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Kesan aktiviti jejak karbon makanan melalui pendekatan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah terhadap sikap dan amalan diet lestari murid sekolah menengah / Anizawati Zainal
No full textIsu kesan corak diet terhadap perubahan iklim memerlukan intervensi pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan sikap dan amalan murid terhadap diet lestari. Namun begitu, intervensi pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan sikap dan amalan diet lestari dalam kalangan murid masih kurang dilaksanakan. Sekiranya penekanan untuk menerapkan corak diet yang lestari diabaikan, pelepasan jejak karbon makanan akan meningkatkan kesan terhadap perubahan iklim. Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji kesan Aktiviti Jejak Karbon Makanan melalui pendekatan Pembelajaran Berasaskan Masalah terhadap sikap dan amalan diet lestari murid sekolah menengah. Kajian kuantitatif ini menggunakan reka bentuk kuasi-eksperimental ujian pra-pasca dan menggunakan pensampelan kebarangkalian kawasan. Kajian ini melibatkan murid Tingkatan Empat yang mengambil mata pelajaran Biologi di sebuah sekolah di dalam kawasan lingkungan pentadbiran Majlis Perbandaran Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka. Seramai 30 orang murid dalam kumpulan intervensi Jejak Karbon Makanan telah menjalankan Aktiviti Jejak Karbon Makanan melalui pendekatan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah selama lapan minggu, manakala 32 orang murid kumpulan kawalan menggunakan kaedah pembelajaran konvensional. Intervensi ini mengintegrasikan bidang pembelajaran Penggunaan Makanan secara Lestari, Elemen Kelestarian Global secara sisipan di dalam standard pembelajaran Gizi Seimbang. Analisis ANOVA sehala menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan sikap dan amalan diet lestari murid berdasarkan latar belakang sosio-ekonomi seperti tahap pendidikan, dan taraf pendapatan ibu bapa murid. Analisis ujian -t sampel bebas juga menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan skor min sikap terhadap diet lestari antara kumpulan intervensi Jejak Karbon Makanan (JKM) dan kumpulan kawalan dalam ujian pra. Namun begitu, terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan skor min sikap terhadap diet lestari antara kumpulan intervensi JKM (M = 4.01, SP = 0.32) dan kumpulan kawalan (M = 3.61, SP = 0.19) dalam ujian pasca dengan nilai-p 0.000 < .05. Analis ujian-t sampel berulang bagi kumpulan intervensi JKM juga menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan sikap murid terhadap diet lestari (p = .000 < .05) antara skor min ujian pra (M = 3.62, SP = .30) dan skor min ujian pasca (M = 4.01, SP = .32). Bagi amalan diet lestari, analisis ujian -t sampel bebas menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi skor min antara kumpulan intervensi JKM dan kumpulan kawalan dalam ujian pra. Namun begitu, analisis ujian -t sampel bebas menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara skor min amalan diet lestari murid kumpulan intervensi JKM (M= 3.88, SD= 0.48) dan kawalan (M= 3.66, SD= 0.26) dengan nilai t (43.815) = 2.177, p < 0.05 bagi ujian pasca. Kesimpulannya, Aktiviti Jejak Karbon Makanan melalui pendekatan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah memberi kesan peningkatan sikap dan amalan diet lestari dan boleh dijadikan sebagai suatu strategi mitigasi perubahan iklim melalui pendidikan
Engineering properties of alkali activated geopolymer concrete using extracted sodium silicate from agro wastes / Ahmed M. E. Alnahhal
No full textDeveloping alternate binders for Portland cement is essential to meet the cement demand in the building sector and maintain its sustainability. Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are becoming popular as an eco-friendly substitute for Portland cement. However, the energy-intensive manufacture of alkaline activators increases AAM system embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Local industrial byproducts and wastes have been recycled into valuable activators that can replace alkali-silicate activators and minimise greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrothermally brewed silicate (HBS) from treated palm oil fuel ash (TPOFA) and rice husk ash (RHA) was produced in this innovative study. The first part of this research thesis demonstrated the synthesis of sodium silicate from RHA and TPOFA through the use of a hydrothermal process with four different silica modulus (SiO2/Na2O) ratios: 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5; the TPOFA or RHA was mixed with NaOH powder with sufficient water and stirrer for 1 h at 80 °C. Considering that several studies have been conducted on the extraction of sodium silicate from RHA by employing various molarities of NaOH solution, the second part of this thesis research focused on the extraction of sodium silicate from TPOFA using 3 and 4 M NaOH with varying ratios of TPOFA to NaOH solution; the variables such as NaOH molarity (3 and 4 M), temperature (80 °C), and stirring time (5 hours) were followed. Finlay, the optimal sodium silicate from the RHA was utilized in the production of geopolymer foamed concrete. The palm oil fuel ash (POFA), palm oil clinker powder (POCP), coal bottom ash (CBA), fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) were utilized as ternary binder in this geopolymer foamed concrete. The dissolving efficiency, microstructural analysis such as XRD, XRF, and FTIR were studied. Additionally, the compressive strength and modulus of rupture were investigated as part of mechanical property study. The test results of using silica modulus ratio in the extracted sodium silicate from RHA