Makara Journal of Science
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Adsorption of Waste Metal Cr(VI) with Composite Membranes (Chitosan-Silica Rice Husks)
No full textChromium compounds are widely used in modern industry. Many of these compounds are dumped into the surrounding environment. Membrane technology is more efficient and effective than conventional methods for waste treatment. The research objective is to make a membrane separation process that can be applied to Cr(VI). Membranes are made from chitosan and silica rice husks. Variations of chitosan and silica rice husk used (g) are 2:1 (A1), 2:2 (A2), 3:1 (B1), and 3:2 (B2). The membrane is made by using an inverted phase technique. Results of SEM characterization of membranes show that B2 has the largest pores at 2.58 mm. The FTIR characterization results indicate the presence of crosslinking between chitosan with silica rice husk with the appearance of Si-O adsorption band at wavelength 1122-980/cm. A1 membrane, with the smallest pore size has the greatest rejection value towards Cr(VI) which is 70%. Research shows that the composite membrane of silica rice husk is effective enough to adsorb metal Cr(VI) with an average adsorption capacity of 1665.85 mg/g. Keywords: chitosan, Cr(VI), membrane, silica rice hus
Determining the Source Parameters of the Jambi Earthquake (1 October 2009, Mw =6.4) Using Three-Component Local Waveforms
No full textAbstract The purpose of this research was to estimate the source parameters of a mainshock earthquake (Mw=6.4) that occurred on 1 October 2009 in the Dikit major segment of the Sumatran Fault Zone (SFZ). The source parameters were analyzed by the inversion of three-component local waveforms recorded by the GEOFON broadband IA network. Moment tensor of the event was determined using the Discrete Wave number method to calculate the Green function and the iterative deconvolution method to invert the moment tensors. From the analysis, we obtained the fault parameters of the mainshock, which are strike=324°, dip= 80° and rake= -173°. Abstrak Penentuan Parameter Sumber Gempabumi Jambi (1 Oktober 2009, Mw=6,4) Menggunakan Tiga Komponen Waveforms Lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi parameter sumber gempa bumi utama (Mw-6,4) yang terjadi pada 1 Oktober 2009 di segmen Dikit yang merupakan bagian dari Sumatra Fault Zone (SFZ). Parameter sumber gempa bumi dianalisis menggunakan metode inversi tiga komponen waveform lokal yang direkam oleh jaringan stasiun seismik GEOFON-IA. Momen tensor dari gempa bumi ditentukan dengan metode Discrete Wavenumber untuk menghitung fungsi Green. Selanjutnya momen tensor ditentukan menggunakan metode dekonvulasi untuk menginversi momen tensor. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa tipe sesar yang menyebabkan gempa bumi utama memiliki strike=324°, dip= 80° dan rake= -173°. Keywords: discrete wavenumber method, earthquake local waveform, inversion metho
Effectiveness of Iron Fortification on Soy-Based Foods Using Ferrous Bisglycinate in the Presence of Phytic Acid
No full textAbstract The major cause of iron deficiency in human body is the low intake of iron from foods. One of strategy to overcome the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in Indonesia is iron fortification to soya-based food. Phytic acid is a compound that presents in soy-based food and inhibits iron adsorption in digestion thus increasing iron deficiency. Iron fortification is one method to increase iron content in food. In this research, FeSO4.7H2O (1), ferrous bisglycinate (2) and Na-glycinate+FeSO4.7H2O (3) were used as fortificants into three soy-based foods (i.e., soya milk, tempeh, and tofu. The addition of fortificant amount was performed based on the molar ratio of phytic acid contained to iron. The results shows that fortification using ferrous bisglycinate is the most effective compound compared to single compound FeSO4.7H2O and the mixture of Na-glycine and FeSO47H2O. The effectiveness of fortification on soya milk of fortificant 1, 2 and 3 are 48%, 55%, and 33% respectively, whereas on tempeh