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Inclusive Australasian cityscapes
No full textThe lands on which Australasian cities were built have always been Indigenous places. Colonists were previously disinterested in providing for Indigenous values in these space. As Indigenous groups find and fight for opportunities to be visible in these contested cityscapes. New innovations enabled by communities of culture and practice are finding greater voice to achieve more ecologically sustainable practices. This paper highlights strategies and policies for reconciling cityscapes for more inclusive healthy relationships between people and the environment. It identifies process-based exemplars from co-design to Indigenous practice and practice-based research, strategies and policies for transformative outcomes in Australasian cities
Te Rua o Mahara | The pits of memories Weaving knowledge to understand the past
No full textKaitorete is a low-lying spit/barrier complex situated south of Te Pātaka o Rākaihautū (Banks Peninsula). Kaitorete is an Ara Tawhito (ancient trail) and cultural landscape of immense importance, with hundreds of archaeological sites and evidence of pā (settlement, community) and kāinga mahinga kai (food gathering settlement).
The eviction of Mana Whenua from Kaitorete in the mid-1800s resulted in disconnection from the whenua (land), impacting the way of living, traditional knowledge, health, economic opportunities, and sovereignty. With the purchase of 1000 ha of land at Kaitorete in 2021, Mana Whenua Te Taumutu Rūnanga and Wairewa Rūnanga, and the Crown established the Tāwhaki Joint Venture, the first and only indigenous-led aerospace company in the world. The aim of Tāwhaki is to heal Kaitorete whenua, advance mātauranga, enrich connections, and bring whānau home.
Our research focused on a kāinga mahinga kai, Te Waiotemapua. This ephemeral wetland environment hosts an extensive network of rua (pits) on a lakeside ridge. Investigations centred on the network of rua, with the aim of revealing the stories of people in this landscape held by the soil.
This involved looking at the landscape through a mātauranga lens of oral histories, pūrākau (stories), manuscripts, maps, and mahinga kai practices, and using this lens to guide the use of western science tools. We applied soil science methods to look within the soil at the profile and plant microfossils, to enhance knowledge of food gathering, storage, and habitation at this kāinga mahinga kai. Our findings include identifying rua of different sizes and shapes positioned at varying heights on the ridge, signalling a range of uses, and the presence of starch grains in smaller rua, indicating kūmara storage. This transdisciplinary project weaves together mātauranga Māori and soil science, to draw on the past to provide a foundation for future opportunities and growth
Coopworth hogget and lamb liveweight gain on regenerative and conventional dryland pastures : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Agricultural Science (Honours) at Lincoln University
No full textRegenerative systems have been proposed as a potential greenhouse gas mitigation strategy for New Zealand agricultural systems. They focus on a holistic approach which encompasses, plant, animal, soil and community health. Regenerative agriculture principles claim to naturally increase carbon storage, soil fertility and biodiversity while producing the equivalent harvestable product of conventional systems. This dissertation reports on the liveweight gain of Coopworth hoggets and lambs grazing conventional and regenerative dryland pastures under high (20 mg/kg) and low (10 mg/kg) Olsen P giving four treatment groups: high conventional (HC), low conventional (LC), high regenerative (HR) and low regenerative (LR).
The research period was within the establishment phase of the ongoing regenerative agriculture dryland experiment at Lincoln University. Four 2-ha farmlets, of 20 paddocks each, were established between 10 December 2021 and 16 March 2023. Grazing management and pasture species were the main attributes under investigation. Animals under regenerative management grazed multi-species forages (>8 species), under high intensity, short duration, with high residual, rotational grazing. Whereas, conventional grazing management was rotational, with duration and rotation length based on pasture cover.
Differences in animal liveweight gain (LWG), were explained by the pasture production and quality for each of the two Coopworth flocks (ewe hoggets and then ewe lambs) which grazed between 11 September 2022 and 3 August 2023. The first ewe hogget flock grazed between 11 September 2022 and 3 March 2023. These animals were replaced with new season ewe lambs from 3 March to 3 August 2023.
