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The United Nations sanctions practice : Legal challenges in targeting individuals
No full textIn politically volatile and turbulent times, the UN and the international law associated with it are under enormous pressure. The world is facing an era in which the rule of law seems to be eroding while the rule of the strongest leads the way. The phenomenon of sanctions will not cease soon. It is therefore essential to analyze whether the UN itself is adhering to the core purposes and principles to which it has committed itself. If the observation leads to the conclusion that the UN is violating its own Charter, this would result in legal ambiguity and uncertainty. How could the UN appeal on states to comply with international law if it itself violates its own constitution? The legality of the current sanctions practice must therefore be reviewed. However, this thesis does not seek to provide answers on the effectiveness of sanctions. Nor does it try to assess the legality of unilateral sanctions or secondary sanctions in the interstate context. Measures involving the use of force under Art. 42 of the UN Charter will also not be examined. The thesis focuses on the UN sanctions practice against individuals and thus exclusively on its legal aspects. The research question is therefore: “Does the United Nations Security Council violate its own Charter when it imposes targeted sanctions against individuals under Chapter VII?”7 Furthermore, this thesis is divided into seven different sections. The following section explores the historical dimension of sanctions. In addition, the term “targeted sanctions”, the authorities imposing them and the addressees are described and explained. A brief overview of the different types of sanctions is also provided. The third section deals with the sanction’s procedure under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and outlines the requirements for the imposition and implementation of sanctions. The following section aims to illustrate the relevant purposes and principles that the UNSC must respect when imposing targeted sanctions. The fifth section delves deeper into the difficulties that have arisen following the imposition of comprehensive and blanket sanctions against states. The legal aspects are discussed and highlighted, as this is important to understand what led to the rethinking of the sanctions policy. The sixth section examines the current practice of targeted sanctions in detail and assesses whether it aligns with the purposes and principles enshrined in the UN Charter. The final section summarizes the findings and concludes this thesis
Attention Please! : A Study of Non-Technical Challenges when Scaling Greenfield Projects
No full textPurpose - This study examines the non-technical challenges (NTCs) that emerge when scalinggreenfield projects, how decision-makers allocate their attention to these challenges, and whichchallenges receive disproportionate attention relative to their perceived importance throughoutthe scaling process. Method - This study is an exploratory single case study of a Swedish mining company. The datacollection was conducted in three phases. First, 16 exploratory interviews were conducted andthematically analyzed to identify NTCs that emerge when scaling a greenfield project. Second,the Delphi method was used to assess the perceived importance of these challenges forsuccessful scaling. Third, the Q-method was applied to explore how decision-makers allocatetheir attention to these challenges. Finally, the findings were synthesized and analyzed using amatrix framework. Findings - Our findings are divided into three parts. First, we present 33 NTCs in scalinggreenfield projects, categorized into organizational, market, and financial dimensions, withorganizational NTCs being the most prominent. Second, we analyze how attention is allocatedacross project phases, showing that organizational NTCs dominate early on, while market andfinancial NTCs gain importance later. Finally, we highlight misalignments between perceivedimportance and attention among decision-makers, and offer a framework to guide effectiveprioritization throughout the scaling process. Theoretical implications - While prior research emphasizes the challenges associated withscaling, organizations often prioritize technical challenges (TCs), despite evidence that failuresare frequently driven by NTCs. Using the ABV, which conceptualizes attention as a limitedorganizational resource, we argue that it is not sufficient for companies to merely identify NTCs,they must also allocate adequate attention to them. Our framework contributes theoretically byidentifying which NTCs decision-makers focus on, how important these challenges are perceivedto be, and where discrepancy occurs between attention allocation and perceived importance.Special consideration is given to differences between individuals with formal and informaldecision-making authority. Practical implications - This study offers practical insights into how attention is allocated toNTCs during the scaling of a greenfield project. Building on the ABV, we show that attention islimited and must be directed strategically. Our findings reveal misalignments between formaland informal decision-makers, especially in key organizational areas such as communication,onboarding, and work overload. These issues risk being overlooked at the strategic level. The APframework helps organizations visualize attention patterns, improve alignment, and ensure focusis placed where it matters most for successful scaling. Limitations and future research - This study contributes to the understanding of NTCs in thecontext of scaling greenfield projects, however, it is subject to several limitations, including itssingle-case study design, the participants’ limited experience within greenfield contexts, and theindependent nature of one data collection phase, which may have introduced self-assessmentbiases. Moreover, while the study highlights which NTCs attract managerial attention, it does notinvestigate how these NTCs are addressed in practice. Future research should therefore explorehow attention-attracting challenges are managed and resolved, ideally across multiple cases andindustries, to enhance the generalizability and practical applicability of the findings
Rebooting organizations for digital change : A study of the change implementation process connected to digital adaptation: a multilevel perspective.
