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Building Back Better Following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence: Repair and Retrofit of Damaged Residential Reinforced Concrete High-Rise Buildings
No full textEarthquakes have caused, and will continue to cause, damage to the built environment, resulting in casualties, economic losses, and long-term societal impacts. One approach to decreasing future losses is limiting the damage that buildings experience during an earthquake and speeding up their recovery by following the “build back better” principle. The main objective of this study is to contribute to such efforts by showing how a typical reinforced concrete (RC) high-rise building that experienced severe damage due to the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence could be “built back better”. The main contributions of this study are: (1) better understanding of the main causes of the extensive RC building stock damage caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence, (2) a simple, essentially-elastic seismic analysis and design approach for repair and retrofit, that accounts for uncertainties in the characteristics of the existing structures and improves its seismic performance, and (3) a direct comparison of the cost of the proposed repair and retrofit design and the cost of replacing the damaged building with a new building, followed by a broader discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the two postearthquake recovery options
Dynamic mode decomposition for water-energy-food nexus modelling: Data-driven predictions of policy impacts
No full textThe Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus is high-dimensional and sensitive to control inputs, such as policy changes.
Constructing Nexus models to predict policy impacts is time consuming, and the temporal resolution of the
available data is often coarse, limiting the use of many data-driven methods. We investigated the applicability
Dynamic Mode Decomposition with control (DMDc) as a method of performing policy impact predictions. A
high-resolution System Dynamics Model (SDM) of the Nexus in Latvia was used to simulate the impacts of
different policies on the Nexus at annual resolution between 2000 and 2050 (m = 50 snapshots). This simulated
data was used to assess how well DMDc could reconstruct policy impacts based on data alone. To obtain
numerically stable DMDc models with just 50 snapshots, linear interpolation was used to artificially inflate the
data to monthly resolution (m = 600). Three policies based on the SDM were tested for two different data sizes,
small (n = 15 variables) and large (n = 100). With 5–15 control-policy variables specified, DMDc was able to
reconstruct the impacts in both the small and large data sets for two out of the three policies with moderate
accuracy (with a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency, NSE > 0.4). DMDc was able to capture the general trends in the data
but not interannual variability. These findings suggests that DMDc shows promise for impact assessments, but policy variables have to be carefully selected. Improvements to the DMDc pipeline that could improve performance and interpretability are discussed, including data pre-processing steps, architectural changes, and model constraints informed by expert- or stakeholder opinion
National Policies and the Challenge of Coherence
No full textThis chapter explores the complexities of aligning national policies with the European Union’s objectives in transitioning to a circular economy within the construction sector. While EU directives establish general frameworks, national governments encounter challenges in adapting these directives into coherent and context-specific regulations. The chapter identifies key obstacles to effective policy implementation, including fragmentation, institutional overlap, and inconsistent terminology. Additionally, it examines how governance structures, planning tradi-tions, and institutional cultures influence policy coherence. The analysis is based on survey results collected in 2023. Although subsequent policy and regulatory changes have occurred in the past two years, the data remain relevant, as they capture the main trends and challenges that continue to shape national approaches to circular construc-tion. By analyzing case studies and examples from various member states, the chapter emphasizes the necessity for enhanced multilevel coordination, harmonized regula-tory frameworks, and knowledge-sharing platforms. Bolstering policy coherence is crucial to ensure that national initiatives make meaningful contributions to the EU’s circular economy goals and the broader sustainability agenda.Part of the book series: Springer Tracts in Civil Engineerin
A review of hydropower reservoir GHG estimation methods
No full textAccurate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimations from hydropower reservoirs are critical for ensuring that this renewable energy source effectively contributes to climate mitigation. In this paper, we critically review and compare a range of methodologies, including direct field measurements (e.g. floating chambers and eddy covariance), empirical/statistical models (like G-res and HydroCalculator), process-based simulations, satellite remote sensing, machine learning (ML) techniques, and hybrid modelling frameworks that integrate these components.
