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Undergraduate and Graduate Course Descriptions, Spring 2024
Get PDFWright State University undergraduate and graduate course descriptions from Spring 202
Multi-Dose Enteral L-Citrulline Administration in Premature Infants at Risk of Developing Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
No full textObjective: Information is needed to guide the design of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating L-citrulline therapy for premature infants with pulmonary hypertension associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD-PH). Based on our single-dose pharmacokinetic study, we evaluated the ability of a multi-dose enteral L-citrulline strategy to achieve a target trough steady-state L-citrulline plasma concentration and its tolerability in premature infants. Study design: Plasma L-citrulline concentrations were measured in six premature infants receiving 60 mg/kg L-citrulline every 6 h for 72 h before the first and last L-citrulline doses. L-citrulline concentrations were compared to concentration-time profiles from our previous study. Results: Target trough plasma L-citrulline concentrations were achieved in 2/6 subjects. No serious adverse events occurred. Conclusions: Multi-dose L-citrulline was well tolerated. These results will assist in the design of phase II RCTs evaluating L-citrulline dosage strategies to achieve target plasma L-citrulline concentrations in infants at risk for BPD-PH
Anti-seizure Effects and Mechanisms of Berberine
No full textBackground: Epilepsy is one of the most common in all age groups and disabling neurologic disorders around the world. Objectives: This systematic review was to explore whether berberine (BBR) has any anti-seizure or anti-epileptic effects and also reviewed this possible mechanism. Methods: The EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched before Sep 2023. All types of studies that investigated the effects of BBR on epilepsy or chemical-induced seizures were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently evaluated and reviewed titles/abstracts to identify publications for potential eligibility, and a third team member resolved discrepancies. Data were extracted in an Excel form, and the outcomes were discussed. Results: BBR showed its neuroprotective properties by reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and anti-apoptosis effects. It also increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) release and reduces transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). BBR by increasing scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), endogenous antioxidant enzymes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation insert its antioxidant activity. Moreover, BBR showed antiinflammatory activity by reducing Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels and through inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In addition, it modulated c-fos expression and neuronal excitability in the brain. Conclusion: BBR indicated promising anti-seizure effects with remarkable antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective activity. Future studies should be based on well-designed clinical trial studies that are integrated with new methods related to increasing bioavailability
Obstetrics Emergency Labor and Delivery Case Simulations with Normal Vaginal Delivery Demonstration: A Hands-on Simulation for Clerkship Students
Get PDFIntroduction: Simulation is rarely used for medical student education in the field of obstetrics. This method is an effective model of learning for topics that are encountered in clinical situations and for topics that pose significant risk to patients when an untrained individual is involved. Methods: A 2-hour obstetric delivery simulation session was developed and incorporated into the third-year obstetrics and gynecology clerkship rotation at Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine. Medical students completed self-guided content reviews with resources provided prior to the session. During the session, each medical student conducted a normal vaginal delivery and one of the emergent cases (umbilical cord prolapse, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, shoulder dystocia, and postpartum hemorrhage). During each case the Resident facilitator followed a script which included asking questions using gamification strategies to promote a low-stress learning environment. Critical action checklists were used to ensure students gained a strong understanding of topics. Simulation sessions were conducted both remotely and in-person. The simulation experience was evaluated using surveys and quizzes completed prior to and after participating in the simulation session. Results: Students reported that the simulation experience increased their comfort with emergent obstetric situations, increased their medical knowledge, and was beneficial to their education. Discussion: Simulation is an untapped learning method in obstetrics. We developed simulations for obstetric events to provide medical students with hands-on exposure to important obstetric experiences. This simulation session provides the framework for other medical schools to incorporate these obstetric simulations into their clerkship curriculum
Protective Effects of Fagonia Tenuifolia Methanolic Extracts against Hyperhomocysteinemia Produced by Methionine, by Repeal of Oxidative Stress Markers in Mice
Get PDFNatural products were extracted from many Fagonia species, belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family. They are used currently as drugs, these elements act as free radical scavengers. There are lot of stimuli which is able to produce oxidative stress, including hyperhomocysteinemia. There is accumulated evidence that free radicals can attack biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, and causes changes in their molecular pathways that supports the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. In this work, the protective effects of methanolic extracts from Fagonia tenuifolia on methionine induced hyperhomocysteinemia in mice, on oxidative stress and damages in the aorta were sought. For the understanding of the opposite effects of F. tenuifolia against hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress, certain biochemical, enzymatic parameters and histological sections of aorta in mice exposed to oral methionine or/and methanolic extracts were evaluated after 3 weeks of treatments. After the administration of 200 mg/kg of methionine, hyperhomocysteinemia was produced, and a significant development of oxidative stress was indicated by the decrease of GSH level and GPx activity, while, an elevation of MDA amount, GST, and CAT activities were clearly documented, these damages were associated with the decrease in lumen diameter of the aorta. On the other hand, the supplementation of crude extracts at 10 mg/kg caused improvement of all previous parameters towards its normal ranges. This study suggests that the dysfunction due to high oxidative stress produced by hyperhomocysteinemia in mice is neutralized by methanolic extracts of F. tenuifolia
A Comprehensive Study on One Health Strategy and Public Health Effects of Salmonella