and TPOFA showed that the RHA-HBS produced about 79 MPa geopolymer mortar compressive strength while POFA-HBS produced about 52 MPa geopolymer mortar. Further, the flexural strength of 9 MPa was found for RHA–HBS–based geopolymer mortar; while the TPOFA-HBS-based geopolymer mortar produced a very close value of 8.8 MPa. It is noteworthy to mention that the density of the RHA-HBS solution was found in range of 1427 - 1550 kg/m3, while for TPOFA-HBS, it was found in range of 1350 – 1436 kg/m3. However, the using of the NaOH molar method, the test results showed that the dissolution rates for 3M and 4M of NaOH were 47% and 49% respectively. The FTIR results showed a shift in the peaks when compared with the commercial sodium silicate. In addition, a reduction was noticed in the intensity of the XRD patterns. Moreover, the SiO2 was found to be in the range of 11 – 16.8% while Na2O was about 11.5 – 24 %. Finally, the RHA-HBS-based geopolymer foamed concrete attained about 32.2 – 42.6 MPa, as compressive strength compared to the commercial sodium silicate in geopolymer foamed concrete of about 29 – 37 MPa. It is interesting to mention that the RHA-HBS-based geopolymer foamed concrete produced about 6.5 MPa as flexural strength compared to the commercial silicate of about 1.75 MPa
Assessment of climate extremes and the performance of precipitation products in Peninsular Malaysia / Ng Cia Yik
No full textThe occurrence of extreme climate events is expected to become more intense and frequent in a warming climate. Therefore, understanding historical changes in climate extremes is crucial for developing comprehensive and long-term climate resilience solutions. Although numerous studies have been conducted, trend patterns in Peninsular Malaysia are still poorly understood due to inconsistent findings from these studies without attributing them to climate-driving factors. Recent studies have identified substantial uncertainties inherent in precipitation products, which serve as data sources for climate studies. However, these studies focused solely on satellite or ground-based products, without considering reanalyses or new products that benefit from advancements in numerical climate models and data merging techniques. To address these knowledge gaps, this study aims to assess the past changes in climate extremes and the accuracy of precipitation products in estimating rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia. To achieve these aims, the following objectives have been designed: (i) to assess the spatiotemporal trends of precipitation extremes and their driving factors in Peninsular Malaysia during 1989–2018, (ii) to examine the trends and possible causes of severe droughts, as well as the suitability of Evaporative Demand Drought Index for drought monitoring in Peninsular Malaysia during 1989–2018 and (iii) to evaluate the performance of high-resolution precipitation products in estimating rainfall at daily, monthly and seasonal timescales, as well as their ability to capture the annual cycle and interannual extremes during 2014–2019. Hourly rainfall records were obtained from the Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage to compute climate extreme indices and evaluate precipitation products. The modified Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope tests were performed to detect the significance and magnitude of trends, while the skills of seven precipitation products were quantified using both numerical and categorical metrics. The trend analysis reveals increasing intensity and frequency of wet extremes over Peninsular Malaysia, especially during the northeast monsoon season. However, spatial analysis demonstrates clear variations in patterns between wet and dry regions, primarily attributed to the influence of the tropical monsoon system. Climate extremes in Peninsular Malaysia are strongly modulated by the effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, particularly in the northern, eastern and southwest regions. Drier (wetter) conditions are observed during the El Niño (La Niña) phase due to regional atmosphere-ocean coupled interactions. The evaluation of precipitation products shows considerably poor performance in daily comparison, with median modified Kling–Gupta efficiency scores ranging from 0.12 to 0.45. However, a notable improvement is observed at the monthly timescale as median modified Kling–Gupta efficiency scores increase by approximately 0.18 to 0.43. The skills of these precipitation products vary seasonally, with the highest scores observed during the northeast monsoon season. All precipitation products perform reasonably well in simulating the annual cycle but poorly in capturing the interannual extremes. Among all precipitation products, the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) and the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH) are the best performers overall. These findings have great regional implications for water resources management and align with Sustainable Development Goal 13: Climate Action
Exploring the self narratives of emerging adults from divorced family in China / Dai Aihui