Our analysis evaluates each approach against key criteria: accuracy and uncertainty, scalability and transferability, and data requirements and transparency. Direct measurements remain the gold standard for site-specific validation; however, they are limited by spatial and temporal coverage and demand substantial resources. Empirical models offer simplicity but struggle to capture dynamic environmental drivers, often leading to under- or overestimation of emissions. Process-based models provide critical mechanistic insights but require extensive input data and computational resources. While satellite observations and ML enhance spatial and temporal coverage and predictive capability, explainable AI can overcome the “black-box” nature of ML Hybrid approaches that combine in-situ data, remote sensing, ML, and process-based elements show the most significant promise for an accurate and scalable emissions estimation. As the European Union and other regions work to meet stringent climate targets, robust reservoir GHG accounting is essential for guiding investments and driving mitigation actions in genuinely low-carbon hydropower. Our findings highlight the necessity of integrated monitoring networks, open-access data, and interdisciplinary collaboration to develop next-generation tools that bridge precise measurement with large-scale modelling for informed climate and energy policy
Bastion Fortresses as Urban Generators: Morphological Patterns in Belgrade, Novi Sad, and Niš
No full textThis study examines the role of bastion fortresses in shaping the urban growth of three Serbian cities. Using historical cartography, spatial analysis, and statistical methods, it investigates how fortress disposition influenced patterns of expansion in Belgrade, Niš, and Novi Sad. Comparative mapping and street network analysis reveal a consistent radial growth from the fortress as a center, marking the transition from fortified settlements to modern cities. Five shared criteria were identified across the three sites and further tested on a broader sample of European bastion fortresses, where Serbian examples displayed a distinctive pattern. The findings show that bastion fortresses functioned as enduring spatial nuclei, steering urban development beyond their initial military role. By combining morphological, historical, and spatial perspectives, the study offers new insights into the adaptive legacy of fortification systems in urban evolution and heritage preservation
3D voksel litološko modeliranje u GIS okruženju: uticaj obima i prostornog rasporeda istražnih bušotina
No full textTokom poslednjih decenija, sa razvojem digitalnih alata i tehnologija, geotehnička praksa beleži pomak sa tradicionalnog modeliranja tla/stena na 3D modele bogate podacima i sa mogućnošću realnijeg prikaza geološko‐geotehničke kompleksnosti. Temelj ovakvih modela čine podaci iz terenskih istražnih radova. S tim u vezi, ključno pitanje ostaje otvoreno: koliko istražnih radova je potrebno i kako ih optimalno rasporediti u prostoru, kako bi se unapredila pouzdanost prediktivnih modela i iskoristila informativna vrednost postojećih podataka? U ovom radu primenjen je empirijski bajesov kriging u GIS okruženju za generisanje 3D voksel litoloških modela. Analizirani su podskupovi od 10 do 70 istražnih bušotina, grupisani u različite prostorne rasporede. Tačnost predviđanja litologije analizirana je pomoću nezavisnog seta validacionih bušotina i u odnosu na kvazi‐referentni model baziran na svih 94 bušotina. Standardna greška predviđanja korišćena je kao indikator nepouzdanosti uz pristup zasnovan na graničnoj vrednosti. Rezultati pokazuju porast tačnosti predviđanja i smanjenje nepouzdanosti sa rastom broja bušotina i sa njihovim optimalnim prostornim rasporedom,posebno u domenu modela sa ograničenom gustinom istraživanja
Behaviour and design resistance of long bolts in shear
No full textThe European standard EN 1993-1-8 lacks specific design provisions for bolted connections incorporating long bolts, despite their increasing use in innovative joint configurations. Long bolts are defined as structural bolts that are manufactured from circular steel, fully or partially, threaded rods instead of a steel coil and are not subjected to heat treatment. In contrast to standard structural bolts, they do not present a bolt head. They are assembled with standard washers and nuts at both ends and feature an extended length compared to standard bolts, offering unique advantages in addressing challenges that conventional bolts cannot resolve. Within the framework of the RFCS CONNECT4C project, which focuses on promoting circular economy principles in steel construction, adaptable and reusable steel joints are being developed, with long bolts playing a key structural role. As part of this initiative, the present study explores the mechanical performance of long bolts subject to shear through an extensive experimental campaign involving 60 tests. The aim is to characterise their behaviour and assess the applicability of the existing EN 1993-1-8 formulations for shear resistance and stiffness to this specific bolt type. Finally, a reliability assessment is conducted to establish a suitable partial factor (γM2) for connections utilising long bolts, confirming that the values for standard bolts are appropriate for long bolts in shear. The outcomes provide direct guidance for incorporating long bolts into future CEN product standards and extend the current design provisions of EN 1993-1-8 to long bolts
