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Social media communications on migrants’ entrepreneurship during COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia / Farhana Izzati Yaheya
No full textThe transformation of migrant workers into migrant entrepreneurs is now being a common sighting. Migrant enterprises operate in various locations, such as wet markets, grocery stores, night markets, and restaurants. This issue is interesting to study, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic due to heightened stigmatisation towards migrants observed on social media. This research aims to evaluate social media opinions and perceptions associated with migrants’ entrepreneurship. Social media is a powerful tool to change people’s perceptions and reactions towards any issue or group. A subject or event such as migrants’ entrepreneurship can trigger many other chain actions and reactions from the public and authorities. Social media opinions were gathered to identify and classify public perceptions of who migrant entrepreneurs are, what types of businesses they conduct, and where their business locations are. This study will also evaluate and analyse social media reactions in the local context, environment, and period. Social media comments were captured to observe public perception towards migrants’ entrepreneurship in the COVID-19 environment. The observation was conducted on eight official government agencies’ Facebook pages, with 218 Facebook posts related to migrants’ entrepreneurship to collect data in netnography. Common themes captured in the comments related to COVID-19 shaped public opinions on the topic. Migrants’ entrepreneurship competes with the local markets when operating in businesses not allowed for foreigners. Migrant enterprises received adverse reactions on social media despite being frequented by locals during movement control orders. Negative comments and hostility are common towards migrants in the digital world. Even the authorities who are in charge of governing migrant workers and small traders/ enterprises could not escape the backlash from social media users due to their lack of actions in managing migrants’ involvement in business. Improvements in migrants’ entrepreneurship governance are needed. Practically, by controlling unlicensed businesses, license rentals, pass abusers and PATI in the country, which are the reasons behind the transformation of migrant workers into migrant entrepreneurs—specifically, loopholes in the legislation and unproductive enforcement actions. The impacts of corruption and abuse of power have created other issues, such as the improper governance of migrant workers in Malaysia. Social media can shape public opinion towards a subject. However, it can also help create a good image for government authorities
Peranan wanita dalam filem Marlina Si Pembunuh Dalam Empat Babak dan Embun: Analisis kritis terhadap wacana feminisme / Putri Wahyuni
No full textKajian ini membentangkan sejarah ringkas perfileman Indonesia dan Malaysia serta peranan wanita sebagai pengarah di kedua-dua negara. Untuk membandingkan watak pelakon utama wanita, filem yang dikaji ialah Marlina Si Pembunuh Dalam Empat Babak (2017) dari Indonesia dan Embun (2002) dari Malaysia. Diskusi kumpulan berfokus secara talian dilakukan untuk mengkaji implikasi watak pelakon wanita kepada penonton. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif untuk mengetahui mesej khusus disebalik watak pelakon wanita dan bagaimana penonton mentafsir realiti. Kajian ini menggunakan teknik analisis kritis wacana feminisme Sara Mills. Pada posisi subjek-objek, kod analisis watak Robert Stanton digunakan untuk menganalisis watak wanita dalam filem. Pada posisi penonton pula, pensampelan bola salji dilakukan untuk mendapatkan masing-masing 10 informan pelajar sarjana muda di universiti Indonesia dan Malaysia. Kesimpulan kajian mendapati bahawa kemunculan wanita di awal zaman penjajahan di Indonesia dan Malaysia sebagai pengarah tidak lepas daripada pola perkongsian kerja melalui “pasukan suami-isteri” dan relasi untuk menyokong mereka menjadi seorang pengarah filem. Pola ini memberikan peluang yang besar bagi kaum wanita di Indonesia dan Malaysia untuk masuk ke dalam industri filem. Namun di sisi lain, gambaran wanita sebagai seorang yang tidak berdikari pula dapat terlihat dan betapa sukarnya wanita menembusi penguasaan lelaki dalam bidang pengarahan. Kemunculan pengarah wanita dianggap sebagai bentuk perlawanan dan filem bukan lagi dianggap sebatas media hiburan sahaja, tetapi medium pembebasan wanita daripada stereotaip masyarakat oleh pengarah wanita di Indonesia dan Malaysia
Mediating effect of psychological needs satisfaction for presence, gratitude, and academic motivation during online learning among Malaysian private university undergraduates / Tamilselvan Ramis
No full textAcademic motivation is a vital aspect of human learning and development. It is essential to better understand both direct and indirect predictors of superior academic motivation, to address the problem of declining academic motivation among undergraduates in online learning. As lack of interaction has been cited as a central reason for reduced academic motivation in online learning, this study examined the associations between (i) presence and academic motivation and (ii) gratitude and academic motivation, as well as the mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction on the relationships between (i) presence and academic motivation and (ii) gratitude and academic motivation, particularly, among undergraduates during online learning at private universities in Malaysia. A correlational research design was employed in this study. Two hundred