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Problematic social media use in childhood and adolescence.
Get PDFAt the time of writing, about 4.59 billion people use social media with many adolescents using their social media accounts across a myriad of applications and platforms. According to recent statistics, in 2022 individuals spent an average of 151 minutes on social media each day, illustrating the global relevance of social media (Dixon, 2022a,b). One of the pressing questions, internationally, is whether social media use is harmful and/or addictive. This question is of particular importance because many teenagers - and younger adolescents - spend considerable time on these platforms, which have increasingly become an integral part of their lives. Moreover, considering lifespan development, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to specific features and advertisements shown to them on social media platforms. Growing prevalence of poor mental health in young people has led to recent recommendations in the United States to routinely screen for anxiety in 8-18 year olds, and for depression and suicide risk for adolescents between 12-18 years of age (US Preventive Services Task Force et al., 2022 a,b) - the conditions often accompanying problematic social media use. The present work not only provides insights into the current state of the literature but provides also recommendations. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Finite Element Modelling to Design a Concrete Dual-Probe – An Innovative Tool for Monitoring the Drying of Concrete
Get PDFThe measurement of moisture in concrete has been of interest for many years due to the potentially devastating consequences of moisture problems within buildings. A range of techniques are available to measure the moisture content of concrete floors, such as concrete moisture meters, relative humidity probes and calcium chloride tests [1]. However, all these techniques have the limitation that they either measure the moisture content of the top inch of concrete or relative humidity inside concrete or vapor emissions from the surface of the concrete floor. To measure the moisture content at any depth in the concrete floor, an innovative ‘concrete’ dual-probe has been developed. Essentially, a short pulse of electrical energy is applied to a wire within the ‘heating’ needle. A separate ‘temperature sensor’ needle, which incorporates a calibrated Pt1000, records the resulting maximum temperature rise in the concrete at a certain distance from the heating needle from which the moisture content can be deduced. The most important benefit of the concrete dual-probe approach is that it can either monitor the concrete floor’s drying process during the building’s construction or measure the moisture content of the concrete floor after the building has been occupied. The moisture content of the concrete floor can be measured simply by burying the concrete dual-probe inside the concrete floor during construction. Extensive finite element modelling was carried out to design the ‘concrete’ dual-probe and build a prototype
A reordering: to teach EU law or not?
Get PDFThis article considers the place of EU law in the law curriculum. It explores and critically assesses the pre- and post- Brexit arguments which have been made for EU law as a distinct module on the law degree. A number of commentators have made the case for the desirability of keeping EU law as a core subject. This paper takes account of the 2023 Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act and the changes to the professional requirements for qualification. Three key arguments are made. The first is that Brexit is dis-ordering in an unquantifiable way the legal systems of the UK and introducing new uncertainties. The second is that at the same time there is a disordering of legal education with consequential changes to the rules for qualification to practise. The third argument, which is premised on the first two, is that providers of law degrees must recognise the implications of these processes and other processes of change (which are identified in this article) and re-appraise the purpose of EU law in the curriculum
Differences in run-up, take-off, and flight characteristics: successful vs. unsuccessful high jump attempts at the IAAF world championships
Get PDFStudies previously conducted on high jump have yielded important information regarding successful performance. However, analyses in competitive scenarios have often disregarded athletes’ unsuccessful attempts. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical differences between successful and unsuccessful jumps during competition. High-speed video footage (200 Hz) was obtained from 11 athletes during the 2018 Men's World Athletics Indoor Championship Final. From each athlete, one successful (SU) and one unsuccessful (UN) jump at the same bar height were included in the analysis, leaving seven athletes in total. Following whole-body 3D manual digitization, several temporal and kinematic variables were calculated for the run-up, take-off, and flight phases of each jump. During SU jumps, athletes raised the center of mass to a greater extent (p < 0.01) from take-off. Touchdown in SU jumps was characterized by a faster anteroposterior velocity (p < 0.05), lower backward lean (p < 0.05), and changes in joint angles for the stance and trail limbs (p < 0.05). Athletes also shortened the final contact time during SU jumps (p < 0.01) after producing a longer flight time in the final step of the run-up (p < 0.05). Elite-level high jumpers undertake a series of adjustments to successfully clear the bar after UN jumps. These adjustments reinforce the importance of the run-up in setting the foundations for take-off and bar clearance. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the need for coaches to be mindful of the adjustments required in stance and trail limbs when looking to optimize feedback to athletes during training and competition
Editor’s Introduction
Get PDFIn this issue of the Engineering Management Journal (EMJ), we are delighted to present eight new articles that address several key areas across the engineering management discipline. The scope of the research studies highlights the application as well as the range of approaches adopted in engineering management [...