are 74%, 86%, and 56% respectively and for tofu are 51%, 55%, and 46% respectively. It indicates that ferrous bisglycinate has ability to prevent iron phytate formation due to its character as a chelating agent. Abstrak Efektivitas Fortifikasi Zat Besi pada Makanan Berbasis Kedelai Menggunakan Besi Bisglisinat dengan kandungan Asam Fitat. Penyebab utama dari penyakit anemia adalah rendahnya asupan zat besi dari makanan. Salah satu strategi penanggulangan penyakit kekurangan zat besi di Indonesia adalah melalui fortifikasi zat besi pada makanan berbasis kedelai. Adanya asam fitat pada makanan berbasis kedelai dapat mengikat zat besi dan menurunkan nilai ketersediaan zat besi dalam darah. Pada penelitian ini digunakan tiga jenis fortifikan yang berbeda yaitu, FeSO4.7H2O (1), besi-bisglisinat (2) dan campuran Na-glisinat dan FeSO4.7H2O (3) untuk diberikan pada makanan berbasis kedelai yaitu susu kedelai, tempe dan tahu. Penambahan bahan fortifikasi didasarkan pada molar rasio kandungan asam fitat terhadap zat besi yang mampu diikatnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fortifikasi zat besi menggunakan besi-bisglisinat merupakan fortifikasi yang paling efektif dibandingkan dengan fortifikasi mengunakan FeSO4.7H2O dan campuran in-situ antara FeSO4.7H2O dan Na-glisinat. Efektivitas fortifikasi pada susu kedelai menggunakan fortifikan 1, 2 dan 3 berturut-turut adalah 48%, 55% dan 33%, sedangkan pada tempe berturut-turut adalah 74%, 86%, dan 56%, fortifikasi pada tahu berturut-turut adalah 51%, 55% dan 46%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penggunaan besi-bisglisinat sebagai agen pengkelat mampu menghalangi terbentuknya senyawa besi-fitat. Keywords: ferrous bisglycinate, fortification, iron, phytic acid, soy-based foods 
Purification of Biotransformation Products of Cis-Isoflavan-4-ol by Biphenyl Dioxygenase of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenesKF707 Strain Expressed in Escherichia coli
No full textAbstract Isoflavone has multiple beneficial effects on human health, especially through its antioxidant and anticancer activities. The biotransformation of isoflavone using byphenyl dioxygenase could be performed to extend the diversity of flavonoids and to improve their biological and physiological properties. Biotransformation of two enantiomers (3R, 4R)-cis-isoflavan-4-ol and (3S, 4S)-cis-isoflavan-4-ol by E. coli JM109 (pJHF108) carrying a biphenyl dioxygenase gene from P. pseudoalcaligenes KF707 produced two products, designated as CM1 and CM2. The products had a retention time of 11.9 and 14.6 min, respectively, and the same absorption peaks at 204, 220, and 275 nm. CM1 and CM2 had [M-H2O+H]+ at m/z 225. Based on the molecular mass and hydrolysis products, we proposed that epoxidation occurred on cis-isoflavan-4-ol. Chloroform extraction instead of ethyl acetate extraction was performed to improve the stability of cis metabolites, CM1 and CM2. Abstract Purifikasi dari Produk Biotransformasi cis-isoflavan-4-ol Oleh E. coli yang Membawa Gen Bifenil Dioksigenase dari P. pseudoalcaligenes KF707. Isoflavon mempunyai manfaat yang beragam bagi kesehatan manusia, dikarenakan potensinya sebagai antioksidan dan antikanker. Untuk meningkatkan keragaman sifat biologis dan fisiologis senyawa flavonoid, salah satunya dapat dilakukan melalui biotransformasi menggunakan enzim bifenil dioksigenase. Biotransformasi dari dua enansiomer (3R, 4R)-cis-isoflavan-4-ol and (3S, 4S)-cis-isoflavan-4-ol menggunakan E. coli JM109 (pJHF108) yang membawa gen bifenil dioksigenase dari P. pseudoalcaligenes KF707, dihasilkan dua senyawa yang dilambangkan dengan CM1 dan CM2. Dua senyawa tersebut memiliki waktu retensi yang berbeda yaitu pada 11.9 dan 14.6 menit, tetapi memiliki puncak serapan yang sama yaitu pada panjang gelombang 204, 220, dan 275 nm. Hasil analisis LC/MS menunjukkan bahwa CM1 and CM2 mempunyai massa ion produk [M-H2O+H]+ pada m/z 225. Berdasarkan pada massa molekul, dan produk hidrolisis , diduga bahwa telah terjadi epoksidasi pada cis-isoflavan-4-ol. Untuk meningkatkan stabilitas produk hasil biotranformasi CM1 dan CM 2, telah dilakukan purifikasi melalui ekstraksi menggunakan kloroform. Keywords: biotransformation, biphenyl dioxygenase, isoflavone, P. pseudoalcaligene
