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The structures of eleven (4-phenyl)piperazinium salts containing organic anions
Get PDFEleven (4-phenyl)piperazinium salts containing organic anions have been prepared and structurally characterized, namely, 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-fluorobenzoate monohydrate, C10H15N2+·C7H4FO2−·H2O, 1; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-bromobenzoate monohydrate, C10H15N2+·C7H4BrO2−·H2O, 3; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-iodobenzoate, C10H15N2+·C7H4IO2−, 4; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-nitrobenzoate, C10H15N2+·C7H4NO4−, 5; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 3,5-dinitrosalicylate, C10H15N2+·C7H3N2O7−, 6; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 3,5-dinitrobenzoate, C10H15N2+·C7H3N2O6−, 7; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium picrate, C10H15N2+·C6H2N3O7−, 8; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium benzoate monohydrate, C10H15N2+·C7H5O2−·H2O, 9; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium p-toluenesulfonate, C10H15N2+·C7H7O3S−, 10; 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium tartarate monohydrate, C10H15N2+·C4H5O6−·H2O, 11; and 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium fumarate, C10H15N2+·C4H3O4−, 12. Compounds 1 and 3–12 are all 1:1 salts with the acid proton transferred to the phenylpiperaizine basic N atom (the secondary amine) with the exception of 3 where there is disorder in the proton position with it being 68% attached to the base and 32% attached to the acid. Of the structures with similar stoichiometries only 3 and 9 are isomorphous. The 4-phenyl substituent in all cases occupies an equatorial position except for 12 where it is in an axial position. The crystal chosen for structure 7 was refined as a non-merohedral twin. There is disorder in 5, 6, 10 and 11. For both 5 and 6, a nitro group is disordered and was modeled with two equivalent orientations with occupancies of 0.62 (3)/0.38 (3) and 0.690 (11)/0.310 (11), respectively. For 6, 10 and 11, this disorder is associated with the phenyl ring of the phenylpiperazinium cation with occupancies of 0.687 (10)/0.313 (10), 0.51 (7)/0.49 (7) and 0.611 (13)/389 (13), respectively. For all salts, the packing is dominated by the N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds formed by the cation and anion. In addition, several structures contain C—H⋯π (1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, and 12) and aromatic π–π stacking interactions (6 and 8) and one structure (5) contains a –NO2⋯π interaction. For all structures, the Hirshfeld surface fingerprint plots show the expected prominent spikes as a result of the N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds
War Crimes in Afghanistan
No full textWar crimes are identified with violations of the law of war at the time of armed conflict. It is an extensive conception and if any harm is caused to mankind during peacetime, it is regarded as a war crime. Any kind of infringement of human rights falls under war crimes. The suffering of Afghans was ignored by the world for a couple of decades but Afghanistan’s government is not addressing that. The country does not have any substantial law on genocide. War crimes in Afghanistan include acts such as abuse of civilians or prisoners of war. Sayed Qudrat Hashmy points out that war crimes are violations of international humanitarian laws incurring individual criminal responsibility and must be adequately investigated
Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Phyto-Fabricated Using the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Sida acuta
No full textNanoparticles have gained considerable attention during the present millennium due to its unique properties and usage of same in all the scientific fields. The present study was aimed to phyto-fabricate zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Sida acuta and evaluate its antioxidant and photocatalytic activity against the dye victoria blue (VB). The phyto-fabricated ZnO NPs when subjected for physico-chemical characterization showed an absorbance peak at 373 nm and was spherical in nature. Strong and well-distinguished sharp peaks were noticed in X-ray diffraction analysis with an average size of ∼32.82 nm calculated through Scherrer's formula. The size was also authenticated through dynamic light scattering analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the phyto-constituents of the plant extract served as capping/stabilizing agents during the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The atomic force microscopy studies on morphology and geometrics of the synthesized particles indicated that particles were monodispersed with colour difference. In addition, the surface area of ZnO NPs measured by Braunauer–Emmett–Teller experimental studies for adsorption isotherms was found to be 7.364 m2·g-1. The antioxidant efficacy of the phyto-fabricated ZnO NPs offered concentration-dependent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.74 mg·mL-1. Further, the VB (9 mM) dye degradation studies using the phyto-fabricated ZnO NPs (0.75 g·L-1) resulted in dye degradation of 93% at 40 min in natural sunlight. Further, the reuse and recycling of the photocatalyst for dye degradation offered 70.25% dye degradation ability within 40 min exposure to sunlight at the fifth cycle of reusability thereby indicating effective dye degradation ability of the phyto-fabricated ZnO NPs from the aqueous leaf extract of S. acuta