Effectiveness of an online intervention for parents/guardians of children aged 4-7 years old who are concerned about their child’s emotional and behavioural development: protocol for an online randomised controlled trial (EMERGENT study)
No full textIntroduction The demand for resources to support emotional and behavioural development in early childhood is ever-increasing. However, conventional interventions are lacking in resources and have significant barriers. The Embers the Dragon programme helps address the growing unmet need of children requiring support. The delivery of the current project seeks to help support parents, reduce the burden placed on pressed services (e.g., CAMHS), and to help improve the emotional and behavioural development of children.
Methods and analysis The current project aims to investigate the efficacy and acceptability of Embers on parenting and children’s psychosocial outcomes. 364 parents/guardians of children aged between 4-7 will be recruited via the internet, schools, and GPs. This is an online waitlist-controlled trial with 3 arms: (i) control arm (ii) access to Embers arm and (iii) access to Embers + school. Participants will be randomised (1:1) into (i) or (ii) to evaluate the use of Embers at home. To evaluate scalability in schools, (iii) will be compared to (ii), and (i) to test efficacy against Treatment as Usual (not receiving the intervention). Primary outcomes include the Parenting Self-efficacy Scale, Parenting Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and qualitative interviews. Outcomes will be compared between the three groups at baseline, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Qualitative interviews will also be conducted.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been granted by the London South Bank University ethics panel (ETH2324-0004). To recruit via GPs, NHS ethical approval has been applied for, and the IRAS (331410) application is under consideration by the Central Bristol REC. The results of the project will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Parents/guardians will provide informed consent online prior to taking part in the study. For the interviews, assent will be taken from children by the researchers on the day.
Trial registration number ISRCTN58327872
Pediatric Cardiac Xenotransplantation: Recommendations for the Ethical Design of Clinical Trials
Get PDFFor children with complex congenital heart problems, cardiac allotransplantation is sometimes the best therapeutic option. However, availability of hearts for pediatric patients is limited, resulting in a long and growing waitlist, and a high mortality rate while waiting. Cardiac xenotransplantation has been proposed as one therapeutic alternative for neonates and infants, either in lieu of allotransplantation or as a bridge until an allograft becomes available. Scientific and clinical developments in xenotransplantation appear likely to permit cardiac xenotransplantation clinical trials in adults in the coming years. The ethical issues around xenotransplantation of the heart and other organs and tissues have recently been examined, but to date, only limited literature is available on the ethical issues that are attendant with pediatric heart xenotransplantation. Here, we summarize the ethical issues, focusing on (i) whether cardiac xenotransplantation should proceed in adults or children first, (ii) pediatric recipient selection for initial xenotransplantation trials, (iii) special problems regarding informed consent in this context, and (iv) related psychosocial and public perception considerations. We conclude with specific recommendations regarding ethically informed design of pediatric heart xenotransplantation trials
A gendered analysis of US decline: a cautionary tale
Get PDFThis article offers an innovative gendered analysis of the thesis of US decline, a prominent theory shared amongst International Relations scholars and US foreign policy experts about the impending end of US hegemony and the US-led international order. Inspired by feminist International Relations, it demonstrates that masculinism underscores the theory in three important ways: the methodologies used to (dis)prove US decline, the values declinism privileges and reinforces, and the way US decline appeals to phallocentric imagery. The article illustrates this argument through a discourse analytical reading of hi/stories of decline since the end of the Cold War in which I argue that US declinism paved the way for ‘Make America Great Again’ (MAGA) and the return to a hybrid masculinity embodied by Donald Trump and his supporters. The article thus acts a cautionary tale against declinism by showing the constitutive effects of alarming scenarios of falling empires. It offers an original inquiry in the thesis of US decline and advances wider studies on declinism and, in so doing, contributes to International Relations scholarship
Analysing behavioural factors that impact financial stock returns. The case of COVID-19 pandemic in the financial markets.
