JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia)
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Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extract Characterization for Corrosion Inhibitor using Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Full text linkMetallic corrosion, the deterioration process induced by the interaction between metals and corrosive environments, poses a significant challenge to material integrity and longevity. Corrosion inhibitors have been identified as an effective approach among various mitigation strategies. Natural extracts, such as those derived from turmeric/Curcuma longa, have garnered attention for their potential as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors. This study endeavors to extract, characterize, and evaluate turmeric extract's efficacy as a corrosion inhibitor within a 30% acetic acid solution. Employing microwave-assisted extraction with a 96% ethanol solvent facilitated the isolation of the extract, which was subsequently subjected to qualitative analysis through phytochemical screenings and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). These analyses confirmed the presence of antioxidative phytochemicals, including alkaloids, terpenoids, turmeronoids, curcumin, sesquiterpenoids, and phenols. The corrosion inhibitory properties of turmeric extract were assessed via immersion and flow loop experiments, revealing a notable reduction in corrosion rates—from 0.1540 mm/year to 0.0801 mm/year in immersion tests and from 5.3747 mm/year to 2.9369 mm/year in flow loop tests. Such outcomes underscore turmeric extract's potential as a viable corrosion inhibitor, attributed primarily to the chemical interactions facilitated by curcumin's phenolic and carbonyl groups with the metal surface, thereby enhancing protective efficacy. The inhibitor efficiency was quantified at 47.9743% and 45.3565% for immersion and flow loop tests, highlighting the extract's substantial inhibitory performance
Comparison of Organic Liquid Soap Made from Papaya-Turmeric and Aloe Vera-Piper Betel
Full text linkIn the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the imperative to mitigate pathogen transmission has catalyzed the innovation of soaps imbued with antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. Diverging from conventional reliance on synthetic chemicals, often associated with adverse dermatological reactions, this study explores the formulation of organic liquid soaps. These soaps leverage naturally occurring antibacterial and antimicrobial compounds from readily accessible plants, presenting a viable alternative to commercially available inorganic body washes predominantly manufactured by small to medium-sized enterprises. Specifically, this research harnesses papaya and aloe vera extracts for their antimicrobial attributes, augmented with turmeric and piper betel for enhanced antibacterial efficacy. Despite the recognized potency of turmeric and piper betel, variability in their effectiveness necessitates rigorous validation against the Indonesian National Standards (SNI) to ensure product quality and safety. This includes comprehensive evaluations of pH levels, density, Total Plate Count (TPC), and Mold and Yeast Count (MYC) to certify the soap's inhibitory capacity against bacterial and fungal proliferation. Employing maceration and hot processing techniques, the formulated papaya-based soap adhered to SNI 4085:2017 criteria for pH and MYC, although initially failing the TPC test. Subsequent incorporation of turmeric extract facilitated compliance with all SNI benchmarks. Conversely, aloe vera formulations only satisfied pH requirements under the SNI, even after adding piper betel. However, substituting piper betel with turmeric extract enabled the aloe vera soap to fulfill the requisite SNI parameters. These findings underscore turmeric extract's superior antibacterial properties, positioning it as a pivotal component in papaya and aloe vera soap formulations. Contrary to prevalent assumptions regarding piper betel's antimicrobial and antibacterial effectiveness, our investigation substantiates turmeric's superior role in bacterial growth inhibition within organic soap matrices
Development of a Spreadsheet-Based Virtual Laboratory to Improve Students' Science Process Skills
