Tasarım+Kuram (E-Journal)
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Strüktür Bileşeni Olmanın Ötesinde Kolonun Mimari Tasarımda Rolü: Kolonun Mimari Tasarımda Rolü
No full textAll beings, living or non-living, maintain their physical integrity through their structural system. Space as an architectural creation, is made possible by the existence of the structure. Thus, the architectural fabric can remain stable and resist forces. It is not possible to construct a building without the structure. Especially since the 20th century, the structure has begun to be considered as an element that enriches the design by getting rid of its function that keeps the building performs it. Thus, with the developments in building construction methods and materials, structure has strengthened its role as an effective design element in architecture. Columns are structural elements that transfer the loads acting on the structure vertically within the structure. In this study, it was desired to question the effect and contribution of the column, which has an important structural role, to the architecture beyond being a carrier. In this context, the development of the concept of structure and its relationship with architecture are examined, and the formation of space, form and meaning as three important elements in architecture are discussed in terms of its relationship with the role of the column in architectural design. Within the scope of the study, 12 buildings were selected, in which the column was used as a design element, and the columns were used in architectural design; their contributions at functional, spatial, formal and semantic levels were evaluated. In the examples where the relationship of the column with the function is discussed, the tasks they undertake in the architectural space are interpreted within the scope of the purpose of use of the space. Limiting, separating, grouping and defining the areas in the space are found as some of these tasks. With the evaluation of the examples, it has been seen that columns can create a space within the space with their order and the way they come together. Another important finding is that columns have become able to contain space. The massive nature of the column has transformed with technological developments, having a void, and become permeable. In this manner, columns were designed and constructed as elements that conjunct the areas by taking on roles to define the space. With the aim to understand the effect of the columns in the production of form, the examples where columns are used in architectural design in the production of form are examined. Evaluating the examples, it has been seen that the columns can shape the structure not only functionally, but also with the effects arising from the context. In this context, it was determined that the form of the columns also changed over time. With the recent capabilities, columns can be arranged with void, angled or segmented. Developments in the carrier properties of the column with technological abilities, supported to create new construction forms. It is also found that, the order of the spatial elements in which the column comes together, determines the form. In the examples where the relationship with meaning is discussed, the semantic situations that emerge with the way the columns come together with the other elements in the structure, existence and coexistence are interpreted. Due to the subjective and variable nature of the meaning, the interpretations of the selected building’s architects and the relevant researchers were taken into consideration in the selected examples. Thus, the interpretations were compared and the semantic states produced by the columns in the structures were revealed. In this context, it has been seen that the forms of the columns, as well as the additions and voids in their physical integrity, have an effect on the meaning. Furthermore it is seen that effects of light and shadow interacting with the columns, the form features (color, texture, material, geometry, etc.) also change the formation of meaning. The column is become an instrument in associating the architectural structure with its context and function and supports the meanings to be formed in this direction. The obtained results reveal that the column can be used as a part of the architectural design and used as an effective design element to create the space, meaning and form. Consequently, it has been seen that the column goes beyond being a carrier element, and is used as a design element in architecture, and even becomes the focal point of the design. An important point that needed to be emphasized considering the findings is the contribution of structural systems to architecture would be raise by diversifying thanks to the engineering knowledge, production, and construction methods developed. In particular, the collective efforts of architects and designers, together with experts in the field of engineering, will support developments in the impact of structural elements on architecture.Canlı veya cansız, bütün varlıklar, fiziksel bütünlüklerini, strüktürel kurguları sayesinde korurlar. Mimaride mekân dâhil olmak üzere bütün unsurlar, strüktürün varlığı sayesinde biçimlenerek, stabil kalıp, kuvvetlere karşı koyabilmektedir. Strüktür olmaksızın yapıyı inşa etmek mümkün değildir. Çalışmada, yapısal anlamda önemli bir role sahip olan kolonun taşıyıcı olmanın ötesinde mimariye etkisi ve katkısı sorgulanmak istenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, strüktür kavramının gelişimi ve mimariyle arasındaki ilişki irdelenerek, mimaride üç önemli unsur olarak mekân, biçim ve anlamın oluşumu, kolonun mimari tasarımdaki rolüyle ilişkisi bakımından ele alınmıştır. Seçilen örneklerin yorumlanmasıyla ulaşılan sonuçlar kolonun, mimari tasarımın bir parçası olarak kurgulanabildiğini, mekânı, anlamı ve biçimi oluşturmada araç olarak kullanılabildiğini göstermektedir. Kolonun taşıyıcı eleman olmanın ötesine geçerek, mimaride, tasarım ögesi olarak kullanıldığı hatta tasarımın odak noktası haline geldiği görülmüştür
