Makara Journal of Science
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Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Organophosphate Insecticides Using Electronic and Molecular Parameters
No full textQuantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis of organophosphate derivatives, and their insecticide activities, was performed using electronic and molecular parameters. The series of organophosphate derivatives and their activities were obtained from literature. The semi-empirical AM1 method was used to model the structure of organophosphate derivatives and calculate the parameters of QSAR. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was performed on the electronic and molecular parameters as well as the activities of the organophosphate insecticides to derive the QSAR model. The best QSAR equation model was used to design, in silico, new insecticide molecules of organophosphate derivatives with higher insecticidal activity. A new insecticide molecule, 4-(diethoxy phosphoryloxy) benzene sulfonic acid, -Log LD50 = 7.344, had the highest insecticidal activity. Lastly, we recommend synthesizing and testing the new insecticide molecule further in the laboratory
Identification of A Major Quantitative Trait Locus for Grain Weight In Rice Using Microsatellite Marker
No full textRice is one of the major staple foods in the world, especially in Asia. Improving yield potential of superior cultivars is important to meeting the demand for rice production, which is increasing due to human population increase, climate change, and degradation of agricultural resources, such as land and water. In this study, a BC3F2 population developed from an intraspecific cross between Ciherang and a new plant type line (B11143D) was used in a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Ciherang is a high yielding rice cultivar with good grain quality which has been planted in 37% of the irrigated rice area in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to identify QTL(s) for yield components on chromosome 12, which can be used to improve the elite cultivar Ciherang or other popular cultivars through marker-assisted breeding. A total of two hundred BC3F2 lines were evaluated in the greenhouse during this study. The population was observed for eight agronomic traits including days to heading (dth), plant height (ph), flag leaf length (fll), panicles per plant (ppl), panicle length (pl), grains per panicle (gpp), 1000-grain weight (gw), and yield (yld). Four simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers (RM3472, RM28048, RM28195, and RM1986) were used for targeted mapping on chromosome 12. Linkage analysis identified a QTL for 1000-grain weight located on chromosome 12 at position 53.5 cM–73 cM
Cytotoxic Triterpenoid from the Stembark of Chisocheton celebicus (Meliaceae)
No full textPlants belonging to the Chisocheton genus are a rich source of tetracylic triterpenoids with diverse biological activities. Two triterpenoid compounds, dammar-20,24-dien-3-one (1) and 3β-hydroxy-tirucall-7-en (2) were isolated from the stembark of Chisocheton celebicus. The chemical structures of compounds 1 and 2 were identified by spectroscopic data, including IR, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT 135°, HMQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY), and MS, and they were compared with previously reported spectral data. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against P-388 murine leukemia cells. The compounds showed cytotoxicity against P-388 murine leukemia cells, with IC50 values of 30.2 and 4.3 µg/mL, respectively
Analysis of Putative Hybrid between Anaphalis longifolia and A. javanica (Asteraceae) in Mount Talang, West Sumatra based on Anatomical Characteristics
No full textThe putative natural hybrid between Anaphalis longifolia and Anaphalis javanica from Talang Mountain in West Sumatra has been discovered. The aim of this research is to analyze the anatomical characteristics of the leaf and stem to clarify the status of this putative natural hybrid. The anatomical characteristics of leaves and stem were analyzed by making cross sections and paradermal sections using Johansen’s method. The results show seven characteristics of this putative natural hybrid (the stomata density, length, width, and length/width ratio; the number of cortical cell layers, the range of cortex length, and the range of cortex width) that were close to A. longifolia, one characteristic that was close to A. javanica (the structure of palisade), one characteristic that was intermediate (the structure of spongy layer), and one characteristic that was a combination of both of them (the trichome morphotype). All of the foregoing characteristics can be used to support the identification of a natural hybrid of A. longifolia and A. javanica
Synthesis and Characterization of Nio Nanocrystals by using Sol-Gel Method with Various Precursors
No full textNickel oxide (NiO) nanocrystals were synthesized by simple sol-gel method at low temperature by using methanol as the solvent and NaOH 5M as the precipitation agent. Nickel nitrate hexahydrate, nickel acetate tetrahydrate and nickel sulfate hexahydrate were used as the precursors. The crystals were formed by drying at 100-110 °C for ±1 hour, after which they were heated at ±450 °C for 1 hour. The resulting products were black powders. The as-prepared NiO nanocrystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD patterns of the NiO nanocrystals showed that they are mostly cubic. The sizes of the NiO particles produced with nickel nitrate hexahydrate, nickel acetate tetrahydrate and nickel sulfate hexahydrate were 72.16, 38.63 and 32.84 nm, respectively. SEM images showed that the nanopowders produced by the precursors are spherical, rod-shaped and hexagonal shape with hollow, respectively.  