Full text linkThe media virtual lab was developed with a spreadsheet that displayed 168 electrolysis reactions and performed reaction calculations. The implementation is done to improve the Science Process Skills (SPS) using the power of media. The design is an application of the model Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) of Research and Development (R&D). The VL was validated and revised by three media experts, who gave 88 on a score scale and were categorized as the highly qualified assessment of media, material, and visual communication. VL is used more in experimental classes than in control classes and SPS. Both of these classes include descriptions of tests, while SPS description tests generated normal but distributed data with a value of 0,502>0,05. The Levene test with a value of 0.849>0.05 indicates that the data is homogenous. The VL is there is a significant difference because the result of t test value obtained are 0,000<0x7E>0.05. The percentage score of each indicator from the experimental class is compared with the control class, which has a high percentage of each indicator. The farthest difference is the domain for movement manipulation and procedure implementation skills. This lends evidence to the hypothesis test that using VL can augment SPS
Determination of Temperature, pH, Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, TDS, TSS, and Nitrite Content in 42-Day-Old Shrimp Farming Ponds
Full text linkThis study was to determine water quality in shrimps farming through parameters temperature, pH, salinity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) [1,8,2]. Databases for all shrimp farms were created Water quality heavily impacts shrimp health, growth, and disease susceptibility. TDS and TSS were determined by gravimetric analysis, and nitrite was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 545 nm. Inlets, ponds and outlets were sampled to compare quality differences. The highest temperature (27.9°C) and DO (7.23 mg/L) values were found in the pond, while the inlet had the highest pH (7.54) and salinity (19 psu). TSS (0.055 mg/L) and TDS (20.460 mg/L) were highest in inlet too. The levels of nitrite at the inlet, pond and outlet were an average of 0.0073, 0.0249 and 0.0501 mg/L respectively. Nitrite in shrimp feed was 0.0535±0.0029 mg/L. The analytical parameters for the detection of quercetin were found to have excellent linearity with R² = 0.9959, precision with CV Horwitz ≤10.14%, and accuracy with 90.33–95.04%. The results showed that temperature, pH, salinity, DO, TSS, and TDS levels are suitable and that the acceptable nitrite concentration of the samples fits into the criteria for sustainable shrimp farmin
The Effect of Variation Concentration of Simplex Syrup on the Physicochemical Stability of Nanosilver Syrup
Full text linkInulin from Gembili has been identified as an effective bioreductor for forming nanosilver with a size of 481.4 nm, stable for 30 days when stored at 4°C. Inulin nanosilver exhibits immunomodulatory properties and has been proven safe through acute toxicity evaluation at a dose of 4 mg/kgBB. A drug delivery system needs to be developed for its use as a supplement. Syrup was chosen due to its alcohol-free nature, better taste, and ease of measuring the active substance compared to elixirs, solutions, and suspensions. Simplex syrupus, used as a syrup base, influences stability by potentially forming crystals during storage. This research aims to determine how varying concentrations of simplex syrupus affect the physicochemical properties of inulin nanosilver syrup. The study involved the biosynthesis process using Gembili's inulin, nanosilver characterization, formulation, and stability testing. Inulin nanosilver syrup was prepared with simplex syrupus concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60%. The physicochemical stability of the syrup, including organoleptic properties, pH, and viscosity, was tested before and after storage at 4°C and 40°C over six cycles. The selected formula was evaluated for sugar reduction content and FT-IR profile. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 for Windows with One-way ANOVA and Paired T-Test. Results indicated that higher concentrations of simplex syrupus led to increased consistency, pH, and viscosity. A 60% concentration of simplex syrupus met the physicochemical stability requirements, with a medium-thick consistency, pH of 5.25±0.03, and viscosity of 92±2.6 cps. The reducing sugar content was 20.59% ±0.002, and the FT-IR profile confirmed the presence of inulin nanosilver, indicated by Ag-N groups compared to silver nitrate solution. This product has the potential to be developed as a health supplement
The Effect of Voltage on HDPE Microplastic Removal by Electrocoagulation Process Using Stainless Steel Electrode