Taş Kömürü Kimliği ve İki Kentin Endüstri Mirasına Bakışı; Zonguldak ve Essen Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma: İki Kent ve Taş Kömürü Kimliği
No full textUrban identity is mostly defined through the special characteristic features of cities that help them to be differentiated from the other cities. It might be transformed due to the change of these features in time. The urban identity of the coal mining cities is shaped by this mine because in addition to its effect on the socio-cultural, political, spatial and economical aspects on the cities, the effects of architecture in terms of industrial buildings -such as factories, ateliers, warehouses, coal washers, and also the guesthouses, mass housing examples- are strong elements that shapes the city. The study investigates Zonguldak and Essen, two cities which share a similar urban development history through coal mine. The study also claims that there is transformation in the urban identity of these cities for the last decades. So, the study aims to figure out this transformation in time and understand the reasons behind this transformation. Here, the goal of the study is to explain the current situation of the identity of the two cities after explaining the reasons and the way the cities differ in terms of their urbanization agenda. A historical and comparative analysis is conducted in order to understand the common urban development histories of the above-mentioned cities. As a result of this analysis, it is understood that these cities are developed in a similar way especially in the first half of the 20th century but by the end of that century the relationship of the cities with coal mining industry got weakened. The study which is based on a qualitative case study approach by the help of a literature review focusing on both primary and secondary, national and international sources. In this way, both these cases are investigated within the context of this study. In order to understand and put emphasis on the important topics in this research, an in-depth interview with the mayor of Zonguldak is conducted. The first part of this study is the theoretical framework that investigates the concept of urban identity and the potentials of its’ transformation. Second part concentrates on the conservation of the industrial heritage and the adaptive reuse of the industrial buildings. Adaptive reuse of industrial buildings is a pivotal approach to shed light on the industrial heritage of the cities. Adaptive reuse projects show evidences of the history of architecture, they give us the idea of the materials and the construction technologies of time periods. They also give the idea of the way people work, dwell, socialize, etc. in that particular period of time. That’s why adaptive reuse is such a suitable approach for the protection of the abandoned industrial buildings. The adaptive reuse perspective of Essen is so successful that it shows the evidences of the industrial heritage of the city and makes the old urban identity of the city apparent even though it is transformed. On the other side, it is not possible to claim the adaptive reuse politics of Zonguldak is as successful as Essen even though they share a similar urban development history in terms of coal mining. But the interview with the mayor that uses the benefits of the oral history methodology and the newspaper news are promising new adaptive reuse projects for Zonguldak as important steps for the conservation of the buildings and the urban identity of the city. So, the third part of the study focuses on the urban dwelling backgrounds of these two cities in a historiographic way to be able to read their coal mining stories in a comparative way. This part questions the similarities and differences of the urban identity of this two examples and looks into their adaptive reuse of the industrial heritage approaches to understand the effect of adaptive reuse on the transformation. In sum, the study that tries to understand if a change in the identity of a city is possible shows that the urban identity of Zonguldak and Essen whose urban histories are similar in different geographies are being transformed in different ways because of the different political approaches of the countries on the coal mining industry. It is understood that the loss and the differentiation of the unique and authentic characteristics of the cities cause a transformation in the urban identity of a city. When two cities are compared it is realized that a holistic urban planning approach in Germany supported with adaptive reuse, feeds the potential of Essen both in socio-cultural, economic and touristic aspects. But in the case of Turkey, there is not a similar evaluation where it might be beneficial for the construction of the urban identity of Zonguldak. Therefore, in this study, further researches focusing on that specific subject related with Zonguldak are suggested.Kentlerin kimliğini onları diğer kentlerden ayırmak için sahip oldukları özgün özellikleri tanımlar ve kentler bu özellikleri üzerinden tariflenir. Kentsel kimlik, bu özgünlük halinin yitirilmeye başlanması ile zaman içinde yaşanan kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik, politik, mekansal değişimler bağlamında farklılaşabilir. Bu çalışma kentsel kimliği taş kömürü üzerinden tanımlanan Zonguldak ve Essen kentlerine odaklanır. Bu kentlerin geçmişleri incelendiğinde özellikle 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısına kadar benzer gelişim çizgileri olduğu, ancak bu yüzyılın sonlarında kentlerin taş kömürü endüstrisi ile ilişkilerinin zayıfladığı anlaşılır. Almanya bütün kömür santrallerini ve taş kömürü ile ilişkili tesislerini kapatarak daha sürdürülebilir bir yaklaşımı tercih ederken Türkiye bu bağlamda farklı stratejiler izler. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada bu kentlerin kentsel kimliklerinin değişimi karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde analiz edilir. Çalışmanın amacı bu iki kentin kentsel kimliklerini incelemek, kimliklerin değişim hikayesini sorgulamak, bu değişimin benzer ve farklı yanlarının altını çizmektir. Taş kömürü ekseninde gelişen bu kentler endüstri mirası bağlamında benzer mekansal karşılıklara sahip olduklarından kentsel kimliklerinin değişimi konusunda endüstri yapılarının yeniden işlevlendirilmesi konusu özellikle ele alınır. Çalışma kapsamında ilk olarak kentsel kimlik kavramına vurgu yapılır, kimlik ve kimlik oluşturma fikirleri üzerine kuramsal bir çerçeve çizilir. Ardından, kentsel kimliğin değişiminde endüstri yapılarının yeniden işlevlendirilmesi sorgulanır. Vaka incelemesi olarak kentsel kimlikleri taş kömürü üzerinden şekillenen Zonguldak ve Essen kentlerini ele alan çalışma, bu madenin her iki kentin de kentsel gelişimini nasıl etkilediğine işaret eder. Daha sonra, kentlerin çizdikleri farklı rotalara yoğunlaşır ve kentsel kimliğin değişimini sorgular. Bunların sonucunda, Almanya’nın taş kömürü endüstrisinden çıkışı ile Ruhr Bölgesi ve Essen’deki kentsel dönüşümün bütüncül bir yaklaşımla gerçekleştiği anlaşılırken Zonguldak örneğinde ise böylesine kapsamlı ve bütüncül bir planlamadan bahsedilemediği görülür
Artvin İli Camili Havzası (Macahel) Güncel Konut Tasarımı ve Uygulamasına Ait Yöntem Önerisi: Camili Havzası Güncel Konut Tasarımı
No full textCamili Basin, comprising of six settlements, is located in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, within Artvin Province and surrounded by biologically rich forests having high conservation value. In 2005, Camili Basin was officially registered as a biosphere area by UNESCO. This research includes the traditional architecture of the Camili Basin, local climatic conditions and topographic characteristics, successful examples of architectural decisions and practice within the framework of local materials and local construction knowledge and reflects the relations of the people of the region with nature and their environment. The traditional construction system of the basin is wood masonry. The structures built with this construction technique designed with pre-built logic is one of the remarkable characteristics of the traditional architecture of the basin. The climatic conditions of the basin that are challenging for daily life and limited job opportunities have caused migration from the region over the years. Today, improving living conditions and increasing job opportunities cause back-migration, and it becomes necessary to build new houses with the increasing population. The wooden masonry construction system being still viable, is used in the new constructions. However, it is observed that garden floors made with stone masonry and living floors made with wooden carcass in the traditional construction system, are started to be made with reinforced concrete carcass construction technique, and for the public buildings reinforced concrete carcass system is used completely. Structures or building sections constructed using the reinforced concrete carcass construction system, which local craftsmen are unfamiliar with, appears as problematic and unqualitative buildings aesthetically and construction-wise, due to the reasons of highly humid climatic conditions of the region, the soil structure being prone to erosion, and the lack of technical knowledge of the craftsmen. The people of the region and the local administrators are concerned about the structural and aesthetic problems that arise especially with the newly built houses in the basin, but any solutions cannot be produced. From this point of view, determining the answers to the question of which design and construction methods should be followed in the current housing construction in Camili Basin is the working area of this article. Today, for the construction of qualitative buildings with architectural value, it has become necessary to receive architectural and engineering services of professionals who are experts in their fields, from the project stage to the completion of the building, due to the diversity of current materials and construction systems, and the increasing complexity of building equipment. Nevertheless, it has been observed that aforementioned services could not or were not intentionally received in the house constructions in the Camili Basin. In the production process of the traditional architecture, the unwritten traditional standards system, which was established over time with social agreements, plays a decisive role from the design stage to the completion of the building which forms the traditional architectural character specific to the region. Nowadays, a series of construction standards in line with the needs and tendencies of the local should be established and developed, taking into account the universal building standards. What is meant by the concept of new standards is not the type projects for the implementation of a structure or several structures. Architects and engineers who are experts in their fields will be able to take an active part in the creation and implementation of these standards, and construction will be carried out by local builders.Camili Havzası’nın geleneksel mimarisi, bölgenin iklim koşulları, topoğrafya özellikleri, yerel malzeme ve yerel inşa bilgisi çerçevesinde alınabilecek mimari kararların ve uygulamaların başarılı örneklerini içermekte, bölge insanının, doğa ve çevresi ile ilişkilerini yansıtmaktadır. Havzanın geleneksel mimarisi yapım sistemi ahşap yığmadır. Bölgede bu yapım tekniği ile inşa edilen yapıların, ön yapım mantığında kurgulanmış olması, havzanın geleneksel mimarisinin dikkat çekici özellikleri arasındadır. Havzanın insan yaşamını zorlayıcı iklim koşulları, iş imkânlarının kısıtlı olması, yıllar içinde bölgeden göçe neden olmuştur. Günümüzde ise, iyileşen karayolu ulaşımı, yerelde yapılan kalkınma öncelikli projeler ile ekolojik tarımın desteklenmesi, sivil toplum örgütlerinin bölgede yürüttüğü çalışmalar ile arıcılığın gelişmesi, doğa turizminin yaygınlaşması ile bölgeye ilginin artması ve turizmin getirdiği yeni iş olanakları gibi etkenler, geri göçe neden olmakta, artan nüfusla birlikte yeni konutların yapılması zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Camili Havzası’ndaki yerleşimlerde, güncel konut üretiminde izlenmesi gereken tasarım ve yapım yöntemlerinin araştırılması, bu makalenin çalışma konusu olmuştur