No full textChange management is an extremely broad and expansive topic, one with many subareas of research and with many aspects to consider; a multitude of researchers have attempted to lay out the best possible methods for achieving success with organizational changes. No single model of change management can fit all companies and situations, and despite the extensive research done on this topic, many change management initiatives continue to fail or go astray for a variety of reasons. One of the major causes of change initiative failure is a disconnect between different parties within the companies and more could be done to understand and remedy this disconnect. In this thesis, change management practices and their success in relation to several key factors in the context of digital adaptation and across hierarchical differences in mentalities will be explored. With the current trend of evolving technology and AI, many companies attempt to implement and utilize such technologies within their business models and internal workings, and the extent to which digital technologies and change processes can impact each other is somewhat unexplored. Additionally, there is a lack of research examining the differences in how different people within the same organizations are affected by the same change. Many employees feel that they are not included in the change process, while many managers insist that they are acting in the best interest of all those involved, so how can this gap be bridged? By examining the different priorities within each individual role in the same company, the study develops a theoretical framework and research design that would allow us to examine impact of the change processes on intra-organizational practices. Our research design and use of thematic analysis generates insights that may be of use for companies facing change management problems and contribute to the pre-existing change management models. The study finds that an established common ground and prioritized goals between all members of the organization are necessary for success of the change management practices. By connecting the direct interactions that operational level employees have with external factors, such as customers and the market, with the internal process improvements focused on by leaders, a more optimal use of managerial tools can be developed. A clear direction of communication, timing, goals, and learning are necessary, and appropriate usage of digital technologies and tools is an important facilitator. While it is up to each and every company to find their own way of exploiting and utilizing these tools and connections with their coworkers, establishing a common ground between different hierarchical levels will undoubtedly create room for internal growth and improve a firm's ability to quickly adapt to market conditions, both internally and externally
Möjligheter till ett lustfyllt lärande av “tråkig matematik” : En kvantitativ och kvalitativ läromedelsanalys om på vilket sätt läroböcker i matematik för årskurs 5 kan väcka lust att lära
No full textDen senaste TIMSS-rapporten (“Trends in Mathematics and Science Studies”) visar att Sveriges elever upplever att matematikundervisningen är allt tråkigare (Axelsson m.fl., 2024, s. 61). Denna studies syfte är därmed att synliggöra på vilket sätt och vilken utsträckning läroböcker i matematik för årskurs 5 kan bidra till ett lustfyllt lärande, då de arbetar med decimaltal och de fyra räknesätten. I vår studie, som har en deduktiv ansats, analyseras Matematik Beta (Dahlin m.fl., 2020), Mera Favorit Matematik 5B (Asikainen m.fl., 2018), Koll på matematik 5A (Björklund & Dalsmyr, 2015), och Matte Direkt Borgen 5A (Falck & Picetti, 2012) utifrån fyra forskningsfrågor som handlar om hur rutin- och problemlösningsuppgifter fördelar sig, hur läroböckerna bidrar till lustfyllt lärande genom ett syfte med uppgiften och affirmationer, uppgifternas progression och scaffolding samt böckernas utrymme för resonemang och synliggörande för meninghorisonter. Frågorna besvaras därefter genom en kvantitativ studie av balansen mellan uppgiftstyper samt en kvalitativ studie vad uppgifterna erbjuder avseende stöd, struktur och format på bokens uppgifter. För att identifiera vad lustfyllt lärande är utgår studien från teorier om mental träning, flow- teori, scaffolding, utvecklingszoner, meningshorisonter, progression och målstyrning. Teorierna utgör grunden för studiens sex analysfrågor som även beskrivs som principer för lustfyllt lärande. Studiens resultat visar, likt tidigare forskning, att läroböckerna inte är balanserade avseende uppgiftstyper i stort. Däremot finns det en balans i flera av läromedlen när det kommer till balans mellan uppgiftstyper