Full text linkPlastic pollution, especially high-density polyethylene (HDPE), is highly concerned with human health and ecosystems. This study investigates the potential of the electrocoagulation process on the removal of HDPE microplastics from water, evaluating the best operating conditions, including the voltage (4, 8, and 12 V), time (40, 80, and 120 minutes), and pH (3, 5, 7, and 9) to achieve the maximum removal efficiency. Coagulation experiments were conducted in the electrolytic cell, using stainless steel and aluminum electrodes, while Na₂SO₄ served as the electrolyte. Because loss of surface area and change in structure was more evident in fragmented flake and granular microplastics (FTIR and SEM analyses), those microplastics were more retained in the swollen coagulant. The alkaline condition also supports the highest removal efficiency of 96.60% when the pH, voltage, and duration were 9, 8V, and 120 minutes, respectively, as experienced in addition to 0.1g of carbon CTO5 in the study. Conclusions Our findings show that electrocoagulation works best at a medium voltage and in alkaline pH conditions. Under low pH conditions, the removal is not notably influenced by the applied voltage, whereas under neutral and alkaline conditions, removal is significantly enhanced with increased voltage. Moreover, the stainless steel electrodes were more corrosion-resistant than aluminum, thus making the process more sustainable. The results indicate that electrocoagulation represents an environmentally friendly, effective microplastic removal method under the right voltage, time, and pH conditions. Such techniques are an effective strategy that helps reduce water contamination and conserve ecosystems
Comparison of Air Contact And Distilled Water Distribution Method in The Conversion of Cao to Ca(OH)2 As A Precursor Hydroxyapatite Synthesis
Full text linkEggshells containing CaCO3 have potential as bioceramics for several tissue engineering applications. The content of CaCO3 converted into Ca(OH)2 can be used as a precursor to implant material. The purpose of the study was to compare two methods of converting CaO into Ca(OH)2 as the primary material for making hydroxyapatite. The method used is direct contact with air and dissolution with water. Hydroxyapatite synthesis using Ca(OH)2 is calcined from CaCO3 with a sintering temperature of 900 °C. The result of calcination is in the form of CaO. The stages of obtaining Ca(OH)2 by converting CaO using two methods, namely direct contact with air and dissolution with water. The XRD characterization results obtained that Ca(OH)2 results from direct contact with air show the formation of phase (portlandite), which is characterized by its presence at the highest typical 2θ angles = 18.18°, 28.68°, 34.30°, 47.40°, 50.92°, 54.16°, and 62.62°. The XRD Ca(OH)2 pattern with the distilled water distribution process shows the formation of a phase (portlandite) characterized by its presence at angles of 2θ = 18.18°, 28.68°, 34.30°, 47.40°, 50.92°, 54.16°, and 62.62 °. The results of FTIR Ca(OH)2 characterization of air contact and water dissolution showed strong O-H functional groups at wave numbers 3643 cm-1 and 3642 cm-1, C-O groups at 1487 cm-1 and 1483 cm-1. This suggests that both methods can convert CaO to Ca(OH)2, which synthesizes hydroxyapatite. The hydroxyapatite characterization results obtained have met the standard
Laminarin crude extract characterization of Sargassum sp. originated from Jepara-Indonesia with Laminarin Acid Extraction method using acetic acid solvent
Full text linkLaminarin is a bioactive compound found in Sargassum sp. whose existence is widespread in Indonesia, including in Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia. Laminarin can be used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and feed industries as it is beneficial as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and regulates gut microbiota. This study aimed to extract laminarin from Sargassum sp. that originated from Jepara-Indonesia by laminarin acid extraction procedure with an acetic acid solvent (CH3COOH) which was safer, cheaper and easy to obtain. Characterization of laminarin crude extract use Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR); meanwhile, nutrition tested are moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fiber content. The results showed that laminarin extraction of Sargassum sp. from Jepara using acetic acid solvent (L-ACT) obtained the highest yield of 15.5% with a solvent ratio of 1:5 (w/v) but still lower than the yield extraction using hydrochloric acid (L-HCl) with a solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v) that was 24.17%. FT-IR absorption band at 2359.96 cm-1 (-OH bending; transmission