Türkiye'de katılımcı korumaya bir örnek Birgi Yazokulu modeli: Türkiye'de katılımcı korumaya bir örnek Birgi Yazokulu modeli
No full text"Participation" through regeneration, revitalization and amelioration has the priority in Turkey among other problems in issues related with cultural and natural heritage. A workshop at the spring of 1998 and Summer Schools in 1998 and 1999 at Birgi are jointly organized by the Muncipality of Birgi, the Mimar Sinan University and the ÇEKÜL Foundation, a non-governmental organization. The town of Birgi has largely conserved its identity as an outcome of cultural accumulation through centuries as well as due to lack of property speculation. The local authority realized that the repopulation of the deserted town and regeneration of economic life can only be come true through a preservation plan realized realized by experts and asked the expertise of the university. Hereby, the town of Birgi is selected as a "model for participatory planning ". Through an assessment of results of Summer School, this plan will broaden its scope as the "Presercation-Revitalization-Development Project of Küçükmenderes Basin” including neighbouring towns. Other universities, public administrative bodies and NGO'in nationwide may also take part in this joint organization. Therefore, inheritence of local natural and cultural heritages through preservation, revitalization and enhancement (which are sources of inspiration for now and tomorrow) by next generations comes true.Kültürel ve doğal varlıklarımızın yaşanarak, yaşatılarak ve geliştirilerek korunabilmesinde yaşanan sorunların başında “katılım” gelmektedir. Katılımın sağlanması ile koruma bilincinin oluşması mümkündür. 1998 Bahar’ında Birgi’de gerçekleştirilen atölye çalışması ardından 1998 ve 1999 yaz dönemlerinde düzenlenen Yaz Okulu, Yerel Yönetimin (Birgi Belediyesi), Üniversite’nin (MSÜ), Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu’nun (ÇEKÜL) üçlü organizasyonu ile gerçekleşmiştir. Birgi yüzyılların birikimi ile sahip olduğu kimliğini, rant baskısı altında kalmadığı için büyük ölçüde korumuştur. Yerel Yönetim, Birgi’nin kaybettiği nüfusun tekrar kazandırılmasının, ekonomik canlılığa kavuşturulmasının, ekonomik canlılığa kavuşturulmasının, ancak uzmanlar tarafından hazırlanacak bir koruma plânı ile gerçekleşebileceğinin bilinci ile hareket etmiş, üniversiteden talepte bulunmuştur. Bu nedenle Birgi “katılımcı koruma modeli” için seçilmiştir. Yaz okulunda elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilerek, çevre yerleşmeler de katılarak “Küçükmenderes Havzası Koruma-Yaşatma-Geliştirme Projesi”ne dönüştürülecektir. Başlatılan bu üçlü organizasyonun yetki ve sorumluluk paylaşımında, ülke genelinde üniversiteler, koruma bilincine sahip yönetimler ve sivil toplum kuruluşları da görev alabilirler. Böylece çağımıza ve geleceğe esin kaynağı doğal ve kültürel değerlerimizin korunarak, yaşatılarak, yenileri eklenerek gelecek kuşaklara iletilmesi sağlanır
Çocuk Gelişimi - Spor İlişkisinin Fiziksel Çevre ve Mekân Algısı Üzerinden İrdelenmesi: Örnek Bir Hareket Merkezi Modeli: Çocuk Gelişimi - Spor İlişkisinin Fiziksel Çevre ve Mekân Algısı Üzerinden İrdelenmesi: Örnek Bir Hareket Merkezi Modeli
No full textThis study focuses on the child movement spaces by using the facts of physical environment and space perception throughout children s physical and mental development, sports has great importance in terms of both the psychological development of an individual. In a structure that may be defined as the complement of systematic movements, the age range of individual will certainly take on a deterministic task of defining the quality of the significance level. Within this scope, the study focuses on children between the age of 0 -12 years. During the period defined as the ‘early childhood' in the development process, sports for the children plays a vital role in terms of the child's affective, mental and psychomotor development. Specific to that target group, the sports is in the carrier position of over one aim like the healthy development, the performance development, the movement education, the play, the use of leisure time and the formation of aesthetic consciousness. The study aimed to determine the design principles specific to the “Gymnasium for Children " and suggested a model for the movement centre with those principles. So, the design is evaluated through the abovementioned model which had the chance of implementation.Bu çalışma, çocuk gelişiminde fiziksel çevre ve mekân algısı olgularına dayanarak, çocuk hareket mekânları üzerine odaklanmıştır. Spor, bireyin gerek fizyolojik gerekse psikolojik gelişimi açısından büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Sistemli hareketler bütünü olarak tanımlanabilecek bir yapı içinde bireyin yaş aralığı, kuşkusuz önem derecesinin niteliğini tanımlamak konusunda belirleyici bir görev üstlenecektir. Bu kapsamda çalışma, 0-12 yaş aralığındaki çocuklara odaklanmıştır. Gelişim süreci içinde “erken çocukluk dönemi” olarak tanımlanan dönemde çocuklar için spor, çocuğun duyuşsal, zihinsel ve psiko-motor gelişimleri açısından belirleyici bir rol üstlenir. Bu hedef kitle özelinde spor; sağlıklı gelişim, performans gelişimi, hareket eğitimi, oyun, serbest zaman değerlendirmesi, estetik bilinç oluşturma gibi birden fazla amacın da taşıyıcısı konumundadır. Çalışma, “Çocuk Spor Salonu” özelinde tasarım ilkelerinin saptanmasını amaçlamış ve bu ilkelerle tasarlanan bir hareket merkezi modeli önermiştir. Sonuç olarak, uygulanma şansı yakalayan söz konusu model üzerinden tasarım değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır
Jean Baudrillard’ın Simülasyon Kuramı Bağlamında İstanbul Ordu Caddesi’nde Kentsel Deneyim Anlatıları: Ordu Caddesi’nde Kentsel Deneyim Anlatılar
No full textIn the study, in the context of Baudrillard’s simulation theory, which he constructed to explain the dilemma of modern societies; a series of experiences from the urban environment are conveyed. Baudrillard, who calls the age we live in as the simulation universe, defends that this universe is passed through with the loss of the reality principle. According to Baudrillard’s theory, modern societies that have abandoned the reality principle, exist in a world of a simulation replaced by realities. Simulation, according to Baudrillard, is the derivation of an origin or a reality devoid of actuality by using models. The problem of the study is to discuss the simultaneous existence of reality and simulation through the situations produced by societies that are modern in some ways and modernizing in others, and to trace urban realities within the simulation system. Within the framework of this problem, the aim of the study is to find the equivalents of simulation theory through urban spaces in Istanbul through Ordu Street, located at the intersection of Laleli and Beyazit, one of the centers that best reflects the historical, modern, layered and ambiguous state of Istanbul. The study is a qualitative study based on the experience of walking. In this context; the positions between the simulation system codes and the remnants of reality of the situations that make the walking experience discontinuous in the area opened for discussion have been transformed into narratives. The narratives are defined through economic, historical and ambiguous discontinuities, which are the main constitutive elements of Ordu Street. These three groups, codes and remnants, and reality and simulation relations were sought. Baudrillard contends that the simulation system codes preserve the dominant order in modern societies that have moved into a world without referents, in other words, a realm of simulation. The only way to be successful in the realm of simulation is to possess a model, in other words, a code system. However, when discussing the destruction of reality, the notion that nothing would remain if everything was taken is incorrect. Despite the codes of the simulation realm’s models, the remnants include (or attempt to include) another order of reality in the simulation realm by staying outside the system. Turkey is situated at the crossroads of modern civilization, non-modernized society, and even primitive society. In the study, the traces of these links, which manifest themselves in a variety of patterns in the example of Ordu Street, which is formed by the existence of codes and remnants forming this in-betweenness, are investigated. The economic, historical, and ambiguous discontinuities in Ordu Street are examined in the following context, with the guidance of codes and remnants: With the economic discontinuity in the area, the narratives were conveyed through the area’s economic discontinuities and the economic system, which is the fundamental structural system of Ordu Street. Hence, the economic differences between the capitalist and primitive systems have been discussed. With the historical discontinuity in the area, the relationship between the remnants of today’s reality of the historical stratification in the area and the simulation codes, based on the historical identity of Ordu Street is discussed. With the ambiguous discontinuities in the region, the narratives are formed that briefly break the walking experience, is distinct from the economic and historical qualities of Ordu Street, and build connections with daily and social events. These narratives were also transmitted based on the code and remnants.
As a result of the study, it was understood that although it is not yet a fully modern society, the field can produce infinite simulacra with simulation system codes. It has been observed that the codes of consumption society are used that are applied by modern societies and hyperrealities are constructed with different means, such as media. Contrastingly, the continuation of relationships such as “shuttle-trade,” which is examined in the name of economic discontinuities that create location-specific consumption relations without utilizing the model codes created by the consumption society in the simulation universe, demonstrates that location-based realities can be created. In the study, no attempts are made to escape the simulation realm. Attempts have been made to highlight uncoded situations that are creative and capable of producing future reality by going after the remnants. The existence of the remnants can give a foundation for leaving the simulation realm, but this is contingent on the plurality of the remnants, their compatibility with the context, and the logical attitude of the local. The remnant can offer a distinct perspective on the world.Çalışmada, Jean Baudrillard’in modern toplumların içinde bulunduğu açmazı anlatmak için kurguladığı simülasyon kuramı bağlamında kentsel çevreden bir deneyim dizisi aktarılmaktadır. İçinde yaşadığımız çağı, simülasyon evreni olarak adlandıran Baudrillard, bu evrene gerçeklik ilkesinin yitirilmesi ile geçiş yapıldığını savunur. Ancak, simülasyon evrenine geçişte tüm gerçekliklerin eş zamanlı yitiminden bahsetmez. Çalışmanın problemi, eş zamanlı kendini gösteren gerçeklik ve simülasyon varlığını bazı yönlerden modern, bazı yönlerden ise modernleşmekte olan toplumların ürettikleri durumlar üzerinden tartışmaya açmak; simülasyon sistemi içinde kentsel gerçekliklerin izini sürmektir. Bu problem çerçevesinde çalışmanın amacı; İstanbul’un tarihi, modern, katmanlı ve muğlak halini en iyi yansıtan merkezlerinden Laleli-Beyazıt mevkilerinin kesişimlerinde bulunan Ordu Caddesi üzerinden simülasyon kuramının kentsel mekanlar aracılığıyla karşılıklarını bulmaktır. Bu amaç, anlatı ve deneyim ilişkisini içeren nitel bir çalışma ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın temelinde yürüyüş deneyimi bulunmaktadır. Tartışmaya açılan bölgede yürüyüş deneyimini duraksatan / süreksizleştiren durumlar, Baudrillard’ın üzerinde durduğu simülasyon sistemi kodları ile gerçeklik kalıntıları rehberliğinde anlatılara dönüştürülmüştür. Anlatılar, Ordu Caddesi’nin temel kurucu ögeleri olan iktisadi, tarihi ve muğlak süreksizlikler üzerinden tariflenmiştir. Bu üç grubun, kod ve kalıntılar ile gerçeklik ve simülasyon ilişkileri aranmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, henüz tam anlamıyla modern toplum olmamasına rağmen, alanın simülasyon sistemi kodları ile sonsuz simülakrlar üretebileceği anlaşılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, simülasyon evreninde tüketim toplumunun oluşturduğu model kodlarını kullanmadan yere özgü gerçekliklerin de kurulabildiği görülmüştür. Çalışma sonunda gerçeklik ve kod anlatıları diyagram yolu ile sunulmuştur
Mühendis-Mimar Sanatçı-Mimar’a karşı: İTÜ ve GSA’nin Birleştirilmesi Girişimlerinin Işığında Mimarlık Eğitiminde Kimliklerin Tahkimi (1930’lardan 1950’lere): Mühendis-Mimar Sanatçı-Mimar’a Karşı
No full textIn the institutionalization process of architectural education in Turkey, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (ITU, Istanbul TechnicalUniversity) and Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi (GSA, Academy of Fine Arts) are positioned as representatives of two differentidentities. The emphasis of architectural education is on technique (and/or engineering) in the former, and on the arts in thelatter; it is accepted that ITU educates engineer-architects while GSA educates artist-architects. In studies on the history ofarchitectural education, it is assumed that these schools developed by following their independent paths. It is possible to thinkthat, in their development processes they gained their architectural school identities of engineer-architects and artist-architects following the nature of the institutions to which they belong. However, the development—even the survival—of these architecture branches (departments/faculties) has not been a smooth-running process. Archival documents and periodicals of the era show the numerous proposals to merge Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi (YMM) Mimari Şubesi (Higher Engineering School Architecture Branch, the predecessor of ITU)/ ITU Mimarlık Fakültesi (Faculty of Architecture) and the GSA Mimari Şubesi. While each merging attempt reveals the influence of the state on the survival of these schools, efforts to prevent these attempts fortify the identities of the schools.Archival documents and periodicals show that YMM/ITU and GSA came across numerous times from 1930 to 1952. Attemptsto unify two schools, reveal the lack of the state’s budget to allocate to institutions, and when faced with any budgetaryproblem the proposed solution is always to merge the schools. The vital importance of benefiting from the state’s resourcesnecessitates establishing a relationship with the state. During the period, the relationship with the state is far from being arelationship shaped by laws and regulations and managed with bureaucratic impartiality. Essentially, it includes directpersonal relationships with government officials, and even prime ministers and presidents. The personal characteristic of therelationship with the state creates a more uncertain environment for the development of schools and increases the conflictbetween them.It is also possible to make the following observation on the positions of the two architectural schools against the state: While itwas proposed to close the newly established branch of YMM in the 1930s and connect it to the GSA, the direction of theattempts to connect changed after the 1940s. The architectural school which faced the danger of being attached to the other,was obliged to define its own importance and function before the state. Two main arguments are put forward in the objectionsagainst mergers: The first is having a deep-rooted institutional history and tradition, and training important architects whotook part in the construction of the country within the institutional tradition. The second is the claim to be an institution thattrains architects who will meet the immediate and future needs of the country. Both ITU and GSA have to define the educationthey provide and the quality of the architects they educate in a way that distinguishes one from the other in order to make them more important for the state. Essentially, these definitions strengthen the identities of “engineer-architect” and “artistarchitect” schools and place their architectural education in technical education/artistic education contrast.The technical versus artistic positions of the two schools are mostly owned by the members and graduates of the institutions,and according to which side they are on, positive or negative values are attributed to these positions. It is necessary todistinguish the identities of schools that train engineer-architects or artist-architects from the identities of their graduatearchitects, and how they define themselves. Although GSA graduates do not use a title such as an artist-architect, the title ofengineer-architect of ITU graduates ensures the continuity of the identity difference.It can easily be accepted that the source of the engineer-architect/artist-architect school identity difference was based on theinitial formation of architectural education in YMM/ITU and GSA, which were established for different purposes and haddifferent structures. It is clear that YMM, modeled after European polytechnics, and GSA, modeled after French École Beaux-Arts, would form architectural education differently. Architectural education programs at YMM and GSA in the early 1930sare incomparably different. However, both schools underwent many changes in the 1940s and 1950s, and by the late 1950s, thesimilarity of the schools’ curriculums made it difficult to place the schools in opposite