and fifty students who are pursuing their tertiary education in private universities across the country, recruited via convenience sampling, filled in an online survey. The variables namely presence, gratitude, academic motivation, and psychological needs satisfaction were measured using the Community of Inquiry Survey, the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form, the Academic Motivation Scale as well as Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale respectively. Pearson’s r with bootstrapping analyses revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between presence and autonomous academic motivation as well as between presence and controlled academic motivation. There is also a significant negative relationship between presence and academic amotivation. In addition, there is a significant positive relationship between gratitude and autonomous academic motivation. There is a significant negative relationship between gratitude and academic amotivation. However, it was found that there is no significant relationship gratitude and controlled academic motivation. Furthermore, PLS-SEM analyses suggested that psychological needs satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between social presence and autonomous academic motivation (β = 0.100, p = .021), but not the relationship between cognitive (β = 0.061, p = .140) and teaching presences (β = -0.039, p = .315) and autonomous academic motivation. Psychological needs satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between gratitude and autonomous academic motivation (β = 0.090, p = .003). However, it was found that psychological needs satisfaction does not significantly mediate the relationships between cognitive (β = 0.004, p = .846), social (β = 0.006, p = .826), and teaching presences (β = -0.002, p = .866) and controlled academic motivation. Psychological needs satisfaction does not significantly mediate the relationship between gratitude and controlled academic motivation as well (β = 0.006, p = .827). Further, psychological needs satisfaction was found to significantly mediate the relationship between social presence and academic amotivation (β = -0.125, p = .013), but not the relationship between cognitive (β = -0.076, p = .122) and teaching presences (β = 0.049, p = .311) and academic amotivation. Psychological needs satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between gratitude and academic amotivation (β = -0.113, p = .001). The findings of the current study provide insights into addressing the problem of low academic motivation among students during online learning, in turn, aid university administrations to address the higher rates of attrition in online learning
Development of i-Code model for technical instructors in managing learning and teaching process towards digital TVET / Raihan Tahir
No full textThe rapid advancement of digital technologies and the evolving demands of the labour market have triggered transformative changes in the education and training landscape. In the era of Industry 4.0, characterised by cutting-edge technologies and pervasive digitalisation, traditional industrial processes have undergone a revolutionary transformation, leading to entirely new occupational profiles. Consequently, individuals entering the workforce need new skills and competencies to thrive in this digital era. To address this, the integration of digital technologies in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) plays a pivotal role in preparing individuals for Industry 4.0. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated online and remote learning adoption, underscoring the imperative of digitalisation in TVET. However, these advancements have also unveiled digital divides, exposing limitations in the conventional approaches to learning and teaching (L&T) and an opportunity towards Digital TVET. This research focuses on the challenges faced by technical TVET instructors in managing the L&T process and aims to develop a comprehensive model to address these challenges. Supported by evidence-based recommendations, this study delves into instructional design strategies to enhance the quality of TVET. Surveys were conducted with 18 technical TVET instructors teaching accredited manufacturing and mechanical programmes in Malaysia, revealing challenges and practical recommendations for managing the L&T process. Notably, there was an average increase of 33.8% in the application of digital technology, indicating room for further growth. Through consensusbuilding techniques using the Nominal Group Technique and Interpretive Structural Modelling by 9 experts, a four-dimensional L&T process model was designed and developed. The L&T process model was further evaluated by 13 TVET experts using the Fuzzy Delphi Method. This process led to the development of the I-CODE model. The ICODE model places TVET instructors at the core, emphasising their role in content, organisation, delivery, and evaluation within the TVET setting. Aligned with the requirements of Industry 4.0, this model promotes contextual learning, technologyintegrated environments, pedagogical innovations, and authentic assessments, ultimately bridging the gap between TVET instructions and industry demands. The implications of this research extend beyond individual instructors to the broader TVET ecosystem, providing evidence-based recommendations for TVET institutions, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to design and implement effective strategies towards Digital TVET. The I-CODE model outlines specific characteristics to prioritise for each dimension, guiding impactful and quality-driven TVET practices