Phytochemical Characterisation of Argemone mexicana Leaf Extracts: An Evidence for its Antiandrogenic and Antioxidant Activities
Get PDFIntroduction: The naturally available herbs are used for medicinal purpose to promote health. The leaves of Argemone mexicana is one such herb used against different ailments. However, studies involving the characterization of different solvent extracts of the leaves and its antioxidant as well as antiandrogenic properties were limited. Aim: The present study aimed to characterize A. mexicana leaf extracts and determine its biological activities. Materials and Methods: The leaves were washed, shade dried, coarsely powdered and subjected to sequential extraction with solvents of increasing polarity using soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were dried and used to determine its phytochemical, and biological properties following standard protocols. Results: The results revealed that all the phytochemicals studied were present in ethanolic extract except protein compared to other extracts. Further, the quantitative estimation of phytochemicals showed that the ethanolic and cold water extracts had maximum amount of total polyphenols and flavonoids. The FTIR results of ethanolic extract showed a very broad peak for –OH groups accompanied by highest total polyphenol content, suggesting rational for its biological activities. Indeed, the in vitro antioxidant and antisteroidogenic activities were highest in the ethanolic extract than other extracts. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive study reporting the characterization and antiandrogenic property of A. mexicana leaf. Hence, the ethanolic extract of A. mexicana leaf can be used as an antioxidant and antiandrogenic agent. Further, this extract can be considered for the treatment for pathological conditions with hyperandrogenic conditions
Some Properties of Whole Edge Domination in Graphs
Get PDFThroughout this paper we initiate a new definition of edge domination in graphs that is called whole edge domination. Some bounds and results for edge whole domination number are established. Moreover, calculate this number of some certain graphs. Also, the effect of deletion, addition, and contraction of an edge on the domination of this definition has been determined
EELIS Elementary Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science. By Pandey S.K. Sharma. Scalable Knowledge Solutions, Faridabad. 2021. 688 p. 2021. Rs. 3500 (Hardbound). 978-81-954374-0-5.
No full textNewly synthesized benzothiazole derived ligand and its co(III) and ru(III) complexes as biological potent molecules: Chemical preparation, structure, antimicrobial, in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity studies
No full textHerein we describe the synthesis of 2-((E)-(2-(benzodthiazol-2-yl)phenylimino)methyl)-5-methoxyphenol imine base (BMM) and its metal complexes such as Co(BMM)2 C1, Co(BMM)(ph) C2, Ru(BMM)2 C3 and Ru(BMM)(ph) C4. The ligand and its complexes were characterized by spectroscopic, TGA, Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. The coordination number and geometry were confirmed by various experimental data. The Co(III) and Ru(III) complexes are assigned to be having octahedral geometry. Further, the experimental results revealed that complex C2 and C4 emerged as moderate DNA binding intercalators compared to standard intercalators and prominent nuclease activity compared with C1 and C3 complexes. The extent of interaction and intercalation mode was confirmed by monitoring electronic absorption studies, fluorescence quenching probe, and viscosity measurement. Furthermore, the complexes C1-C4 were investigated for their in vitro cytotoxic studies against a panel of human cancer cell lines, viz., A549, NIH3T3, MCF-7, and EAC. Also, the cell adhesion and migration behavior were carried out after administering the complex C2 and C4 to respective cancer cell lines. In mice, the toxicities and tolerabilities of the complex C2 and C4 were also investigated through in vivo studies. The resultant complexes were screened for their microbial inhibition studies through the good diffusion method. All the complexes display moderate microbial inhibition properties compared to their uncoordinated analog. © 2021 by the authors