camps. Despite this, two opposingidentities continue until the 2000s, gaining different appearances.This study claims that the formation of the “engineer-architect” and “artist-architect” identities owned by ITU and GSA,beyond the architectural education differences, is the consequence of the state’s efforts to merge the two institutions. Thediscourses that are presented to the state and declared to the public in order to survive fortify the school identities.Türkiye’deki mimarlık eğitiminin kurumlaşmasında iki önemli okul olan İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi ve Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi Mimarlık Bölümü mimarlık eğitimi tarihi içerisinde birbirine karşıt iki konuma yerleştirilirler. İlkinde teknik ağırlıklı mimarlık eğitimiyle mühendis-mimar, ikincisinde sanat ağırlıklı mimarlık eğitimiyle sanatçı-mimar yetiştirildiği kabuledilir. İki okulun da tarihsel süreçleri içerisinde kendi yollarını izleyerek geliştiği varsayılır. Ancak 1930’lardan 1950’lere kadar pek çok kez iki kurumun birbirine bağlanması düşünülür ve/ya önerilir. Devletin kurumlara ayıracağı bütçenin kısıtlılığından kaynaklanan birleştirme önerileri, okulları var olma mücadelesi içine sokar. Bağlanma girişimlerini bertaraf etmek için iki okul da kendi kimliğini tanımlamak ve diğerinden ayrımını ortaya koymak durumunda kalır. Sundukları mimarlık eğitiminin farklılığı mühendismimar/ sanatçı-mimar yetiştiren kurum kimliklerinin temelini oluştursa da iki okulun birbirine bağlanması girişimleri bu kimlikleri tanımlayarak ve birbirinin karşıtı olarak keskinleştirerek birer nitelik göstergesine dönüştürür. Bu yazıda İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi ve GSA Mimarlık Bölümü’nün kimliklerini tahkim etmesi, kurum arşivlerinde bulunan belgeler, kanunteklifleri, Nafıa ve Maarif vekaletleri yazışmaları, dönemin mimari yayını Arkitekt Dergisi’nde çıkan yazılar, kurum mensuplarıve mezunlarının tanıklıkları aracılığıyla anlatılmaktadır
Mimarlık İçin Nörobilim: Nörobilim ve Mimarlık │Tarihi │ Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme: Mimarlık İçin Nörobilim
No full textHow can understanding the complex structure of the human brain and the course of thought contribute to architecturalpractice, architectural history, and architectural education? Is it possible to talk about the ways of thinking that have beendefinitely and clearly summarized for architects throughout architectural history? How do environment, society, culture, andgenes affect brain development? How architecture can shape the brain and, neuroscience can shape structures? Since the20th century, the “one” explanatory science of the past has been replaced by the science of pluralistic explanations in socialsciences. (Tanrıdağ,2015). Accordingly, the research methods have been restructured. Thus, the exchange of informationbetween disciplines, which seem independent, has become widespread. Architecture is a hybrid and impure discipline.(Pallasmaa 2013). Therefore, obtaining more detailed information about the brain affects architecture as it affects otherdisciplines. The question of how studies in neuroscience, which hold a prominent place today with its studies on the brain,affect the field of architecture and architectural history is a very current issue. Neuroscience and architecture can be seen astwo different fields at first. However, architects have intuitively designed based on neuroscience principles for centuries.Neuroscience, which is developing as an interdisciplinary field today, focuses on the effects of the brain/mind on cognitivefunctions but focuses scientific research on the nervous system. The Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture (ANFA),established in 2003 by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in San Diego, is a powerful platform for architecture andneuroscience. ANFA, established by neuroscientists and architects, aims to bring the two disciplines together to understandbetter the built environment’s effects on the human brain and to observe, inspire and share emerging research to evaluatearchitects and their roles and influences in the design process. (Whitelaw, 2020). Developments in neuroscience are alsoactively affecting the discussions on the architectural platform. If architecture is concerned with the human (and therefore allaspects of the human brain and body), it cannot be considered outside the evolving neuroscience studies. The increasinginterest in neuroscience can also be observed in the literature through the increase in studies at this intersection. In addition,with the platforms created on neuroscience for architecture, many universities open the way for development by addingneuroscience-architecture courses to their architecture faculties. The use of developments in neuroscience in architecture maylead to a change in the definition of architecture. Despite the developments in the world for the last two decades, studies in our country are few. Such a gap in the literature requires research on neuroscience and architecture. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the roots of the relationship between neuroscience and architecture, how neuroscience contributes to architecture, and how the possibilities offered by neuroscience will help reframe architectural history through existing literature studies.These developments can provide different evolutions for architecture and architectural history. In this context, a literaturereview, including studies on “architecture” and “architecture history,” was conducted based on subfield knowledge ofneuroscience and its branches (cognitive neuroscience, neurogenesis, etc.). English and Turkish keywords such as “nörobilim,”“nörobilim ve mimarlık,” “mimarlık için nörobilim,” “sinirbilim,” “sinirbilim ve mimarlık,” “neuroscience,” “neuroscienceand architecture,” “neuroscience for architecture,” “bilişsel nörobilim ve mimarlık,” “cognitive neuroscience andarchitecture,” “nörobilim ve mimarlık tarihi,” “neuroscience and