Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet - Academic Archive On-line
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Plasma Torch for Electric Quicklime Produktion : Summary of Initial Trials of Plasma Heated Calcination in a Rotary Kiln
No full textReducing CO2 emissions from industrial processes is a critical component of globalclimate strategies. Traditional production quicklime emits CO2 both through fuelcombustion and the calcination of limestone (CaCO3) to quicklime (CaO). Toaddress these emissions, an initiative to test the feasibility of producing quicklimeusing an electric plasma torch in a rotary kiln was conducted. By replacing fossil fuelcombustion with plasma heating and using CO2 as the carrier gas, this method aimsto eliminate direct emissions from combustion and creating a concentrated CO2stream that facilitates efficient carbon capture, utilisation, or storage (CCUS) toachieve net zero emissions. A pilot-scale rotary kiln equipped with a newlycommissioned 300 kW plasma torch was employed to calcine three types oflimestone, MET-1, MET-2 and SED. Calcination degree, reactivity andmicrostructure of the quicklime product was investigated, and a temperature profileof the kiln was established.Quicklime was successfully produced for MET-1 and SED, and MET-2 showsstrong potential if the correct operational settings are found. Notably, a high CO2atmosphere was not established in the kiln during testing, and thus its effects couldnot be evaluated. Temperature measurements showed a uniform profile along thekiln during the MET-1 runs, while the MET-2 and SED runs exhibited increasingtemperatures towards the plasma end. This indicates that small changes inoperational conditions or energy requirements of the material in the kiln can affectthe temperature profile. The quicklime produced demonstrated high reactivity, withslaking times under 0.5 minutes and as low as 0.15 minutes for MET-1 quicklime,classified as explosive reactivity. Minimal sintering was observed, which is whenquicklime is exposed to temperatures above necessary levels for an extended time.This suggests that either the temperatures in the kiln were lower than expected or theresidence times were sufficiently short. High heating rates from the plasma torchmay have contributed to the high reactivity results. These results demonstrate thefeasibility of quicklime produced using electrically driven plasma torches in rotarykilns. With further investigation into upscaling and integration of CCUS, this methodshows potential for achieving low-emissions or net-zero quicklime production
Erfarenheter av egenvård vid kronisk hjärtsvikt : En litteraturstudie ur patienternas perspektiv
No full textBakgrund: Kronisk hjärtsvikt är ett globalt växande hälsoproblem som påverkar patienters vardag, livskvalitet och upplevelse av hälsa. Egenvård utgör en central del i hanteringen av sjukdomen men är ofta komplex och utmanande. Vid sjukdomar som hjärtsvikt spelar sjuksköterskan en viktig roll i att stödja patienterna i deras egenvård. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa erfarenheter av egenvård hos patienter med kronisk hjärtsvikt. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades med tematisk analys enligt Braun och Clarke (2006), och resultatet strukturerades i teman. Resultat: Patienternas erfarenheter visade att egenvård påverkas av emotionella, fysiska, kulturella, sociala och informativa faktorer. Ett tema identifierades “hinder och drivkrafter till följsamhet”, under detta tema tillkom fem subteman, “känslomässiga svårigheter”, “fysiska begränsningar och symtomrelaterade svårigheter”, “vikten av stöd”, “hinder formade av sociala och kulturella förväntningar och vanor” samt “egna vägar till kontroll och förståelse”. Slutsats: För att egenvård ska vara möjlig krävs en förståelse för individens livssituation. Personcentrerad information och kontinuerligt stöd från vårdpersonal är avgörande för att främja hälsa och minska lidande hos personer med kronisk hjärtsvikt.Background: Chronic heart failure is a global health problem that affects patients’ daily living, quality of life and perception of health. Self-care is an important part in managing heart failure, but is often perceived as a complex and challenging task. The nurse plays an important role in supporting patients’ with heart failure in their self-care. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe heart failure patients’ experiences of self-care Method: This study was conducted as a literature review with a qualitative approach. Ten scientific original articles were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis. Results: The results showed that self-care is influenced by psychological, physical, cultural, social and informational factors. One main theme emerged from the analysis, “barriers and facilitators to adherence”. Under this main theme five sub-themes emerged, “emotional difficulties”, “physical limitations and symptom-related difficulties”, “the importance of support”, “barriers shaped by social and cultural norms and habits” and “own ways to manage and understand”. Conclusion: For self-care to be possible, an understanding of the individuals’ life situation is required. Person-centered care and information and continuous support from health care professionals are crucial in promoting health and reducing suffering in people with chronic heart failure.
