of cyberterrorism, cyberwarfare, and hybrid threats—sector-specific cyberattacks that have the form of cyberterrorism and represents the recent actions that members of the European Union (EU), the United States, and other nations have taken in order to strengthen their systems against such attacks.There has never been a higher risk of a major catastrophe as a result of the rise in offensive cyberactivity, particularly the possibility of cyber–physical strikes against critical services. Recent cyberattacks against critical infrastructure, along with the continuous migration crisis, have been the main driving forces that led to the decision to publish this book
A mixed black and whitelist approach for wildlife trade regulation in China: Biodiversity conservation is made of shades of gray
Get PDFThe Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework requires effective actions to bend the curve of biodiversity loss by 2030. Wildlife trade, a direct drive of biodiversity decline, calls for more effective regulations to both protect wildlife populations in the wild and facilitate sustainable use of wildlife resources to meet human needs. This call has become particularly urgent in light of the COVID‐19 pandemic. In 2021, China's List of State Key Protected Wild Animals, a list of fauna under the strictest protection by national legislation, has been updated in the year 2021, 32 years after its first release, increasing its coverage (from the original 13%) an 11% of species across taxa. Combined with the updated List of State Protected Terrestrial Wild Animals which covers species with lower protection priority, these two national lists already cover 77% terrestrial vertebrate species of China. Such a blacklist approach, placing threatened species under a list of legal protection, is a common practice globally in species conservation. We discussed pros and cons of this dominant strategy and further explored the potential integration with a whitelist approach, listing all wildlife and only permitting regulated uses of certain species. We propose a mixed approach combining black and whitelists at different administration levels which could perhaps be first adopted in China. This is mainly due to the fact that in addition to illegal harvesting from the wild, traded wildlife in China are mostly from captive breeding and related laundering of wild‐caught animals
Are Users of Digital Archives Ready for the AI Era? Obstacles to the Application of Computational Research Methods and New Opportunities
Get PDF Innovative technologies are improving the accessibility, preservation and searchability of born-digital and digitised records. In particular, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is opening new opportunities for archivists and researchers. However, the experience of scholars (particularly humanities scholars) and other users remain understudied. This article asks how and why researchers and general users are, or are not, using computational methods. This research is informed by an open-call survey, completed by 22 individuals, and semi-structured interviews with 33 professionals, including archivists, librarians, digital humanists, literary scholars, historians, and computer scientists. Drawing on these results, this article offers an analysis of user experiences of computational research methods applied to digitised and born-digital archives. With a focus on humanities and social science researchers, this article also discusses users who resist this kind of research, perhaps because they lack the skills necessary to engage with these materials at scale, or because they prefer to use more traditional methods, such as close reading and historical analysis. Here, we explore the uses of computational and more ‘traditional’ research methodologies applied to digital records. We also make a series of recommendations to elevate users’ computational skills but also to improve the digital infrastructure to make archives more accessible and usable
Enhancing Human Activity Recognition in Wrist-Worn Sensor Data Through Compensation Strategies for Sensor Displacement
Get PDFHuman Activity Recognition (HAR) using wearable sensors, particularly wrist-worn devices, has garnered significant research interest. However, challenges such as sensor displacement and variations in wearing habits can affect the accuracy of HAR systems. Two compensation stratigies for sensor displacemnt are proposed to address these issues. The first strategy is hybrid data fusion, which involves merging sensor data collected from different displacement locations on the wrist. This technique aims to mitigate the discrepancies in data distribution that result from the multiple wearing positions along the wrist, thereby enhancing the overall accuracy of HAR models. The second strategy is cross-location transfer fine-tuning, which involves pretraining a model with data from typical wrist locations and then fine-tuning it with data from a new sensor location. This approach improves the model’s ability to adapt and perform accurately when the sensor is placed in a different position, significantly enhancing its performance and generalization capabilities. To verify the effectiveness of these proposed compensation strategies, we built an LSTM baseline model and introduce a new Multi-stage Feature Extraction (MSFE) model that integrates 1D CNN and attention. Experiments on common activities such as walking, standing, using stairs, and lying down, with data recorded at multiple locations along the wrist, have shown that both hybrid data fusion and cross-location transfer fine-tuning strategies notably improve the recognition accuracy of HAR models. The proposed MSFE model achieves higher recognition accuracies than the LSTM model in all six experimental scenarios, particularly in Scenario 5 involving sensor displacement, with an improvement of up to 31.65%. Additionally, thecross-location transfer fine-tuning strategy enhances the recognition accuracy by 9.19% for Subject 3 with sensor displacement at the right wrist location. These advancements in handling sensor displacement and wearing variations are crucial for developing more reliable and versatile wearable technologies
The impacts of forestry on breeding curlew distribution – a report to the Forestry Commission
Get PDFWe were commissioned by Forestry Commission (FC) to utilise the large-scale Breeding Waders of English Upland Farmland (BWEUF) data and the wider literature to provide evidence for several questions posed by the Curlew Recovery Partnership relating to impacts of forestry on breeding Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata and inform the evidence base for guidelines relating to assessing the impact of new woodland creation on breeding waders in England. We used a range of spatial datasets to derive variables relating to land use and management, terrain, forest type and forest configuration within 1 km and 500m of >32,000 inbye fields across >400 tetrads and investigated their impact on probability of presence of curlew. Broadleaf woodland made up the majority of forests in our analysis and the amount of broadleaf woodland within both 1km and 500 m of inbye fields was negatively associated with probability of curlew presence. However, this pattern was less strong where there was more non-woodland semi-natural habitats (e.g. grassland, heath and bog) close to the field, at higher altitudes and, for 500 m only, where there was moorland management in place or the topography was flatter. Within 1km, the number of forest patches was also negatively associated with curlew presence, particularly at lower altitudes. Our work informs several sections of the guidelines, in some cases providing supporting evidence, in others urging caution. Our work supports the presumption of preventing woodland creation within 1 km of important sites for waders (such as SSSIs) and that slopes of >20° are unlikely to hold breeding curlew populations. However, aspects of the guidance that suggest lower risk of new woodland or patches of woodland that do not extend the “predator shadow” may need caution since they are still likely to increase amount (and, depending on scheme, number of patches) of woodland. Our results did not support the view that woodland out of sightlines is of less risk. Our results may suggest that where ‘high wildlife value’ broadleaf woodland creation is considered (which under current guidelines is a positive factor in determining suitability of woodland creation), other non-woodland semi-natural habitat creation might be considered in addition to the woodland to buffer any possible future negative impacts on curlews. Our analysis has made progress towards the research questions posed by the curlew recovery partnership, and we suggest future research directions to address these further
Data sources:
Access Repository Dashboard
Do you manage Repository@Napier? Access insider analytics, issue reports and manage access to outputs from your repository in the CORE Repository Dashboard!