architectural history,” “nörotarih,” “neuro history” wereused in the research in Yök Thesis, Google/Academic, and Web of Science databases. Additionally, my notes, and observationsfrom the course titled “Cognitive Neuroscience” of the Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Doctoral Program established withinAnkara University Health Sciences Institute are also included in the study. This current study, which aims to make a generalevaluation in order to understand the place, effect and state of architecture in new epistemological fields opened by the dataprovided by neuroscience and the methods it can offer, to understand the relationship between neuroscience and architecture,and to open the door to revealing possible new openings for the history of architecture, has been prepared as a qualitativereview. The study invites researchers to look at architecture and architects from a different point of view, from an evidencebased perspective, to understand and question the relationship between neuroscience, architecture, and architectural history, through the possibilities and data offered through neuroscience.İnsan beyninin karmaşık yapısını ve düşüncenin seyrini anlamaya çalışmak mimarlık │pratiği│ tarihi │eğitimi│ için nasıl bir katkı sağlayabilir? Mimarlık tarihi boyunca mimarlar için kesin ve açıkça özetlenen düşünce biçimlerinden bahsedilebilir mi? Çevre, toplum, kültür ve genler beynin gelişimini nasıl etkiler? Mimarlık beyni, nörobilim yapıları nasıl şekillendirebilir? Beyin üzerindeki çalışmaları ile günümüzde popüler bir yere sahip olan nörobilim alanında yapılan çalışmaların mimarlık ve mimarlık tarihi alanını nasıl etkilediği sorusu güncel bir konudur. Nörobilime artan ilgi uluslararası literatürde bu kesişimdeki çalışmaların artışı üzerinden gözlemlenebilmektedir. Ayrıca mimarlık için nörobilim üzerine oluşturulan platformlar ile birlikte üniversiteler mimarlık fakülteleri müfredatlarına nörobilimmimarlık derslerini ekleyerek, gelişimin önünü açmaktadır. Dünya genelinde son yirmi yıldır devam eden gelişmelere rağmen ülkemizde bu kesişimdeki çalışmalar azdır. Literatürde böylesine bir boşluğun yer alması nörobilim ve mimarlık üzerine araştırmaları gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu durum göz önüne alındığında bu çalışma, nörobilim ve mimarlık arasındaki ilişkinin gelişimini, nörobilimin mimarlık alanına nasıl katkı sağladığını ve nörobilimin sunduğu olanakların, mimarlık tarihinin yeniden yorumlanmasına nasıl yardımcı olabileceğini anlamak için literatürdeki mevcut çalışmalar üzerinden bir değerlendirmeyi ve ülkemizdeki -bu kesişimdeki- güncel duruma dikkat çekmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bukapsamda nörobilim ve nörobilimin alt (bilişsel nörobilim, vb.) alan bilgilerine dayalı olarak “mimarlık” ve “mimarlık tarihi” ile ilgili yapılmış çalışmaları içeren bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Mevcut çalışma, nörobilimin mimarlık üzerindeki etkisini, yönelimlerini, ihtiyaçlarını, zorluklarını ve gelecekteki olası potansiyellerini anlamanın bir aracı olarak yapılmış çalışmalar üzerinden genel bir değerlendirme yapmaktadır. Değerlendirme nörobilim, mimarlık ve mimarlık tarihi arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik çalışmalara kapı aralamakta, bu çalışmalar için ihtiyaç duyulan eğitim ve tartışma ortamının altını çizmektedir
İTÜ’de Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Bölümü “DENEYİ’mim”: İTÜ’de Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Bölümü “DENEYİ’mim”
No full textÇevresel Söylemler ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler: Çevresel Söylemler ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler
No full textThe overriding view seeks solutions for environmental problems mostly in the positive sciences (natural sciences, engineering), not in the social processes that, indeed, the main cause of the problems. This understanding dominates especially in the ‘emerging economy’ countries, such as Turkey. However, the real solutions for environmental problems can be found at the intersection of positive science and social science disciplines. The main goal of the article is determine how environment and its problems should be deal with in the disciplines, as city planning, that also have practice, and scrutinize that environment concept has social science dimension as much as positive science dimension. Secondly, to open up discussion how environment concept is perceived in the developing countries. To reach the goals, first, I will examine environmental discourses in order to understand the environment concept in social sciences, than I will elaborate the dimensions and the meaning of the environment concept for the developing countries through environmental discourses.Çevre ile ilgili sorunların ele alınışında hakim olan düşünce, fen bilimleri çerçevesinde geliştirilen çözümlere öncelik verir, sorunların ortaya çıkışının asıl nedeni olan sosyal düşünce ve sistemi çözümün bir parçası olarak görmez. Ancak çevre sorunlarına olan cevaplar sadece fen bilimleri disiplinlerinde değil, sosyal bilimlerin de yer aldığı disiplinler arası sistemlerin kesişiminde bulunabilir. Bu anlayış özellikle Türkiye gibi “gelişmekte olan ekonomiler” sınıfında sayılan ülkelerde daha da ağırlık kazanmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, ağırlıklı olarak çevre ve sorunlarının kent planlama gibi uygulama kolu olan disiplinler açısından nasıl ele alınması gerektiğini saptamak, aslında çevre kavramının fen bilimleri boyutundan çok sosyal bir boyuta sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. ‹kinci olarak, özelde ülkemizde genelde gelişmekte olan ülkelerde çevrenin sosyal boyutunun nasıl algılandığını tartışmaya açmaktır. Bunun için ilk önce sosyal bilimlerde çevre kavramı çevresel söylemler ele alınarak açıklanmaya çalışılacak, daha sonra çevre olgusu ve çevresel söylemlerin değerlendirilmesi gelişmekte olan ülkeler bağlamında yapılarak söz konusu ülkelerde çevre kavramının algılanışı çerçevelenecektir