AI Assisted Validation and Verification of Software : Enhancing System Test Verification Processes through Large Language Model Classification
No full textAs the automotive industry becomes increasingly software-driven, the complexity of validation and verification processes in embedded systems continues to grow. Within the Powertrain Control department at Scania CV AB, ensuring alignment between system test protocols and test scripts is a critical yet time-consuming task, currently performed manually. This thesis investigates the potential of leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs), a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP), in a classification problem to automate and enhance this process. The objective of the study is to integrate and evaluate a pre-trained LLM, CodeBERT, in classifying the correspondence between test protocols and scripts. By fine-tuning the model on domain-specific data and applying hyperparameter optimization, the project aims to maximize the model performance to enhance consistency, increase test coverage, and reduce the manual workload. Through a comprehensive literature review and data analysis, the domain-specific dataset is structured to enable the implementation of the CodeBERT model in a binary classification task. The model is trained using 5-fold cross-validation, while the optimal hyperparameters are explored using a grid search. The performance is evaluated using standard classification metrics, such as accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score, together with an additional analysis of the model performance on different data categories. The results show that the fine-tuned CodeBERT model achieves an accuracy of 84.29\% on the test dataset, significantly outperforming the base CodeBERT model. While the fine-tuned model demonstrates strong performance on data points belonging to categories more frequently observed in the training dataset, it showed limitations when exposed to rare or previously unseen data, indicating a need for further data expansion and refinement. The findings contribute to insights into the opportunities and possible approaches of utilizing an LLM in the validation and verification processes currently conducted at the Powertrain Control department at Scania CV AB
The centers and margins of modeling humans in well-being technologies
No full textThis paper critically examines the machine learning (ML) modeling of humans in three case studies of well-being technologies. Through a critical technical approach, it examines how these apps were experienced in daily life (technology in use) to surface breakdowns and to identify the assumptions about the "human"body entrenched in the ML models (technology design). To address these issues, this paper applies agential realism to decenter foundational assumptions, such as body regularity and health/illness binaries, and speculates more inclusive design and ML modeling paths that acknowledge irregularity, human-system entanglements, and uncertain transitions. This work is among the first to explore the implications of decentering theories in computational modeling of human bodies and well-being, offering insights for more inclusive technologies and speculations toward posthuman-centered ML modeling
Return governance and diplomacy between Türkiye and Afghanistan
No full textThere is growing scholarly and policy interest in understanding how destination and transit countries develop return migration policies and collaborate with origin countries. This study investigates the dynamics, drivers and outcomes of the collaborative process between Turkish and Afghan authorities in governing the return of Afghan migrants. Drawing on the concept of return diplomacy, derived from the broader framework of migration diplomacy-which explores the interplay between cross-border mobility and foreign policymaking-we analyse the bilateral talks and arrangements shaping these returns. Our examination of official documents, news sources, interviews and engagements with key informants reveals that authorities on both sides get involved in return diplomacy by leveraging historical and religious networks, as well as humanitarian diplomacy instruments. The drivers of this process are rooted in the domestic priorities of the Turkish government to manage return flows and the expectations of Afghan authorities and the Taliban for international legitimacy and aid through cooperation. The collaboration reflects a blend of formal and informal relations and practices. The outcomes, however, highlight significant opacity in bilateral negotiations and arrangements. These efforts lack a structured readmission framework and have resulted in record-high coerced returns of Afghan migrants (officially 42,498 in 2022) with minimal monitoring. While not fully representative, this case study provides valuable insights for enhancing theories of migration diplomacy and return governance by underscoring the utility of a decentred approach and emphasis on South-to-South contexts