Get PDFThis thesis represents a pivotal advancement in the realm of behavioural finance, seamlessly integrating both classical and state-of-the-art models. It navigates the performance and applicability of the Irrational Fractional Brownian Motion (IFBM) model, while also delving into the propagation of investor sentiment, emphasizing the indispensable role of hands-on experiences in understanding, applying, and refining complex financial models.
Financial markets, characterized by ’fat tails’ in price change distributions, often challenge traditional models such as the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM). Addressing this, the research pivots towards the Irrational Fractional Brownian Motion Model (IFBM), a groundbreaking model initially proposed by (Dhesi and Ausloos, 2016) and further enriched in (Dhesi et al., 2019). This model, tailored to encapsulate the ’fat tail’ behaviour in asset returns, serves as the linchpin for the first chapter of this thesis.
Under the insightful guidance of Gurjeet Dhesi, a co-author of the IFBM model, we delved into its intricacies and practical applications. The first chapter aspires to evaluate the IFBM’s performance in real-world scenarios, enhancing its methodological robustness. To achieve this, a tailored algorithm was crafted for its rigorous testing, alongside the application of a modified Chi-square test for stability assessment. Furthermore, the deployment of Shannon’s entropy, from an information theory perspective, offers a nuanced understanding of the model. The S&P500 data is wielded as an empirical testing bed, reflecting real-world financial market dynamics. Upon confirming the model’s robustness, the IFBM is then applied to FTSE data during the tumultuous COVID-19 phase. This period, marked by extraordinary market oscillations, serves as an ideal backdrop to assess the IFBM’s capability in tracking extreme market shifts.
Transitioning to the second chapter, the focus shifts to the potentially influential realm of investor sentiment, seen as one of the many factors contributing to fat tails’ presence in return distributions. Building on insights from (Baker and Wurgler, 2007), we examine the potential impact of political speeches and daily briefings from 10 Downing Street during the COVID-19 crisis on market sentiment. Recognizing the profound market impact of such communications, the chapter seeks correlations between these briefings and market fluctuations.
Employing advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, this chapter harnesses the power of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) algorithm (Devlin et al., 2018) to extract sentiment from governmental communications. By comparing the derived sentiment scores with stock market indices’ performance metrics, potential relationships between public communications and market trajectories are unveiled. This approach represents a melding of traditional finance theory with state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, offering a fresh lens through which the dynamics of market behaviour can be understood in the context of external communications.
In conclusion, this thesis provides an intricate examination of the IFBM model’s performance and the influence of investor sentiment, especially under crisis conditions. This exploration not only advances the discourse in behavioural finance but also underscores the pivotal role of sophisticated models in understanding and predicting market trajectories
Investigating reliable amyloid accumulation in Centiloids: Results from the AMYPAD Prognostic and Natural History Study.
Get PDFTo support clinical trial designs focused on early interventions, our study determined reliable early amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation based on Centiloids (CL) in pre-dementia populations. A total of 1032 participants from the Amyloid Imaging to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease-Prognostic and Natural History Study (AMYPAD-PNHS) and Insight46 who underwent [ F]flutemetamol, [ F]florbetaben or [ F]florbetapir amyloid-PET were included. A normative strategy was used to define reliable accumulation by estimating the 95 percentile of longitudinal measurements in sub-populations (N = 101/750, N = 35/382) expected to remain stable over time. The baseline CL threshold that optimally predicts future accumulation was investigated using precision-recall analyses. Accumulation rates were examined using linear mixed-effect models. Reliable accumulation in the PNHS was estimated to occur at >3.0 CL/year. Baseline CL of 16 [12,19] best predicted future Aβ-accumulators. Rates of amyloid accumulation were tracer-independent, lower for APOE ε4 non-carriers, and for subjects with higher levels of education. Our results support a 12-20 CL window for inclusion into early secondary prevention studies. Reliable accumulation definition warrants further investigations. [Abstract copyright: © 2024 The Authors. Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.