Sriwijaya Journal of Environment
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Analysing secondary infections of Coronavirus Disease 2019 across the Geopolitical zones of Nigeria using estimated time dependent reproduction number
No full textTime dependent reproduction number (TD – R0) is a measure of secondary infections or transmissibility of a disease useful in monitoring changes in the rate of infection and assessing policies put in place to control the spread of a disease. In this study we used daily infections situation report of COVID – 19 published by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) to estimate Nigeria’s TD – R0 and then repeated the same for the six geo – political zones in the country. Estimates of TD – R0 values for the country from the 23rd of March – 27th of May 2020 fluctuated with a maximum of 2.3 (95% CrI) on the 19th of April and a minimum of 0.83 (95% CrI) on the 16th May 2020. Despite the decline in TD – R0 since the early stages of the outbreak of COVID – 19 in Nigeria suggesting a fall in the expected rate of secondary infection apart from the northwest and the northeast geo – political zones values remain above 1.0 for other zones and the country, generally. The Kolmogorov – Smirnov (KS) test was used to test the null hypothesis stating that the means of TD – R0 across the geo-political zones does not follow the same distribution pattern. After making adjustments for Type 1 – error we accepted the null hypothesis (p < 0.05) for six pairs of geo-political zones. We conclude that our findings are significant in studying the COVID – 19 epidemic in Nigeria and important in evaluating the strategies deployed by governments at the national and regional levels, thus, the same method can be replicated across Africa
Conversion of Degradable Solid Waste into Alternative Energy using Local Wastes as a Binder, Case of Southwestern Ethiopia
Get PDFThe objective of this research is to produce high quality of charcoal from the most known local wastes as a binder. The solid waste was collected from Bonga city and the production of charcoal briquette based on different binder preparation. The local wastes like sawdust and paper were used as a binder comparing with starch as a standard binder. Since the result obtained by using sawdust shows better burning time and less smoke comparing with using paper as a binder. The proximate analysis result obtained for degradable solid waste was its density, percentage of moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, and caloric value of 16.73 kg/m3,17.81%, 67.56%,4.78%, 9.85% and 18.39MJ/kg respectively. In the same way, fuel briquette using sawdust as a binder was characterized for its density, percentage of porosity, weight index, shatter resistance, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon content, and caloric value which is 750.06Kg/m3,29.05%,92.38%,9.87%, 29.6%, 3.56%, 56.97% and 27.38 MJ/kg respectively. Using sawdust is better than using paper as a binder since the briquette produced by using sawdust as a binder shows less smoke and higher burning time. This shows that it is possible to convert solid wastes into fuel briquettes using local wastes as binders
Utilization of Lime Derived From Mussel Freshwater Shells (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) to Increase Swamp Water pH For Catfish (Pangasius sp.) culture
Get PDFThe water pH of swamp land is generally low (below 4) and becomes a constraint in catfish culture that requires pH 6.5-8.5. In this current study, the low pH value of water was overcome by liming using lime produced from the mussel freshwater shells. The purposes of this study were to determine the best dosage of lime derived from mussel freshwater shells to increase the pH of swamp water, as well as its effect on the survival rate and growth of catfish fingerlings. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments used were the different dosages of lime derived from mussel freshwater shells (P1=4,000, P2=5,000, P3=6,000, P4=7,000 kg/ha equivalent CaO) and calcite (CaCO3) as control (P5= 6,000 kg/ha equivalent CaO). The result showed that P4 was the best treatment according to data of swamp water pH increased from 3.4 to 8.23, soil pH increased from 3.4 to 8.22, survival rate (100%), absolute growth of weight (56.59 g) and length (13.37 cm) and feed effeciency (113.06%)
Utilization of Fly Ash For the Pretreatment Process of Rubber Industry Wastewater Processing Using Hybrid Membrane UF-RO
Get PDFThis research was conducted to treat rubber industry wastewater by using fly-ash as an adsorbent and hybrid membrane UF-RO to produce clean water. In this research was analyzed the effect of flow rate of wastewater treatment to remove turbidity, zinc, and iron. The applied flow rate of membrane separation was of 7 L/min and 14 L/min and the operation time was of 90 min respectively. The rejection concentration of turbidity, zinc, and iron decreased with increasing the flow rate at adsorbent fly-ash. Whereas at the hybrid membrane UF-RO, the rejection concentration of turbidity, zinc, and iron increased with increasing the flow rate. The maximum rejection of turbidity was 24.26%, 95%, and 67.89% for adsorbent fly-ash, UF membrane, and RO membrane respectively. The maximum rejection of zinc was 91.67%, 59.70%, and 14.81% for adsorbent fly-ash, UF membrane, and RO membrane respectively. The maximum rejection of iron was 62.24% and 21.62% for adsorbent fly-ash, UF membrane respectively. The pollutants concentration in the permeate was met the quality standards of the Indonesian health department through the decision of the Minister of Health number 907 of 2002 concerning supervision of the quality of drinking water
Overview of trends in crude palm oil production and economic impact in Malaysia
Get PDFPalm oil has become a major edible and economic commodity with applications in various domestic and industrial processes. Malaysia is the second largest producer and exporter of crude palm oil (CPO). The oil palm industry in Malaysia significantly expanded and has become a major economic sector. The global demand of this precious commodity as food and fuel has caused a significant upsurge in production of oil palm. A tremendous increase of CPO production has been witnessed in the Malaysian oil palm industry over a decade now. The CPO production in 2011 was about 11.8 million tonnes but skyrocketed to 19.92 million tonnes in 2017. Beyond the revenue generation from the oil palm industry in Malaysia, there is significant investment in research and development that has resulted in the discovery of more sustainable ways to manage oil palm waste. This overview therefore seeks to evaluate the trend in crude palm oil production in Malaysia and its economic contribution to the nation from 2007-2017. Various indices associated with crude palm oil production such as planted land area, volume of exported CPO, revenue generated from the exported CPO, average annual price of exported CPO, fresh fruit yield and oil extraction rate was discussed. This overview is limited to crude palm oil production within 2007-2017 and seeks to discuss the trend within the context of the timeframe