Beam–to–column joint solutions for reusable moment-resisting steel frames
No full textThis paper advances reusable building practices by introducing an innovative beam–to–column joint for moment-resisting steel frames. The proposed joint, featuring T-stubs and cleats, is fully demountable, employing bolted connections instead of welds. Moreover, it is designed to accommodate reclaimed steel, incorporating an adaptable link that extends the service length of existing members and adjusts them to the required span of a new structure. Experimental testing was conducted on three test specimens to evaluate joint performance and identify failure modes, moment resistance, rotation capacity and stiffness. Two joint configurations were tested, varying the T-stub section and number of bolts on the T-stub web–to–beam flange connection. Additionally, the influence of material origin, reclaimed versus new steel, was investigated through two specimens with identical configurations. Testing revealed two failure modes: bearing deformation at bolt holes in the T-stub web and failure of the first bolt row on the column flange. Results also highlighted the critical role of bolt slip resistance on the T-stub web–to–beam flange connection in governing the rotational stiffness. Finite element models were developed and validated against the experimental results to simulate the mechanical behaviour of the joints. A parametric numerical study explored key design variables, including link length, bolt diameter, and number of bolts. The findings contributed to improving the joint structural performance by increasing its resistance and delaying the stiffness degradation. Results indicated that increasing the link length from 100 to 150 mm does not have a negative effect on the joint performance
Numerical Macro- and Micro-Modeling of Confined Masonry Walls with Emphasis on Seismic Forces in Tie-Columns
No full textA recently developed confined masonry (CM) system, constructed from vertically perforated clay blocks and polyurethane (PU) glue, has demonstrated promising performance in recent tests, largely due to the confinement provided by 25 × 25 cm reinforced concrete (RC) tie-columns. However, current design codes treat tie-columns as prescriptively detailed elements, providing only dimensional and reinforcement limits. As a result, the actual internal seismic force demands in tie-columns are typically neither calculated nor verified. To address this gap, the present study investigates internal forces in tie-columns using different numerical models. The in-plane seismic response of CM walls was simulated in OpenSees using two macro-modeling strategies based on equivalent strut models (ESMs): single- and multi-strut models with different constitutive laws. The seismic response and internal forces in tie-columns were compared with an experimentally validated three-dimensional micro-model in Abaqus/Explicit. The single-strut model captured the global response reasonably well but could not reproduce the tie-column force demands. In contrast, the multi-strut model provided reliable estimates for axial forces, shear forces, and bending moments. This presents a step towards the development of a design which considers the contribution of RC tie-columns in modern CM buildings
Design Recommendations for Level Crossings Located on Track Curves
No full textLevel crossings remain a critical safety concern, especially as railway networks are upgraded for higher speeds and increased traffic volumes. Although significant efforts are made to reduce the number of level crossings, many of them will remain in operation due to different local constraints. With the rise in opera-tional speeds, the risks associated with level crossings become more severe, re-quiring the application of stricter safety standards and improved design practices. This paper presents the main principles for the design of level crossings. Although it is recommended for level crossings to be located in straight track, sometimes it is not possible to avoid locating them in curved track, even in the case of curves with high cant and narrow radius. Authors draw special attention to this type of level crossings, especially those located on double track railway lines due to their complex geometry. Additionally, authors recommend appropriate measures to improve road alignment while maintaining rail safety and operational efficiency. Implementing such solutions can significantly enhance the overall safety and functionality of level crossings in challenging track geometry