Sociodemographic patterns in non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors and their impact on mortality risk in Malaysia, 1996-2015 / Teh Chien Huey
No full textThe age, period and cohort (APC) associations of behavioural and biological NCD risk factors are essential in unveiling underlying population-level changes over time for informed decision-making in health-related policies and interventions. However, there has not been an APC study in Malaysia. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the trajectories of five behavioural (number of cigarettes smoked per day, total AUDIT score, total METs-min/week, total sitting hours and total serving of fruit/vegetable per day) and six biological (BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) NCD risk factors across age, period and cohort (APC) and examine the differences in such trajectories by sex and ethnicity. Subsequently, the mediating roles of these NCD risk factors in the associations between sex and ethnicity with all-cause mortality were also determined. We pooled data from four National Health and Morbidity Surveys (NHMS) conducted in 1996, 2006, 2011, and 2015. The extended Hierarchical APC (HAPC) analysis modelled the APC trajectories using the mixed command in STATA 14.0. Then, the mediation roles of these NCD risk factors were explored using causal mediation analysis in STATA 14.0 via the med4way command. The APC analysis demonstrated that Malaysian adults were getting less healthy as they aged (positive age effect), and younger cohorts replaced older cohorts (positive cohort effect). Generally, the trajectories of behavioural risk factors across age and birth cohorts did not vary by sex. On the other hand, postmenopausal women and women of more recent cohorts had more pronounced increasing biological NCD risk factor trajectories. Despite increasing sedentarism and low fruit/vegetable intake trajectories, the Chinese had the least pronounced increasing trajectories of biological NCD risk factors over age and cohort than other ethnicities. Mediation analysis revealed that current smoking, physical inactivity and sedentarism are significant mediators that explain about 10%, 2% and 0.5% of the male-excess mortality risk. Furthermore, current smoking alone accounted for almost 20% of the Malay-excess all-cause mortality risk (compared to Chinese). Abdominal obesity accounted for about 9% of male-excess mortality risk. In conclusion, the present study identified important underlying population-level changes in behavioural and biological NCD risk factor trajectories across the life course and birth cohorts, and most of these changes varied by sex and ethnicity. Future studies should consider the sex- and ethnic-specific age and cohort effects in health data surveillance, formulation of health policies and preventive health measures to tackle the rising prevalence of behavioural and biological NCD risk factors in Malaysia, with a particular emphasis on smoking and abdominal obesity
The effect of a mobile-based educational program on knowledge of stroke prevention, lifestyle changes and health-related quality of life among middle-aged adults at risk of stroke in China / Liu Cui
No full textStroke is a significant global public health concern, ranking as the primary cause of both death and disability. Alarmingly, most stroke-related fatalities are concentrated in low- and middle-income nations. China currently bears the highest burden of stroke cases and associated mortality worldwide, accounting for nearly 30% of all stroke-related deaths. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a mobile-based educational program on knowledge of stroke prevention, lifestyle changes, and health-related quality of life among middle-aged adults at risk of stroke in China. This study adopted an exploratory mixed-method design which includes 2 phases. Phase 1 was to design and develop the mobile-based educational program which included qualitative focus group discussions to assess the needs of participants at risk of stroke, evaluation by a panel of multidisciplinary experts, development, and usability test of the program. The outcomes of phase 1 indicated that the mobile-based educational program provides a simple platform that can be easily operated by a wide variety of users with a risk of stroke and the content is highly relevant to their physical condition and daily life. Phase 2 was a quasi-experimental study, employing a non-randomized concurrent controlled trial, to assess the impact of mean differences within and between the intervention and control groups on dietary intake, physical activity, knowledge related to stroke prevention, and health-related quality of life. Four instruments were used in this study including the Stroke Knowledge Questionnaire, the Simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire Chinese version (FFQ-25), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF), the abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) Chinese version. The results of phase 2 showed that the mobile-based educational program had effectively increased the food intake among these middle-aged adults, followed by the difference of change in mean value between intervention and control groups in physical activity, and there was an increase in the post-stroke prevention knowledge scores, with the intervention group obtaining a higher score than the control group. This study has provided a promising mobile application intervention solution for middle-aged individuals at risk of stroke. This research has the potential to offer more effective tools for stroke prevention and management, improving the lifestyle of at-risk individuals, raising awareness of health issues, and reducing the risk of stroke.