Conventional treatments produced the greatest LWG. The Coopworth hoggets and lambs grazed on conventional pastures accumulated 42 to 60 (hoggets) kg LWG/ha and 15 to 28 (lambs) kg LWG/ha more than those on RA treatments. This difference was attributed to greater crude protein content (20% CA, compared with 15% RA) and lower neutral detergent fibre (40% CA, compared with 46% RA) due to increased legume in the lucerne-based conventional diet. This meant animals met their daily intake requirements sooner which enabled increased total intake, due to increased rate of rumination. Pasture production and quality were affected by water stress in this summer dry rainfed environment. Pastures were shown to be water stressed from 13 November 2022, when 157 mm actual soil moisture deficit was reached, until March 2023. During autumn and winter 2023 pasture grew based only on rainfall. Soil water had not recharged until July 2023. There was no effect on pasture quality or legume production during the experimental period due to Olsen P treatments, however, further research over time is required to confirm these results
Diversification as a climate change adaptation strategy in viticulture systems: Winegrowers' insights from Marlborough, New Zealand
No full textViticulture systems face risks from a changing climate due to grapevine sensitivity and the large degree of specialization that often exists. Diversification of agricultural production systems has been proposed as an effective adaptation strategy. Elements of diversification have featured in viticulture adaptation studies, but the understanding of diversification and its potential as a climate change adaptation strategy has not been explicitly explored with winegrowers. To develop insights in this area we identified regional climate challenges, defined climate change related threats and opportunities, and envisaged diversification solutions. Data collection involved a literature review on climate change impacts, adaptation and diversification in viticulture systems, followed by a focus group with industry stakeholders. Agroecological practices, plant material and vineyard location were the core diversification themes identified in the literature. The study found that winegrowers’ understanding of the potential for diversification include implementing agroecological practices, diversification of plant material (clones, rootstocks), alternative vineyard locations, integrating different crops and growing alternative varieties. The study expands on current literature by explicitly assessing winegrower understanding of the potential for diversification as a climate change adaptation strategy in winegrowing systems
Endophytic fungal isolates from apple tissue: Latent pathogens lurking within?
No full textFungal endophytes inhabit a similar ecological niche to that occupied by many phytopathogens, with several pathogens isolated from healthy tissues in their latent phase. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity, the colonisation ability, and the enzyme activity of 37 endophytic fungal isolates recovered from apparently healthy apple shoot and leaf tissues. The pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed on ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Braeburn’ fruit and detached ‘Royal Gala’ shoots. For the non-pathogenic isolates, their ability to endophytically colonise detached ‘Royal Gala’ shoots was evaluated. Enzyme activity assays were undertaken to determine whether the pathogenicity of the endophytes was related to the production of the extracellular enzymes, amylase, cellulase, pectinase, protease, and xylanase. Of the 37 isolates studied, eight isolates, representing the genera Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Fusarium, and Penicillium, were shown to be pathogenic on both apple shoots and fruit. Two isolates identified as Trichoderma atroviride, were pathogenic only on shoots, and three isolates, representing the genus Diaporthe, were pathogenic only on fruit. Of the remaining 24 isolates, 22 (Biscogniauxia (n = 8), Chaetomium (n = 4), Trichoderma (n = 3), Epicoccum (n = 2), Neosetophoma (n = 2), Xylaria (n = 1), Daldinia (n = 1), and Paraphaeosphaeria (n = 1)) were recovered from the inoculated apple shoots but two failed to colonise the shoot tissues. Of the isolates tested, 20 produced amylase, 15 cellulase, 25 pectinase, 26 protease, and 13 xylanase. There was no correlation between the range and type of enzymes produced by the isolates and their pathogenicity or ability to endophytically colonise the shoot tissue. The study showed that approximately one-third (13/37) of the isolates recovered from the apparently healthy apple shoot tissues were observed as latent pathogens. The isolates that did not cause disease symptoms may have the ability to reduce colonisation of apple tissues by pathogens including Neonectria ditissima associated with European canker of apple