Mitigation of cyber attacks assuring security with conglomerate edict based intrusion detection system in IoT
Get PDFThe Internet of Things (IoT) has a profound technological, physical and economic impact on day-to-day lives. In IoT networks, the interacting nodes are inherently resource-constrained; this would render those nodes to be a source of cyber-attack targets. In this aspect, substantial efforts have been made, mainly through conventional cryptographic methods, to tackle the security and privacy concerns in IoT networks. Yet, the distinctive features of IoT nodes make conventional solutions inadequate to address the IoT network security spectrum. To cope with these concerns in IoT, a novel Conglomerate Edict based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is designed in this work. The proposed IDS amalgamates the functioning of several decision based machine learning classifiers to overwhelm the security threats. Detecting an unknown attack seems to be a reverie in IoT security; whereas, the hybrid ensemble discernment classifier in the proposed IDS effectively detects the known as well as unknown attacks with paramount detection rate. Overall, numerous high performance metrics are evaluated in this work to reveal the proposed efficacy in assuring scalable and secured IoT data transmission
Hydrothermal — From Geology to Technology (part 1)
Get PDFThe term hydrothermal is of geological origin. A great variety of crystals, minerals, ores and rocks have hydrothermal origin and occur as bulk, fine, ultrafine, and nanosized geologic materials. Hydrothermal refers to the action of water and other solvents at elevated temperature and pressure conditions in bringing about changes in the earth crust leading to the formation of rocks, minerals, crystals and ores. It also refers to the post-magmatic and pre-metasomatic stages. In the hydrothermal processes, a variety of volatiles also play an important role in the chemistry and geochemistry of hydrothermal solutions. The origin of a variety of metal deposits in deep-seated submarine hydrothermal ecosystems link with the origin of life on the earth. Today, hydrothermal has become one of the most important experimental methods of understanding the natural systems leading to the crystallization of rocks, minerals and ore deposits. Similarly, it has become one of the environmentally most benign techniques to synthesize a great variety of technological materials with desired functional properties. The technique has advanced so much that under laboratory conditions a wide range of pressure-temperature conditions can be created using specially designed hydrothermal autoclaves, PT sensors and controllers. In the present review, the authors discuss the evolution of hydrothermal process from geology to technology to develop technological materials in different sizes with specific functional properties. Also, the review describes some characteristic natural systems under hydrothermal conditions leading to the formation of some important geologic materials, the influence of different volatiles in the formation of various rocks and mineral deposits. Also the current trends in hydrothermal technology has been discussed with reference to the lowering of temperature and pressure conditions for the synthesis of high melting compounds like alkali rare earth tungstates, vanadates, diamond, etc. in this article
Mitigation of cyber attacks assuring security with conglomerate edict based intrusion detection system in IoT
Get PDFThe Internet of Things (IoT) has a profound technological, physical and economic impact on day-to-day lives. In IoT networks, the interacting nodes are inherently resource-constrained; this would render those nodes to be a source of cyber-attack targets. In this aspect, substantial efforts have been made, mainly through conventional cryptographic methods, to tackle the security and privacy concerns in IoT networks. Yet, the distinctive features of IoT nodes make conventional solutions inadequate to address the IoT network security spectrum. To cope with these concerns in IoT, a novel Conglomerate Edict based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is designed in this work. The proposed IDS amalgamates the functioning of several decision based machine learning classifiers to overwhelm the security threats. Detecting an unknown attack seems to be a reverie in IoT security; whereas, the hybrid ensemble discernment classifier in the proposed IDS effectively detects the known as well as unknown attacks with paramount detection rate. Overall, numerous high performance metrics are evaluated in this work to reveal the proposed efficacy in assuring scalable and secured IoT data transmission