Keywords: Primary stroke prevention; Diet; physical activity; Health-related quality of life; Middle-aged adults
consequences of primary osteoporosis in older patients. This study was based on the theory of functional consequences and adopted a quantitative design comprising two phases. Phase one is an adaptation and feasibility study for the ME programme while phase two is a randomised controlled trial to assess the effects of the exercise programme. Phase one was conducted between October 2022 to February 2023, and phase two was conducted between February 2023 to October 2023 at the Pain Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine. A total of 128 patients who met the study criteria were enrolled and randomised to the control or intervention group. Scores on the heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were assessed during the first week of the intervention to ensure the strenuousness of the exercise programme. The other variables (pain, balance, mindfulness, kinesiophobia, anxiety and depression) were measured using the Chinese version of validated instruments (Global Pain Scale, Timed Up and Go test, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form, Tampa Kinesiophobia-11 Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) at five-time points: T0 (baseline: pre-intervention), T1 (Week 4: during), T2 (Week 8: during), T3 (Week 12: immediately post-intervention) and T4 (Week 16: 4 weeks post-intervention). Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables. Normality and homogeneity of the variances were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. The data was analysed using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) model to test the main and interaction effects of group (independent factor) and time (repeated-measures factor) on the variables. The results revealed significant improvements in pain dimension of the GPS (T3, and T4), feelings dimension of the GPS (T3), balance (T3), mindfulness (T1, T2, T3, and T4), kinesiophobia (T2, T3, and T4), anxiety (T2, T3, and T4) and depression (T3, and T4) in the intervention group compared with the control group (all p 0.05). This study rigorously investigated the effectiveness of an adapted ME programme in enhancing both physical and psychological outcomes among older patients with primary osteoporosis. In addition, the findings of this study provided the baseline information and influence factors on all the study parameters in the Chinese context to raise awareness of osteoporosis. Besides that, the study furnished evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of the ME programme for older patients, particularly in alleviating pain, anxiety, and depression, while also enhancing balance ability
Effect of surface treatments on shear-bond strength of glass-ionomer cements to silver diammine-fluoride treated simulated carious dentine / Koh Wen Thong
No full textObjectives: This study investigated the effect of different surface treatments on the
shear-bond strength (SBS) and failure modes of high-viscosity glass-ionomer cements
(HVGIC) and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGIC) to silver-diamminefluoride
(SDF)-treated simulated carious dentine (SCD).
Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty extracted human premolars were
sectioned and pH-cycled for ten days to simulate carious dentine. In Part A, the
demineralised specimens were treated with 38% SDF (Riva Star) for 2 mins, washed,
stored in deionised distilled water at 37°C for two weeks, and subjected to the following
surface treatments (n=14): T1 - no treatment (control); T2 - 10 seconds polyacrylic acid
(PAA); T3 - 5 seconds phosphoric acid (PPA); T4 - 5 seconds PPA plus universal
adhesive (Zipbond); T5 - 5 seconds PPA plus RMGIC adhesive (Riva bond LC). High
Viscosity Glass-ionomer Cements (Riva Self-cure HV [SC]) and RMGIC (Riva Lightcure
HV [LC]) restoratives were applied to the conditioned specimens and stored in
artificial saliva at 37°C for one week. SBS was subsequently performed with a
Universal Testing Machine (a load of 500N and crosshead speed of 1mm/min). Failure
modes were appraised using a stereomicroscope coupled with the ImageJ software.
Statistical analysis was done with Kruskal-Wallis/ post hoc pairwise comparisons
(α=.05) and Chi-square tests with Bonferroni adjustment (α=0.05). In Part B, the
interface between the HVGIC and dentine (n=1) was carried out using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).