In the Shift from Analogue to Digital : Designing the Future of Public Transport
No full textDigitaliseringen av samhällstjänster har uppmärksammats för sin potential att öka tillgängligheten, men kan även medföra en risk att skapa digitala klyftor. Studien undersöker hur användare upplever digitala tjänster i relation till mer analoga och fysiska alternativ inom kontexten av kollektivtrafik. Abetet är förankrat inom Människa-Datorinteraktion (MDI) och User Experience Design (UX), med inriktning på ett relativt outforskat fält i detta sammanhang: medborgardesign, som betonar vikten av att utforma teknik för hela samhället, med hänsyn till sårbara grupper. Studien bygger på en utforskande och kombinerad metodansats och en fallstudie i samarbete med Länstrafiken Örebro. En enkätundersökning med 85 respondenter låg till grund för insamling av både kvantitativ och kvalitativ data. Den tematiska analysen av resultatet visar att digitala tjänster upplevs som effektiva, särskilt vid enkla uppgifter och bland yngre användare med digital vana. Däremot skapar bristande återkoppling, tekniska begränsningar och låg förutsägbarhet osäkerhet vid användningen av dessa tjänster. Fysiska och analoga alternativ uppfattas som mer intuitiva och pålitliga, ofta grundat i vana och tidigare erfarenheter. Resultaten visar även att fler alternativ inte alltid leder till ökad tillgänglighet. UX-designprinciper och ett medborgarperspektiv kan bidra till att utveckla mer inkluderande digitala tjänster inom kollektivtrafiken genom att skapa tjänster som avlastar kognitionen på ett meningsfullt sätt. Utifrån studiens resultat presenteras rekommendationer till Länstrafiken för att främja en mer inkluderande framtida utveckling. Studien belyser vikten av att den digitala omvandlingen utformas med etisk medvetenhet och kontextuell förståelse, för att möta samhällets behov utan att det sker på bekostnad av vissa grupper.The digitalisation of public services is often seen as a way to improve accessibility, but it also raises concerns about the risk of creating digital inequalities. This study explores how users experience digital services in relation to more analogue and physical alternatives, within the context of public transport. It is grounded in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and User Experience Design (UX), with a focus on a relatively unexplored area in this context: Civic Design, which emphasises the importance of designing technology for the entire society, with particular consideration for vulnerable groups. The study employs a mixed-methods approach and a case study conducted in collaboration with Länstrafiken Örebro. A survey with 85 respondents from the Örebro region provided both quantitative and qualitative data. The thematic analysis of the results shows that digital services are perceived as effective, particularly for simple tasks and among younger users with high digital literacy. However, limited feedback, technical constraints and a lack of predictability cause uncertainty when using these services. Physical and analogue alternatives are perceived as more intuitive and reliable, often due to habit and prior experience. The findings also indicate that offering more options does not necessarily lead to increased accessibility. UX-design principles and a civic design perspective can help develop more inclusive digital services in public transport by supporting meaningful cognitive offloading. Based on the results, the study presents recommendations to Länstrafiken to support a more inclusive future development. The study highlights the importance of ensuring that the digitaltransition is guided by ethical sensitivity, in order to meet societal needs without marginalising specific groups
The EU’s New Growth Plan for the Western Balkans : A study of the EU’s Strategic Policy to Accelerate Serbia’s EU Accession