Anti-Malaria Study of Nigella sativa L. Seed Water Extract in Mus musculus Mice Balb C Strain In Vivo
No full textNigella sativa L. has been reported to exhibit many pharmacological effects, including anti-parasitic properties. This study investigated the anti-malarial effects of a water extract of N. sativa seed in Mus muculus mice infected with the Plasmodium berghei NK65 parasite. The method used was to take a blood parasitaemia count, following the use of Giemsa dye, determining the level of nitric oxide in mice that were infected with P. berghei malaria, using the spectrophotometric method, and determining their survival rate after 20 days of being infected with P. berghei malaria. The results showed that the decrease in the number of parasitaemia and the level of nitric oxide in subjects treated with doses of N. sativa was significant (p < 0.05). Further results showed that P. berghei-infected mice that were given 100 µg/kg of body weight had a better chance of survival. The conclusion is that the provision of N. sativa may reduce the number of malaria parasites and reduce levels of NO. The decrease in the number of parasites may be caused by an immune mechanism, through the regulation of NO levels (lower levels of NO), due to the influence of the anti-oxidant effects of N. sativa. Survival rates of the mice did not show significant results with reduced levels of parasitaemia and NO. This is likely to be because the levels of NO in this group were below the threshold levels at which NO can function as an anti-parasitic. It is alleged that, while NO can function as an anti-parasitic at certain levels, at lower levels its function as an antiparasitic is not optimal. On the other hand, if the levels are too high, damage will result, because of the nature of free-radicals. Keywords: anti-malaria test, levels of NO, Nigella sativa L., parasitaemia, survival rat
Enzymatic Synthesis of Sucrose Polyester as Food Emulsifier Compound
No full textSucrose polyester (SPE) is a carbohydrate ester compound that has diverse functions, from surfactant to low-calorie food products. Sucrose fatty acid ester with the degree of substitution 1-3 can be used as emulsifier in foods and cosmetics. The enzymatic synthesis of sucrose polyesters can be carried out using lipase in organic solvent and contain small amount of water. In these studies sucrose esters were synthesized by esterification reaction between sucrose with fatty acids from coconut and palm oil using Candida rugosa lipase in n-hexane. Optimization esterification reaction carried out for parameters of incubation time, temperature, and the ratio of the substrate. The optimum incubation time is at 18 hours for coconut oil and 12 hours palm oil, the optimum temperature is 30 oC for coconut and palm oil, and the mole ratio of fatty acid to sucrose is 40:1 for coconut oil and 64:1 for palm oil. Esterification products were characterized by FT-IR. The FT-IR spectrum showed the ester bond was formed as indicated by the wave number 1739.79/cm. Esterification products have 2 substitution degrees. Keywords: coconut oil, lipase, palm oil, substitution degree, sucrose, sucrose polyester 
Effects of Methanolic Jatropha multifida L. Extract in Wound Healing Assessed by the Total Number of PMN Leukocytes and Fibroblasts
No full textObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of methanol extract of Jatropha multifida leaves on the wound healing process and to investigate the wound healing activity based on reduced numbers of PMN (polymorpho nuclear) leukocytes and increased numbers of fibroblasts. Method: methanol extract of dried leaves of Jatropha multifida was used in the wound healing activity studies. The study subjects were 36 white male Sprague Dawlay rats aged 2 months with 150-200 gram body weight. The subjects were divided into 4 groups and experimentally injured: Group I (negative control) underwent injury without subsequent treatment; group II (positive control) received topical treatment with Bethasone-N after injury; group III (solvent control) was treated with 70% methanol; group IV (treatment group) was treated with 10 mg methanol extract of Jatropha multifida Each group consisted of 3 rats, which were decapitated on days 3, 6, and 13 after the start of treatment. Histological preparation was stained with hematoxyline-eosin (HE) and was continuously examined by counting the numbers of PMN leukocytes and fibroblasts as indicators of wound healing on days 3, 6, and 13 of treatment. The study showed lower numbers of PMN leukocytes in subjects treated with the extract of Jatropha multifida as compared to the other groups. The numbers of fibroblasts were significantly higher on days 6 and 13 of treatment. In conclusion, the treatment of injuries with methanol extract of leaves from Jatropha multifida provided better results compared to the other groups in our study. Keywords: fibroblast, Jatropha multifida, PMN leukocytes, wound healin
The Effect of Alkaline Treatment to the Structure of ZSM5 Zeolites
No full textHierarchical zeolites combining micro- and mesoporosity were prepared using desilication method in alkaline solution of NaOH 0.2 M on two types of ZSM5: ”template free” commercial ZSM5 (Si/Al 8.62) and ‘templated’ as-synthesized ZSM5 (Si/Al 25). The powder X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that crystallinity and short-range order in the alkaline treated zeolites were virtually unchanged compared to both of the parent zeolites. The surface measurement on the ”template free” ZSM5 zeolites showed that the surface area was reduced by 2.33%, but the adsorption isotherm can be categorized into Type IV which is typical of for mesoporous material, supported by the change in mesopore volume, and the BJH pore size distribution (from 10 to 18 nm). On the other hand, the surface area of the alkaline treated as-synthesized ZSM5 was increased by 8.25%, but its isotherm adsorption curve falls into Type I for microporous structure. The mesopore volume was increased by 26%, from 0.037 cm3/g to 0.046 cm3/g, with the intrinsic zeolite properties were mainly preserved. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the existence of organic template plays an important role in preserving the zeolitic structure during the alkaline treatment. Keywords: alkaline treatment, mesoporous, organic template, zeolite, ZSM5  
Bioconcentration Factor of Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) in Anadara indica Related to the Water Quality in Coastal Areas
No full textAbstract The Garapan river mouth forms part of the Tanjung Pasir coastal area. This region receives materials not only from coastal waters but also from domestic sewage and industrial wastewater that contains heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, and Zn. On the contrary, the Cibungur river mouth in the different coastal area, receives relatively lower amounts of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The objective of this study was to determine the Cu, Pb, and Zn content in the coastal sediment as well as the levels of A.indica and their relationship with water quality parameters. Samples were collected from four stations located in the Garapan and Cibungur river mouths and were analyzed for metal content using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Shimadzu 6300. Samples of A. indica found in the field are categorized into three diferent size classes. It is because size related to heavy metal accumulation. Results showed that bioconcentration factor (BCF) values were Zn>Cu>Pb in both locations. Small size A. indica tends to have higher values of BCF for Cu and Zn compared to medium and larger sized samples. Furthermore, the BCF values of Cu, Pb, and Zn in A. indica were higher when the sediment had a lower concentration of organic matter. Abstrak Faktor Biokonsentrasi Tembaga (Cu), Timbal (Pb), dan Seng (Zn) pada Anadara Indica yang Dihubungkan dengan Kualitas Air di Daerah Pesisir). Muara sungai Garapan merupakan bagian dari kawasan pesisir Tanjung Pasir. Daerah ini