Results: In part A, the highest SBS was observed when SC and LC were restored with
T2 and T5, respectively. Significant differences in SBS were as followed: SC - T2, T1
>T5, T3; LC - T5, T4, T3 > T2. For T3 and T5, SBS achieved with LC was significantly
greater than SC. SC generally exhibited adhesive failures. Conversely, LC exhibited mostly adhesive and mixed failure in the material for most surface treatments. In part
B, The SEM demonstrated smooth and continuous layer of adhesive in the SC group.
The presence of a short and discrete resin tag was seen with thin hybrid layer in
phosphoric acid-treated LC groups. The EDX data demonstrated that there were
detected fluoride and silver ions levels in all groups. In LC-T5, it was reported that the
content of Ag is highly detected (3.30 at%) on the dentinal surface.
Conclusion: The preferred method for surface-treating SDF-treated simulated carious
dentine before restoration application is PAA for SC and PPA plus RMGIC adhesive
for LC
Strategies to minimize the risk of cost overrun in construction building project during pre-contract stage / Ling Kah Gah
No full textConstruction projects are prone to cost overruns, which can significantly impact project success and profitability. This study aims to establish a reference of workable strategies for stakeholders such as client, project sponsor, contractor, quantity surveyors, etc., during pre-contract stage to minimize the risk of cost overrun in construction building projects in Selangor, Malaysia. Although cost overruns can occur at any stage of a construction project, the pre-contract stage is critical as it sets the foundation for the entire project. As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. It is crucial to identify the potential cost overrun before it becomes an uncontrolled situation. This paper aims to identify the factors during pre-contract stage that impacted cost overrun in construction building projects and evaluate their impacts. This paper also evaluates the impact of the strategies during the pre-contract stage to reduce the likelihood of cost overrun in construction building projects. The study involves a literature review of academic and draws on data from experienced practitioners, including developers, contractors and quantity surveyors, on previous construction building projects and utilizes quantitative research method. The top five factors related to pre-contract stage are Inflation, Inaccurate Estimation, Wrong Planning and Scheduling, Insufficient Contractor Experience and Inappropriate Managerial Skills. While the top three strategies to be used during pre-contract stage are Selection of contractors takes account of expertise, Pre-contract cost control, and Proper project activities planning. Ultimately, the findings of this research paper could benefit the construction industry by helping to improve project success and profitability through the prevention of cost overruns during the pre-contract stage
The effect of ageing on the surface roughness of varseosmile crown plus and lithium disilicate / Suhaenih Budin
No full textThis in-vitro study aims to investigate the effect of artificial ageing on the surface roughness of two groups: 3D printed ceramic-filled hybrid material (VarseoSmile
Crown plus) (VSplus group) and milled lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max
CAD) (Emax group). A total of 20 samples with a sample size of n=10 per group were
determined, accounting for a 15% dropout rate. The sample preparation involved
fabricating rectangular-shaped samples of both groups with dimensions of 14×12×3 mm.
For VSplus (Bego, Bremen, Germany), the samples were 3D printed using a 3D printer
(Ackuretta SOL 3D printer), followed by a cleaning process with ethanol in a washing
unit (Ackuretta CLEANI) and post-curing under ultraviolet light curing unit (Ackuretta
CURIEplus). Meanwhile, the Emax (Ivoclar–Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) samples
were fabricated using a wet dental milling machine (Aidite AMW 400) and sintered in a
dental furnace (Ivoclar Vivadent Programat P310) to achieve their final properties. All
samples were finished with silicon carbide abrasive papers (Beta 2 grinder-polisher
machine, Buehler, Germany) and polished according to the manufacturers' guidelines to
achieve a smooth surface. The artificial ageing is done by thermocycling machine
(Zecttron Sdn Bhd, Malaysia) to simulate the thermal stresses experienced in the oral
cavity. This process involved subjecting the samples to 5000 cycles between
temperatures of 5°C and 55°C, with 20secs dwell times and 10secs transfer times.