inom räknesätten samt att det finns en balans i var uppgifterna är placerade, vilket motsätter sig resultaten i tidigare forskning. Vidare visar studien att inget av läromedlen uppfyller samtliga principer för lustfylldhet samtidigt som de olika läromedlen har olika styrkor och svagheter vad gäller lustfylldhet. Slutsatserna är att lärare behöver göra djupgående analyser av läroböckerna de använder för att få kunskap om hur och i vilken utsträckning som läromedlet kan användas i undervisningen för att bidra till ett lustfyllt lärande. Läroböckerna kan således inte ensamt stå för en lustfylld inlärning då de behöver kompletteras med andra externa resurser och läromedel för att elever ska få en lustfylld undervisning. Vidare är slutsatserna att lustfylldhet är ett komplext begrepp som behöver ses från flera perspektiv för att inkludera så många elever och lärandesituationer som möjligt.
Are technical employees worried about being replaced by AI? : A quantitative survey study
No full textStudiens syfte var att undersöka om anställda i svenska små till medelstora företag upplever oro att bli ersatta av generativ artificiell intelligens (AI) i sina yrkesroller. Studien undersökte även om oron varierade med ålder, kunskap om AI och attityder till AI. Studien använde en kvantitativ ansats där data samlades in genom en webbaserad enkät bestående av 20 frågor. Urvalet bestod av 173 respondenter (N=173), 92 kvinnor och 81 män som arbetade med tekniska hjälpmedel i minst 50% av sina arbetsuppgifter. Insamlade data analyserades genom multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade att ålder hade en signifikant negativ relation till upplevd oro, där äldre respondenter rapporterade lägre oro än yngre. Däremot fanns inga signifikanta samband mellan oro och AI-kunskap eller attityd till AI. Studien diskuterar möjliga orsaker till resultatet, bland annat att psykologiska faktorer som känsla av kontroll och arbetsmiljöns stöd kan ha större betydelse än teknisk förståelse. Slutsatserna betonar behovet av fortsatt forskning för att förstå AI-relaterad oro i arbetslivet
Optimized Motion Control of the ViperX 300 S_ Navigating Dynamic Environments
No full textThe following research delved into optimizing the usage of a robotic arm known as ViperX 300 S with the aimof accomplishing a “pick-and-place-machine”. Furthermore, different varieties of regulator techniques andalgorithms were implemented and evaluated against each other to examine which was the most suitable for thespecific task, which is moving a fragile object. There are two algorithms developed in Python, such as thecurrent based algorithm where the robotic arm learns to reach different position with negligible error, as welleffort based where the robotic arm uses effort to reach specific positions.There is a camera on the robotic arm that was discarded, and object markers were not set or used. Regulatorswere implemented to ensure it reached its target points. The main goal was to create a model-based controland a PID regulator that was sufficient for a pick and place algorithm, which is regulating an object's movementautomatically whilst preventing harsh changes in velocity. However, due to fragile hardware and limitedprerequisite skills, this was never completed.The test area was established indoors on the plane floor with moving and stationary cardboard boxes in differentshapes, creating a maze that the robotic arm had to pass through. Simulations and measurements were carriedout to determine which were the most suitable for the task. This project contributes to injury prevention forindividuals working with robotic arms, while also advancing the implementation of algorithms that offereffective solutions with enhanced performance
Cardiovascular Digital Twins from Time-Resolved CT
No full textIt is known that atrial fibrillation is related to other cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke. However, the direction of the relation is uncertain. Therefore, there is a need for novel methods to perform further in-depth investigations on the cardiovascular system and its mechanisms. Such a novel method is the use of computational mathematical models. By leveraging the excellent spatial resolution and rapid acquisition times of time-resolved CT, lumped parameter models can be made subject-specific with data about haemodynamic variables obtained with time-resolved CT. This provides a novel and effective method for in-depth investigations of the cardiovascular system. In this study, haemodynamic variables of a cohort of nine subjects, who all had been diagnosed with early stage of atrial fibrillation, were used together with a lumped parameter computational mathematical model. Together with subject-specific haemodynamic