The Estimation of Economic Appearance and Profitability Function of Drip Irrigation in Tidal Lands (A Case of Chili Farming)
Get PDFThe purpose of this research are (1) to determine economic appearance and (2) to estimate the profit function of the application of drip irrigation technology for chili farming in tidal lands. This research used survey method at Budi Mulya Village Air Kumbang Sub-district Banyuasin Regency. Collecting data was held on March and April of 2018. Sampling method was proportionate stratified random. Watering and fertilization of chili farming with utilizing drip irrigation technology was done by using water pump machine. Drip irrigation affected positive impact for increasing of chili farming profit. Drip irrigation technology in chili farming is more efficient than chili farming without drip irrigation technology. Economic of scales of drip irrigation technology in chili farming is 2.547, that means in increasing returns to scale condition. Farmers need government policy in applying this technology like a subsidy or loan from government
Relationship between Farmers Knowledge Level and Technologies Implementation in Tidal Swamp Land in South Sumatra
Get PDFMechanization and recent technology use in tidal swamp land is encouraged in order to increase farming efficiency and effectiveness. However, a lot of farmers still have less knowledge of new technologies thus field meeting is held as one of ways to accelerate information spread as well as to obtain feedback from farmers shortly. The study aims to determine the relationship between farmers’ level of knowledge and technology implementation by farmers; and farmers’ response on recent technologies introduced. It used a purposive sampling method with 100 participants of field meeting as respondents. Data was retrieved using questionnaires and analyzed descriptively to determine the level of knowledge and technology implementation by farmers while non-parametric Coefficient of Contingency test is used to know its relationship. The study revealed there is no significant relationship between farmers’ level of knowledge and technology implementation. However, farmers responded well and interested in implementing recent technologies in the future hence technology dissemination through field meetings and other dissemination channels should carried out continuously
Finding Policies of Disguised Unemployment Arrangement: Through Various Technological Innovation of Agriculture and Income Diversification For Tidal Rice Farmer
Get PDFThe ecological constraint of tidal lands necessitates agricultural innovation in the related area. But technological innovation, however, make the disguised unemployment worsen in tidal land. Income diversification is expected to be a solution to the rising number of disguised unemployment-associated agricultural innovation. Both combined will offer a solution to cope with the issue of disguised unemployment. This study is aimed to analyzing strategies used to cope with disguised unemployment in the tidal agricultural sector through a combination of technological innovation and income diversification. The study was carried out in the tidal lands in Province of South Sumatra, Indonesia in 2017. This study employed a quantitative method with a survey technique. Simple random sampling was conducted to determine each subject population.The analysis was carried out using tabulative, mathematical, and simulation method. Technological innovation in agriculture gave to the rising number of disguised unemployment in tidal agriculture sector. But, with technological innovation and income diversification, disguised unemployment will be decreased and farmers' income will be increased, yet, the productivity will be low. In other words, to cope with the issues of disguised unemployment, technological innovation in the agricultural sector should be accompanied with the income diversification. However, we should be noted that the combination of agricultural technology innovation policy and income diversification affects to decreasing on household productivity The results are, by and large, useful for policy makers in designing in arranging disguised unemployment policies.
Water Quality of Canal For Sustainable Aquaculture In Reclaimed Tidal Lowlands
Get PDFThe reclaimed tidal lowlands in Banyuasin, South Sumatera, Indonesia were initiated by making water canals that separate some areas to be some land groups. Those water canals are used for some activities such as agricultural, plantation, housing and water source for the people activities. This research aimed to observe the eligibility of water canals for sustainable fish culture. The data analysis of water qualities included ammonia, phosphate, nitrate, TSS, DO, pH, temperature, EC, salinity, water depth, detergent, and organochlorines. Cluster Test was used to analyze the data to compare the water qualities among canal areas. The results showed that detergent concentration was quite low, ranged at 63,5-74,5 ppm. Organochlorine found were Dieldrin 0,0084 ppm, while Linden, Eldrin, Heptklor, DDT, and Endosulfan concentration were below 0,001 ppm. Cluster Test showed that water quality in the canal was still in good condition, and can be used to support fish culture
A New Process of Capturing Carbon Dioxide Gas From The Atmosphere Using Solid & Aqueous Sorbents in Pilot Plant
Get PDFThe capturing process of CO2 directly from air has been developed largely considering with commercial scale in pilot plants. This is done so that the capture CO2 from air can be used as a feedstock or raw material for producing carbon free renewable fuels by applying direct air capture (DAC) process. This way of capturing is gone to be possible with using some solid & aqueous sorbents in pilot plant. The success of this capturing process is depended on the appropriate configurations of both major & minor plant operations. Heat & mass balance are required necessarily to contribute on the finding of each pilot plants data. The design of this process is modeled like this so that the captured CO2 can be delivered at 15MPa into the pilot plant & for this, the requirements of energy inputs are about 8.81GJ or 5.25GJ of natural gas & 0 KWHr or 336KWHr of electricity respectively. Then all the results finding from the pilot contactor, reactor, calciner are optimized to reduce the processing cost of the capturing process. It is observed after the ending of the process that the amount of operating cost is ranged between 50 to capture per ton of CO2 from surrounding air where the total levelized cost of the whole process ranges between 94/t-CO2. If it considers the other specific choices such as financial safety, environ mental & ecological arrangements etc. then this DAC process would be the best reliable solution to capture the CO2 from air in upcoming decades