No full textThis thesis critically examines the EU’s 2023 Growth Plan for the Western Balkans as a strategic tool to accelerate Serbia’s EU accession. Anchored in EU conditionality theory, the study investigates the Plan’s structure, incentive mechanisms, and implementation with a focus on Serbia. A qualitative policy and text analysis is employed, drawing on EU policy documents, Serbia’s 2024 Reform Agenda, and official progress reports to assess the effectiveness of performance-based funding, sectoral investment, and political conditionality. The analysis finds that the Growth Plan marks an evolution from previous instruments like the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), introducing clearer reform benchmarks, stricter conditionality, and stronger links between funding and results. Serbia’s compliance is shown to be selective, with progress in low-resistance areas such as digitalization and renewable energy, while reforms in more politically sensitive domains—judicial independence, anti-corruption, and CFSP[1] alignment—remain stalled. A regional comparison further highlights Serbia’s unique geopolitical leverage, which may weaken the EU’s transformative influence. The study concludes that while the Growth Plan strengthens the EU’s enlargement toolbox, its effectiveness will depend on improved enforcement, civil society engagement, and consistent political will. [1] EU’s common Foreign and Security Polic
Jämförande analys av AI-baserad och traditionell prognostisering för lageroptimering : En Fallstudie
No full textThis study explores AI-based software for inventory optimization in the steel industry through a case study. Using historical sales data, key products were identified via ABC analysis based on revenue and volume. The study compares traditional statistical forecasting methods with an AI-driven approach, assessing their accuracy on both monthly and annual bases over a test period. The AI-based method demonstrated competitive or superior performance in several instances. These forecasts were applied to optimize order quantities and reduce inventory costs, improving overall inventory management, minimizing overstock risks, and enhancing delivery reliability. The findings underscore AI’s potential to enhance inventory management in industrial contexts, providing scalability and sustainability benefits by reducing waste. The study suggests that AI-based solutions can be a valuable tool for long-term efficiency, with broader implications for industries where precise forecasting and cost optimization are essential. Denna studie undersöker AI-baserade mjukvaror för lageroptimering inom stålindustrin, med fokus på en fallstudie. Genom att analysera försäljningsdata identifierades nyckelprodukter med hjälp av ABC-analys baserat på intäkter och volym. Studien jämför traditionella statistiska prognosmetoder med en AI-driven lösning, där noggrannheten utvärderades på månads- och årsbasis över en testperiod. Den AI-baserade metoden visade sig vara konkurrenskraftig eller överlägsen i flera fall. Prognoserna användes för att optimera beställningskvantiteter och reducera lagerkostnader, vilket ledde till förbättrad lagerhantering och minskad risk för överlager samt ökad leveranssäkerhet. Studien belyser potentialen hos AIlösningar för att effektivisera lagerhantering i industriella miljöer, med fördelar som skalbarhet och hållbarhet genom minskat spill. Resultaten indikerar att AI-baserade metoder kan vara ett värdefullt verktyg för långsiktig effektivitet och har potential för bredare tillämpning i industrier där precisa prognoser och kostnadsoptimering är avgörande.
Automation of Machine Documentation Retrieval in Industrial Environments : Improving Accessibility and Collaboration through Digital Solutions
No full textThis thesis presents the design and implementation of an industrial document management system for mobile use that will replace paper-based operations with a collaborative and secure mobile solution. The system, co-developed with Rejlers AB, provides real-time access to machine documentation, role-based access control (RBAC), and collaborative annotation tools to enhance efficiency and collaboration. The project follows a User-Centered Design (UCD) development process with iterative prototyping, interviews, and usability testing to ensure alignment with end-user needs. Key features are secure authentication, RBAC enforcement, and document annotation, realized through React Native, JavaScript, .NET, and SQL. Performance was validated through load testing with K6, revealing acceptable response times under expected user loads but scalability challenges under extreme conditions. The final system demonstrates how digital transformation can streamline industrial documentation workflows while maintaining security and usability. The results highlight the importance of balancing performance, user experience, and access control in industrial applications, providing a foundation for future improvements in scalability and collaboration features. \textbf{Keywords:} Digital Document Management, Industry 4.0, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), User-Centered Design (UCD), Collaborative Annotation, System Development, Machine Documentation, Information Security, Industrial Application