Adaptation to climate change among Māori-Led tourism businesses in Aotearoa New Zealand: A case study of Westland/Tai Poutini National Park, and proximate destination townships
No full textUsing qualitative semi-structured interviews, this study set out to explore how selected Māori-led tourism businesses are experiencing and adapting to the effects of climate change in Westland Tai Poutini National Park and proximate destination townships. The research sought to understand how Māori-led tourism businesses are preparing for anticipated changes in climate and how their business adaptation planning aligns with Māori values. Also explored, in the context of climate change adaption, were the risks and opportunities for Māori-led tourism businesses in Te Tai Poutini. The results of this research offer a a cultural lens on climate change adaptation, which has rarely been considered in tourism. The findings will inform strategy discussions among tourism operators, managers and the wider tourism sector in relation to climate change adaptation planning
Breaking hygge - Why race and racism keep disappearing from discourse
No full textThe publication stems from a series of conversations with architects, academics, and activists about the role of architecture in social justice. Eight accessible chapters delve into topics such as being an activist in architecture, how architectural practice can include more diverse perspectives, how education shapes the architect’s image, and a women’s history of architectural practice in Jutland. The book continues to discuss how race, religion, and architecture are co-implicated, how architects can learn from queer spatial practices, develop caring relationships with the more-than-human, and finally, how minoritarian futurisms can illuminate more just and joyful architectural futures
Effect of forage plantain integration into a grazing dairy system on urination behaviour and urinary nitrogen concentration in late-lactation cows
No full textAs part of a farm-system study, this sub-study aimed to contribute to existing evidence on the effects
of varying dietary levels of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) on urinary N (UN) concentration and
urination behaviour in cows managed under typical farming practices. In late July 2021, 108 dairy cows
were blocked into nine herds of 12 cows. The herds were randomly allocated into one of three replicated
pasture treatments sown with an increasing plantain seed rate: (i) RGWC with nil plantain (PL0); (ii)
RGWC+3 kg/ha plantain (PL3) or (iii) RGWC+6 kg/ha plantain (PL6). Over a 10-day sub-study period
in late March-early April 2022, UN concentration was measured in morning and afternoon spot samples
collected from 18 monitor cows (n=6; three cows each from two of the three farmlets per treatment) on
two occasions. Urination behaviour (daily urine volume and urination frequency) was measured using
a Lincoln University PEETER V.1.0 sensor attached to the monitor cows for 24-48 hours. During the
sub-study period, the dietary levels of plantain leaves in dry matter were nil in PL0, 31.7% in PL3 and
47.5% in PL6. Pasture silage fed (kg/cow/day) to maintain regrowth interval was higher in PL3 (1.7 kg)
than PL0 (0.7 kg) and PL6 (nil), resulting in 7-8% lower N intake (g/d) in PL3 (402) compared to PL0
(438) and PL6 (430). Urine N concentration tended (P=0.07) to be lower in PL3 and PL6 than PL0.
Urine volume (P=0.005) and urination frequency (P=0.007) were higher in cows in PL6 than in those
in PL0 and PL3, but similar between PL0 and PL3. While these results showed a tendency for plantain
to reduce UN concentration, they highlight the opportunity to explore stacking strategies that combine plantain with low-N supplements for additional environmental benefits
Economic benefits of internet use for smallholder wheat farmers
No full textThis study analyses the economic benefits of Internet use, focusing on farm profit, risk exposure (skewness), and cost of risk. We use the flexible moment-based production function to derive the risk exposure indicator and the endogenous switching regression model to account for the self-selection bias. A quantile-based approach is also employed to estimate the influence of Internet use on the cost of risk. Analysing the household-level data surveyed from 558 wheat farmers in China, we find that Internet use significantly increases farm profit by 8% and reduces risk exposure by 102%. The profit-increasing effect of Internet use is achieved mainly because Internet use increases gross revenue and wheat yields but reduces production costs. Internet use also decreases the cost of risk associated with wheat production. Our findings highlight that Internet use could be an anti-risk strategy for smallholder farmers to boost farm performance and mitigate production risk and crop failure