variables and a lumped parameter model, a cardiovascular digital twin was created. The aim in this study was to investigate the possibility of using haemodynamic variables obtained from time-resolved CT of subjects diagnosed with early stage atrial fibrillation with time-resolved CT as estimation data for a lumped parameter model, and whether the lumped parameter model can fit to the data from time-resolved CT. Furthermore, it was investigated whether there was a difference in how well the digital twin based on time-resolved CT data, compared to a digital twin based on 4D flow MRI data, could provide trustworthy simulations and predictions of hemodynamic variables of the left side of the heart. The study showed that a lumped parameter model can fit to data about haemodynamic variables obtained with time-resolved CT, and that it is achievable to apply subject-specific data from subjects diagnosed with early stage atrial fibrillation in sinus rhythm into a lumped parameter computational model. Additionally, the study has shown the difference in estimation data between the digital twins, and that the digital twin based on time-resolved CT data outperforms the digital twin based on 4D flow MRI data in terms of how well the model could fit the data it was given. However, it is important to mention that to get a conclusive comparison of the digital twins, greater computational power is needed. Together with greater computational power, an implementation of further validation methods is required. In conclusion, this master’s thesis has shown promising results in the use of zero-dimensional computational models together with subject-specific data obtained from time-resolved CT. The results of the study have shown that it is possible to use a lumped parameter model, made subject-specific with subject-specific haemodynamic variables acquired with time-resolved CT from subjects diagnosed with early stage AF. Additionally, the results of the study have shown the difference in estimation data between CT and MRI, together with that the CT-based digital twin performs more trustworthy simulations and predictions of haemodynamic variables of the left side of the heart than the MRI-based digital twin. The results yield a promising future in cardiovascular digital twins of the left side of the heart, to assist in diagnosis, treatment planning, disease predictions, and in studying the mechanisms of the left side of the heart
Dual teaching in the mathematics classroom of upper secondary school : Student and teacher perspective
No full textSyftet med den aktuella studien var att undersöka vilken påverkan tvålärarsystemet har på elever och lärare i matematikklassrummet på en gymnasieskola i norra delen av Sverige. Den här kvalitativa studien använder sig av fenomenografisk teori samt en tematisk analys. Studiens material har samlats in med hjälp av en semistrukturerad intervju med ämneslärare samt enkätundersökningar med deltagande elever. Sammanlagt inkluderade studien sextiotvå deltagare, varav två ämneslärare och femtionio elever i årskurs ett på gymnasiet. Studiens resultat visade att tvålärarskapet upplevdes ha en positiv inverkan på de två lärarna, både gällande den individuella lärarrollen och det kollegiala lärandet. Lärarna upplevde även att tvålärarsystemet hade en positiv inverkan på elevernas lärande-situation. Bland eleverna återfanns det tre olika uppfattningar gällande tvålärarskapets påverkan på deras lärande-situation, dessa var antingen positiva, negativa eller neutrala. Trettioåtta av femtionio elever rapporterade att de upplevde att tvålärarskapet hade en positiv inverkan på deras lärande-situation, gällande både deras lärande och miljön i klassrummet. Fem elever av femtionio rapporterade att de upplevde att tvålärarskapet hade en negativ inverkan på deras lärande-situation, dessa elever beskrev bland annat att det ibland upplevs som förvirrat när lärarna inte är samspelta. Sexton av femtionio elever rapporterade att deras upplevelser var neutrala, detta då deras lärande inom matematiken inte påverkas av att de har två lärare i klassrummet
Determination of prednisolone concentration in human breast milk and plasma of breastfed infants : study protocol of a Swedish multicentre low-intervention clinical trial