Sequence Analysis of the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I Gene of Pseudagrion pilidorsum (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)
No full textPseudagrion pilidorsum is 1 of over 140 species of Pseudagrion (in the family Coenagrionidae), the largest genus of damselfly. This species exhibits dimorphism due to the different body colorations of males and females, making them difficult to distinguish from other congeneric species. This study analyzed the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence of P. pilidorsum found in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (North Sulawesi) and compared it with other sequences of P. pilidorsum from distinct geographical locations in Asia. The COI gene for the Sulawesi specimen was amplified using the universal primer pair LCO1490 and HCO2198. A sequence homology search was conducted through BLAST. Multiple sequence alignment was executed using CLUSTAL O (1.2.1). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method, and genetic distance was calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter. The COI gene sequence of the Sulawesi specimen lies in the range of 83.99-89.10% with other P. pilidorsum deposited at GenBank, namely KF369526 (Sarawak specimen), AB708543, AB708544, and AB708545 (Japan specimens). The genetic distance falls in the range of 0.146-0.149 between the Sarawak specimen and the Japan specimen; 0.122-0.125 between the Sulawesi and Japan specimens; and 0.185 between the Sulawesi specimen and the Sarawak specimen. It can thus be inferred that the Sarawak and Japan specimens may not belong to the same species; the Sulawesi and Japan specimens may not belong to the same species; and the Sarawak specimen and Sulawesi specimens might be placed in different genera. 
Study of Heavy Metal Distribution and Hydrodynamic Simulation in Green Mussel Culture Net, Cilincing Water - Jakarta Bay
No full textThis study aimed to investigate the heavy metals distribution in the surrounding area of green mussel culture net, Cilincing water, Jakarta Bay, and its distribution behavior. The water sampling was carried out during the ebb tide. The heavy metal concentration was then measured by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). In order to understand the water circulation behavior related to heavy metal distribution in the study area, the Princeton Ocean Model was applied, and the model design was developed based on a scenario of an open canal in the eastern and western sides, while the center canal was placed with net cages in the water column resembling the green mussel culture net. The observed heavy metal distribution showed an intensified concentration in the green mussel culture location. The observed water current also showed a reduced velocity in the location. The modeling approach could explain the water circulation behavior in response to the presence of net units in the water column. In this case, the density of net units for green mussel culture potentially produced shear stress in the water column, which affected the flow pattern and the distribution of heavy metals. Therefore, the existence of green mussel culture nets has a potential to become a trap for pollutant distribution in the water
Confirmation of Existing Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Gene Associated with Growth and Milk-Production Traits and Genetic Diversity in Buffalo
No full textInsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene plays an important role in the endocrine system of animals by regulating nutrient metabolism, growth, and milk production. There have been extensive molecular genetics research studies on cattle but less studies have focused on buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). This study aimed to confirm the association of IGF-1 gene in swamp or river buffalo (B. bubalis spp.) with growth and milk production traits. DNA samples were obtained from 12 buffalos (eight swamp buffalo and four river buffalo). One Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) was included as an outgroup (control). The eight swamp buffalo originated from East Nusa Tenggara (n = 1), Baluran, East Java (n = 4), and Banyuwangi, East Java (n = 3), while the four river buffalo originated from Sei Putih, Medan of North Sumatera. All DNA samples were amplified using an IGF-1 primer for 30 cycles, and amplicons were visualized on 1% agarose gel. Five of the 13 samples were sequenced to determine nucleotide sequence variation between the swamp and river buffalo. The results revealed that the size (225–231 bp) of all the fragments was in in accordance with that of IGF-1. There was not found genetic variation among the buffalo samples. The results indicate that buffalo samples bear growth and milk production traits. 
Identification of Avian Influenza Genetic Resistance Gene Marker in Chickens
No full textThe Mx gene is a potential candidate as a genetic resistance marker to the avian influenza virus in chickens. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of Mx gene as a marker of resistance to avian influenza viruses in various breeds of chicken. The study used an exploratory design using three common chicken breeds. The Kampong chicken, the Hy-Line Brown laying hen strain, and the White Leghorn broiler strain were collected from the local farms, and blood samples were drawn from each. The DNA of each sample was amplified by a pair of Mx gene primers (NE-F2/F and NE-R2/R). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of Mx gene fragment was cut using restriction enzymes RsaI to determine the genotype of the Mx gene. The PCR-RFLP analysis in this study showed that 100% of the broilers were GG genotype. In laying hens, 80% were AG genotype, 10% GG genotype, and 10% of the sample was not successfully analyzed. In the Kampong chicken, 68.4% were GG genotype, and 31.6% were AG genotype. The results showed that DNA mutation identification can be applied to determine the genotype chicken against virus. The genotypes of Mx genes in chickens indicates avian influenza virus resistance; whereas, the chicken phenotype does not suggest their level of resistance
Electrochemical Detection of Neuraminidase Based on Zanamivir Inhibition Reaction at Platinum and Platinum-Modified Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes
No full textNeuraminidase sensors have been developed using platinum (Pt) and platinum-modified boron-doped diamond (Pt-BDD) electrodes based on the difference of electrochemical responses of zanamivir in the absence and in presence of neuraminidase. Cyclic voltammetry of zanamivir showed that the presence of zanamivir decreases the oxidation-reduction peak currents of Pt. The responses were found to be linear in the zanamivir concentration range of 7.5-150 µM. Comparison between Pt-BDD and Pt bulk electrodes showed that Pt-BDD offers approximately two times higher sensitivity of zanamivir responses than Pt bulk. Further comparison to gold-based electrodes showed that Pt-based electrodes provided about one order higher sensitivity of zanamivir responses. In the presence of neuraminidase, the oxidation-reduction currents of Pt again increase. Observation on the oxidation currents in the system with 2 x 10-5 M zanamivir showed that the responses were linear in the neuraminidase concentration range of 5-20 mU. Good reproducibility with an RSD < 3 (n = 10) was achieved even when the measurements were performed in a mucin matrix, suggesting that Pt-based electrodes are suitable to be applied for the detection method of neuraminidase