angle peak), 1538.54 cm-1 (C-C aromatic; carboxyl groups), 1409.35 cm-1 (C-H bending; carboxyl groups), 1230.89 cm-1 (C-O-C stretching; sugar region), 1022.58 cm-1 (R-O-R (acetal)), and at 944.94 cm-1 (O-R cyclic) of the L-ACT samples were similar to those of the L-HCl and standard laminarin references in other studies that used as a positive control, confirming the presence of laminarin. The L-ACT extract had lower ash, crude protein content and higher water content compared to L-HCl crude extract. Meanwhile, the crude fiber content in both L-ACT and L-HCL was not identified. The results showed that Sargassum sp. from Jepara was the potential source of laminarin for many industries (pharmacy, cosmetic, food), and acetic acid could be used as a suitable solvent to extract laminarin in the LAE method.Â
Development and Characterization of Hand Sanitizer Containing Lempuyang Emprit (Zingiber amaricans BL.) Essential Oil With Zerumbone as The Main Chemical Component
Full text linkRecently, research on the chemistry of natural products as medicinal has been increasingly developed; this is because natural products have many chemical components, have the potential biological activities without side effects, and are easy to obtain. One of these natural products is Lempuyang Emprit (Zingiber amaricans BL.) essential oil. The researchers guided UKM Suti Sehati to develop a new product: a hand sanitizer containing Lempuyang Emprit essential oil (LEEO). This study aims to make ten hand sanitizer formulas by varying LEEO concentrations and determine the best formula based on the physical properties and antibacterial activities. The best formulation obtained was then optimized with variations in fragrance concentration. The best product was selected by a hedonic test using 30 untrained panelists based on the parameters of color, scent, texture, pH, homogeneity, speed of drying, causing no red skin, causing no pain, and causing no dry skin. The antibacterial activity tests were performed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 using the disk method. The LEEO isolation was carried out using steam and water distillation methods, and the chemical components of the best product was identified using the GC-MS method. Based on the hedonic test, the best hand sanitizer product contains 1.5% LEEO and 3% fragrance. This product has a strong antibacterial activity value against S. aureus ATCC 25923, with an inhibition zone of 15.95 mm, and a moderate value against E. coli ATCC 25922, with an inhibition zone of 9.42 mm. The hand sanitizer product contains 21.35% of Zerumbone and exhibits antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities
Biosynthesis of Poly Acrylic Acid (PAA) Modified Silver Nanoparticles, Using Basil Leaf Extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) for Heavy Metal Detection
Full text linkThis study focused on characterizing synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluating their efficacy as colorimetric detectors for heavy metal ions. The synthesis employed a bottom-up approach, using AgNO3 as a precursor, reduced by secondary metabolites in basil leaf extract, enhanced with Polyacrylic acid (PAA). Basil leaves were chosen for their rich content of secondary metabolites like phytosterols, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, lignin, starch, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones, crucial in reducing silver ions. Incorporating basil leaf extract as a bioreactor and adding PAA to increase stability and selectivity towards metal ions are innovative aspects of this research. The optimal AgNP composition was attained with a 0.7 mL basil leaf extract to 10 mL AgNO3 ratio plus 2% PAA. The AgNP formation was indicated by a color change from yellow to brownish, with a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 418 nm. Characterization via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O) functional groups aiding in silver ion reduction. Particle Size Analysis (PSA) showed AgNPs of 72.3 nm size, with a polydispersity index of 0.504. Colorimetric detection tests were conducted on Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Mn(II) ions. AgNPs exhibited high reactivity towards Cu2+, changing color from brownish to clear white within a minute upon Cu2+ addition, unlike Cd2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+, which showed negligible changes. This indicates a heightened sensitivity of AgNPs to Cu2+ ions. Such a colorimetric sensor could be instrumental in detecting heavy metals in drinking water, showcasing the potential application of AgNPs in environmental monitoring