No full textIntroduction Many women need to use medications during breastfeeding. Very few medications have been adequately monitored, tested and labelled with safety information for this use. Prednisolone is one of these drugs. We aim to conduct a multicentre low-intervention clinical trial to determine the concentration of prednisolone in plasma of breastfed infants of lactating women treated with prednisolone. In addition, we will measure the concentration in maternal plasma and breast milk and calculate the daily infant dose (DID) and relative infant dose (RID). Infant cortisol levels will be analysed as a measure of clinical effects in the infants.Methods and analysis The study will be conducted at departments of obstetrics and gynaecology and specialist maternity and paediatric outpatient clinics in Sweden. We aim to include 30 lactating women treated with prednisolone and their breastfed infants. Breast milk and blood will be collected merely to study the secretion of prednisolone into breast milk and transfer to the infant. Participants will be treated with prednisolone according to their physician's prescription. Study visits take place when the infant is approximately 6-8 weeks old. Milk and blood sampling of the mother will be performed at 1 hour after drug intake, in conjunction with the infant being fed. Blood sampling of the infant will be performed 2 hours after the feed. Breast milk and plasma will be biobanked for future research. Recruitment was initiated in 2024 and is ongoing. Patient representatives from the Swedish Rheumatism Association were involved in the planning of the study, and the organisation is providing information about the study on their website.Ethics and dissemination The clinical trial was approved by the Swedish Medical Product Agency (Dnr. 5.1.1-2023-104170). The results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and disseminated at scientific meetings and through patient organisations' websites.Trial registration number The clinical trial protocol is available via the Clinical Trial Information System at the European Medicines Agency (No. 2023-508913-18-00). It is also registered and publicly accessible at the EU PAS Register (EUPAS 1000000059)
School nurses' perceptions of promoting adolescents’ mental health in relation to the use of social media
No full textBakgrund: I dagens samhälle är sociala medier en del av ungdomars vardag. Sociala medier kan bidra med både positiva och negativa upplevelser. Skolsköterskor behöver i sin profession hantera utmaningar som att följa utvecklingen inom sociala medier. Genom att stärka ungdomars känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) kan skolsköterskor främja ungdomars psykisk hälsa i en värld där sociala medier tar allt större plats. Syfte: Att belysa skolsköterskors uppfattningar av att främja ungdomars psykiska hälsa i relation till användandet av sociala medier. Metod: En fenomenografisk metod med induktiv ansats har använts. Individuella, semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Materialet har analyserats fenomenografiskt. Resultat: Analysen ledde fram till fyra beskrivningskategorier; förutsättningar att utföra uppdraget som skolsköterska, betydelsen av att skapa relation för att kunna motivera, betydelsen av samarbete med vårdnadshavare i kombination med tidig insats samt behov av samverkan med andra professioner. Konklusion: Det föreligger en utmaning i hur ungdomar ska motiveras att göra en förändring och skolsköterskor efterfrågar mer utbildning om sociala medier. Det är av vikt att ha en god relation med både ungdom och vårdnadshavare samt att påbörja arbetet tidigt. Skolsköterskor påtalar ett behov av ökat samarbete med vårdnadshavare och med andra professioner.Background: In today’s society, social media is a part of adolescents' everyday lives, contributing to both positive and negative experiences. School nurses must, in their professional role, manage challenges such as keeping up with developments in social media. By strengthening adolescents' sense of coherence (SOC), school nurses can promote mental health in a world where social media plays an increasingly prominent role. Aim: To highlight school nurses’ perceptions of promoting adolescents’ mental health in relation to the use of social media. Method: A phenomenographic method with an inductive approach was used. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The material was analyzed using a phenomenographic approach. Findings: The analysis resulted in four descriptive categories: the conditions for carrying out the school nurse’s assignment, the importance of building relationships to enable motivation, the importance of collaboration with guardians combined with early intervention and the need for collaboration with other professionals. Conclusion: There is a challenge in motivating these adolescents to make changes, and school nurses express a need for more education about social media. It is important to establish a good relationship with both adolescents and their guardians, as well as to begin health-promoting efforts at an early stage. School nurses emphasize the need for increased collaboration with guardians and other professionals