menerima buangan tidak hanya dari kawasan pesisir tetapi juga dari perumahan dan industri disekitarnya yang mengandung logam berat seperti Cu, Pb, dan Zn. Sebaliknya, muara sungai Cibungur relatif menerima buangan perumahan dan industri yang lebih sedikit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan Cu, Pb, dan Zn pada sedimen dan Anadara indica, dan hubungannya dengan parameter kualitas air. Sampel diambil dari empat stasiun di daerah perairan muara sungai Garapan dan Cibungur selanjutnya dianalisis kandungan logam beratnya menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Shimadzu 6300. Sampel A. indica yang ditemukan di lapangan dikelompokkan dalam tiga kelas ukuran. Hal itu karena ukuran berhubungan dengan akumulasi logam berat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai faktor biokensentrasi (BCF) di kedua muara sungai adalah Zn>Cu>Pb. Sampel A. indica berukuran kecil cenderung memiliki nilai BCF Cu dan Zn lebih tinggi dibandingkan sampel berukuran sedang dan besar. Selanjutnya, BCF dari Cu, Pb, dan Zn pada A. indica lebih tinggi ketika sedimen memiliki kandungan organik yang lebih rendah. Keywords: Anadara indica, bioconcentration factor (BCF), heavy metals, sediments, water qualit
Screening and Integration Analysis of OsDREB1A BC4F2 and BC5F1 Generations of Transgenic Ciherang Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for High-Salinity Tolerance
No full textAbstract Salinity is one of a number of abiotic stresses that threaten rice production in Indonesia. To support food security programs, BB-Biogen has developed rice lines derived from OsDREB1A transformed Ciherang up to BC4F2 and BC5F1 generations. To verify the salinity tolerance and the stability of transgene integration, the BC4F2 and BC5F1 generations of Ciherang-OsDREB1A transgenic were screened to select high-salinity tolerant lines. Second, molecular analysis using the primers hptII-F/hptII-R and 35S-496-F/OsDREB1A-R was conducted to identify the existence and the stability of the transgene integration in the BC4F2 and BC5F1 generations. Screening 543 BC4F2 and BC5F1 Ciherang-OsDREB1A transgenic lines in a nutrient solution with a final electrical conductivity (EC) of approximately 18 mS/cm for 26 days yielded 134 putative transgenic plants. Integration analysis using the hptII-F/hptII-R primers showed that 73 of the 134 putative transgenic plants had positive PCR products, indicating the presence of the transgene in those plants. All the 73 plants also produced PCR products when tested with the specific primer 35S-496-F/OsDREB1A-R, indicating that transgene integration was maintained during the development of BC4F2 and BC5F1. Abstrak Penapisan dan Analisis Integrasi Padi (Oryza sativa L.) Ciherang Transgenik OsDREB1A Generasi BC4F2 dan BC5F1 untuk Toleransi Salinitas Tinggi. Salinitas merupakan salah satu cekaman abiotik yang mengancam produksi padi di Indonesia. Dalam rangka mendukung program ketahanan pangan, BB-Biogen telah melakukan pengembangan varietas padi Ciherang-OsDREB1A toleran salinitas hingga generasi BC4F2 dan BC5F1. Generasi BC4F2 dan BC5F1 Ciherang-OsDREB1A selanjutnya memerlukan penapisan untuk menyeleksi tanaman yang menunjukkan sifat toleran terhadap salinitas tinggi. Kedua, analisis molekuler menggunakan primer hptII-F/hptII-R dan primer 35S-496-F/OsDREB1A-R untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan dan kestabilan integrasi transgen pada generasi BC4F2 dan BC5F1. Hasil penapisan salinitas terhadap BC4F2 dan BC5F1 Ciherang-OsDREB1A pada larutan hara dengan EC akhir berkisar 18 mS/cm selama 26 hari telah berhasil menyeleksi 134 individu putatif transgenik dari total 543 tanaman uji. Hasil analisis integrasi menggunakan primer hptII menujukkan 73 dari 134 tanaman putatif transgenik positif membawa gen hptII. Seluruh 73 tanaman tersebut juga menghasilkan produk PCR ketika diuji menggunakan primer spesifik 35S-496-F/OsDREB1A-R, mengindikasikan kestabilan integrasi transgen tetap terjaga selama pengembangan BC4F2 & BC5F1. Keywords: integration, OsDREB1A gene, rice (Oryza sativa L.), salinity screening, transgenic