Surface roughness (Ra value) was measured using an optical 3D surface analyser (G4e,
Alicona Imaging GmbH, Raaba, Austria) before and after ageing. A representative
sample from each group was randomly selected and examined with Field Emission
Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) (Quanta FEG 450, Thermo Fisher Scientific,
Brno, Czech Republic). Paired t-test was used to compare the mean Ra values of each
group before and after ageing. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean
Ra value between the two groups before and after ageing. The results showed a significant increase in surface roughness for both materials after ageing. The mean Ra
value for VSplus significantly increased from 0.145 μm to 0.168 μm (p value<0.05),
while for Emax, it increased from 0.223 μm to 0.232 μm (p value<0.05). Meanwhile,
the comparison of the Ra value between the two groups before and after ageing shows a
significant difference (p value<0.05), with the Ra value of VSplus being lesser than
Emax, both before and after ageing. However, VSplus exhibit higher changes in mean
Ra value before and after ageing, which is 0.023 μm changes in VSplus and only 0.009
μm changes in Emax. SEM images revealed notably increased roughness and
microstructural changes in the surface topography of both groups after ageing. The
findings of this study suggest that while both groups exhibit increased surface
roughness due to artificial ageing, they were able to maintain their surface integrity near
acceptable clinical thresholds
Biomechanical and muscle performance analysis during functional electrical stimulationevoked cycling in spinal cord injury individuals / Puteri Nur Farhana Hamdan
No full textFunctional electrical stimulation (FES)-evoked cycling has been reported to enhance
muscle strength and fatigue resistance after spinal cord injury (SCI). Its goal is to
produce the highest possible power to maximize physiological benefits. With the tuning
between the foot and pedal contact point to the relative strength of the ankle plantar
flexors, power production was simulated to be improved by 14% by releasing the ankle
joint from a fixed ankle setup and with the stimulation of the tibialis anterior and triceps
surae. FES-evoked cycling however produces very low power and efficiency in
individuals with SCI compared to healthy individuals. This is because of the early onset
of muscle fatigue among individuals with SCI. To date, muscle fatigue during FESevoked
cycling in individuals with SCI has been quantified in many studies by means of
peak torque or pedal power output (PO) decrement. These measures may not be
sensitive and do not reflect metabolic markers of fatigue. This study aimed to
experimentally determine the effect of releasing the ankle joint on the pedal power
production during FES-evoked cycling in individuals with SCI. This study also aimed to
examine the relationship between the vibrational performance of electrically-evoked
muscles measured through mechanomyography (MMG) and its oxidative metabolism
through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) characteristics during FES-evoked cycling
in individuals with SCI. This study also sought to quantify muscle fatigue during FESevoked
cycling using MMG and NIRS. Seven individuals with motor complete SCI
participated in this study. In achieving the first objective of this study, all participants
performed one minute of fixed-ankle and free-ankle FES-evoked cycling with two
stimulation modes. In Mode 1, participants performed FES-evoked cycling with the stimulation of quadriceps and hamstring muscles only (QH stimulation), while Mode 2
had stimulation of quadriceps, hamstring, tibialis anterior, and triceps surae muscles
(QHT stimulation). Free-ankle FES-evoked cycling offered greater ankle plantar- and
dorsiflexion at specific slices of 20° crank angle intervals compared to fixed-ankle.
Fixed-ankle QHT stimulation elevated the peak normalized pedal PO by 14.5% more
than free-ankle QH stimulation. Releasing the ankle joint without the stimulation of
triceps surae and tibialis anterior reduces PO. The findings of this study suggest that
QHT stimulation is necessary during free-ankle FES-evoked cycling to maintain power
production as fixed-ankle. For the second and third objectives, all participants
performed 30 minutes of FES-evoked cycling with MMG and NIRS sensors on their
quadriceps throughout the cycling, and the signals were analyzed. A moderate
significant negative correlation was found between MMG root mean square (RMS) and
oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb) [r = -0.38, p = 0.003], and RMS and total haemoglobin (tHb)
saturation [r = -0.31, p = 0.017]. There were significant differences in RMS, O2Hb, and
tHb saturation during pre- and post-fatigue of FES-evoked cycling (p < 0.05). MMG
RMS was negatively associated with O2Hb and muscle oxygen derived from NIRS.
MMG and NIRS sensors showed good inter-correlations with each other, suggesting a
promising use of MMG for characterizing metabolic fatigue at the muscle oxygenation
level during FES-evoked cycling in individuals with SCI