Get PDFSalmonella poses a significant public health challenge due to its antibiotic resistance, zoonotic transmission, and diverse clinical manifestations. Over 60 % of human diseases are zoonotic, influenced by ecological dynamics and human activities such as land use changes, population growth, and international travel. Foodborne diseases, particularly those caused by Salmonella spp., have a substantial global impact, especially in low-income countries. Salmonella is divided into two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori, with more than 2000 serotypes and six subspecies within S. enterica. This bacterium is highly adaptable, surviving extreme conditions such as drying, high salt concentrations, and acidic environments. Detection methods typically involve pre-enrichment, followed by specific enrichment, plating, and identification through serological and molecular techniques like PCR. Severe cases, especially in vulnerable populations, often require antimicrobial treatment. Salmonella’s pathogenicity is driven by its ability to invade, persist, and replicate within host cells, facilitated by Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and type III secretion systems. Epidemiological data reveal a global distribution of enteric fever, with high incidence and mortality rates in Africa, Asia, and South America, while lower rates are reported in developed regions, often linked to international travel. This study adopts a One Health approach, examining Salmonella\u27s resistance, zoonotic transmission, and public health impact, while suggesting innovative strategies for detection and control to mitigate its global effects
Effect of Curcuma Longa on Growth and Lipid Profile of Broiler Chickens across Seasons
Get PDFThe poultry sector plays a critical role in driving economic growth and meeting the protein needs of the population. Recently, natural additives like turmeric (Curcuma longa) have attracted attention for their antimicrobial properties and their potential to reduce the reliance on antibiotics in poultry feed. This study evaluated the effects of turmeric supplementation at varying concentrations on broiler chickens during winter and summer seasons. Over a 42-day period, 40 broilers were divided into four groups: Control, Experimental Group 1 (1% turmeric), Experimental Group 2 (1.5% turmeric), and Experimental Group 3 (2% turmeric). Vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) was performed. Feed intake was recorded daily, and blood samples were collected on day 35 for lipid profile analysis and antibody titer measurement. At the end of the study (day 42), body weights were measured to determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and chickens were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Results indicated that 2% turmeric supplementation significantly (p\u3c0.05) improved body weight gain, reduced FCR, and enhanced carcass quality, particularly in the breast, thigh, and liver. Lipid profile analysis revealed reductions in cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, along with an increase in HDL levels. ND and IBD titers were also improved. The study concluded that 2% turmeric supplementation was the most beneficial for broiler chickens, demonstrating positive effects across both seasons compared to lower concentrations
Ethephon Application and Nitrogen Optimization Through Foliar Urea for Okra Production
Get PDFTo mitigate the environmental impact of excessive urea use, this study investigates the foliar application of urea and ethephon as a more efficient alternative to soil application, aiming to optimize nitrogen use while sustaining the growth and yield of okra. The research was conducted using a randomized complete block design with two factors, replicated four times. Factor A included ethephon levels with a control (E0 = Control, E1 = 150 ppm, E2 = 250 ppm, E3 = 350 ppm), while Factor B comprised two urea levels and a control (U0 = Control, U1 = 1%, U2 = 2 %). The findings revealed significant improvements in evaluated characteristics with the application of ethephon. Among the ethephon levels, E3 produced taller plants with more branches and leaves plant-1. E3 also resulted in higher chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content. Additionally, higher fruits plant-1, seeds fruit-1, hundred-seed weight, fruit length, and fresh fruit yield were associated with the E3 level. Among the urea levels, U2 led to improved growth, yield, and photosynthetic characteristics, including fresh fruit yield. The interactive effect of E3 and U2 produced the highest fresh fruit yield of okra. Furthermore, correlation analysis demonstrated significant associations between the evaluated traits, as indicated by the correlation coefficient (R²). The study demonstrated that plant growth regulators like ethephon and urea, when applied via foliar spray; positively impact the yield and related characteristics of okra. Comparative studies on major crops such as maize and wheat are suggested to examine different crops under the influence of foliar application of nitrogenous fertilizers to reduce excessive use and improve fertilizer use efficiency
Prevalence of Abortifacient Disorders in Small Ruminants: a Comprehensive Review
Get PDFAbortifacient disorders in small ruminants present a serious problem for livestock farmers, leading to financial losses and lower production rates. This review examines both infectious and non-infectious factors that cause abortions in goats (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries), which are crucial animals in rural farming practices. Infectious causes, such as bacteria (Brucella melitensis, Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii), viruses (bluetongue, border disease), and parasites (Toxoplasma gondii), are major factors in reproductive health problems, resulting in considerable livestock losses. Additionally, non-infectious factors like poor nutrition, toxins, and genetic issues also contribute to these reproductive challenges. Diagnosing the causes of abortion often requires complex testing of tissue samples, emphasizing the importance of advanced diagnostic tools. Preventing these disorders through vaccinations, better management practices, and health programs is key to minimizing their impact. This is particularly important in countries such as Pakistan, where small ruminants are essential to sustaining the agricultural economy
A Review on Wolbachia- a Viable Alternative to Control Aedes-Born Arboviral Diseases
Get PDFThe endemic geographic ranges of mosquitoes are expanding due to various anthropogenic activities including rapid international travel and trade, urbanization, deforestation, and global warming. Hence, Aedes-borne arboviral diseases like dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, or Zika infections would cause severe future outbreaks in non-endemic regions of the world. This threat to global public health highlights an urgent need for the development of efficient and effective mosquito control strategies. To date, a large number of mosquito vector-control strategies have been developed. Each of them has its strengths and weaknesses but the use of intracellular, endosymbiotic reproductive parasitic bacteria named Wolbachia pipientis is a promising tool for controlling arboviral disease transmissions. It naturally infects many species of arthropods and induces resistance to their respective pathogens. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), the most common Wolbachia-induced phenomenon, causes embryonic death by making male and female host gametes incompatible, reducing mosquito populations. This review will analyse the Wolbachia-based mosquito control strategies as a potential alternative to other several physical, chemical, biological, and genetic strategies for controlling mosquito populations