No full textThe current study delves into the nuanced experiences of emerging adults originating from divorced families, unraveling the intricate interplay between self-discovery and family dynamics. Employing a narrative inquiry methodology, the study seeks to capture the unique narratives that emerge from the intersection of personal identity development and the impact of parental divorce. The theoretical framework is anchored in the Bowen Family Systems Theory, offering insights into the systemic influences on individual development within the context of family breakdown. Furthermore, the study integrates the Social Cognitive Model of Transference to explore the transmission of cognitive and emotional patterns of self with different significant others, shedding light on the ways in which emerging adults navigate their relationships and perceptions based on familial experiences. The synthesis of these theoretical foundations informs the development of a novel narrative therapy approach tailored to the specific needs and challenges faced by individuals from divorced families. Data are collected from 20 emerging adults (19-27 years old) experiencing parental divorce. By examining the lived experiences through the lens of narrative inquiry, the study contributes to a richer understanding of how personal narratives and family systems coalesce in shaping the developmental trajectory of individuals from divorced families. Ultimately, this research lays the foundation for a narrative therapy framework that acknowledges and addresses the unique challenges faced by individuals navigating the complexities of self-discovery and family relationships in the aftermath of parental separation
Effects of IFT20 silencing on glucose uptake and lactate production in HSC-2 and HSC-3 cell lines / Chai Pei Jun
No full textOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with a high incidence rate in South Asia. OSCC is considered an invasive and aggressive neoplasm in oral cancer with a mortality rate of higher than 50%. The primary cilium is a solitary, non-motile and microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most of the mammalian cells. Primary cilia are known to have key roles in maintaining cellular processes such as cell differentiation, planar cell polarity, and stem cell function. Therefore, primary cilia dysfunction is associated with various diseases, including cancer. Altered cellular metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Cancer cells change in metabolic profile in order to survive in multiple conditions with varying nutrient availability. To date, studies on the role of primary cilia in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells are still scarce. Herein, the role of primary cilia in metabolic regulation of oral cancer cells was examined. In this study, HSC-2 and HSC-3 cells were treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for 48 h to knockdown the IFT20 gene. Glucose uptake and lactate production were measured by spectrophotometer. Interestingly, the knockdown of IFT20 had no effect on glucose uptake in HSC-2 and HCS-3 cells. In contrast, reduction of IFT20 significantly decreased lactate production in HSC-2 cells, but not in HSC-3 cells. These findings suggest that primary cilia possess a certain effect on the metabolic reprogramming in non-metastatic HSC-2 cells with a reduction in lactic acid formation. However, further experiments are needed to confirm its role in reprogramming metabolic activities of oral cancer cells
Molecular analysis and metabolite profiling of colorectal cancer cell line (HCT 116) associated with telomerase by RNAi-mediated silencing and inhibition via berberine / Muhammad Azizan Samad
No full textColorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common cancer among male and female, globally, which is associated with the increment of telomerase expression and activity. It was hypothesised that telomerase was expressed during S phase, thus, the cell cycle distribution of colorectal cancer cell line (HCT 116) was analysed at 24, 48 and 72 hours of culture. It was revealed that 48 hours had the highest percentage of S phase and relative telomerase activity (RTA). Screening of selected telomerase inhibitors on HCT 116 at 48 hours showed that berberine was the most effective (lowest IC50 value: 10.30 ± 0.89 μg/mL) compared to boldine (IC50 value: 37.87 ± 3.12 μg/mL) and silymarin (IC50 value >200 μg/mL). Scaling up of berberine treatment in T75 flask resulted in IC50 of 10.54 μg/mL which was used in subsequent experiment. There were three strategies in this study i.e., berberine treatment at different time-points, berberine treatment at 48 hours, and berberine and RNAi treatment at 48 hours. Time and berberine treatment affected RTA of HCT 116, which could be reflected on the shifting of metabolic profile of HCT 116 with time and treatment as visualised by the Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). Further analyses exhibited that berberine treatment caused G0/G1 phase arrest at 48 hours due to high cyclin D1 (CCND1) and low cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) protein and mRNA levels, simultaneous downregulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA and human telomerase RNA component (TERC) levels, as well as a decrease in the TERT protein level and RTA. The effect of berberine treatment on the cell cycle was time-dependent as it resulted in a delayed cell cycle, and doubling time by 2.18-fold. RTA level was significantly decreased, and telomere erosion followed suit. Increased hydrogen peroxide concentration [H2O2] in berberine-treated HCT 116 was due to the decrement of catalase (CAT) mRNA as well as the increment of super oxide dismutase 1 and 2 (SOD1 and SOD2) mRNA levels which subsequently caused damage to the nuclei. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed polar separation of untreated and berberine-treated HCT 116. The significance of metabolic pathway discovery was improved by the addition of affected genes in the Joint-Pathway analysis. The mechanism of berberine effects was validated by RNAi targeting TERT and/or TERC. Knockdown of TERT decreased TERC. Knockdown of TERT and/or TERC elevated CCND1 as well as decreased CAT, xanthine oxidase (XO) mRNA, and XO protein levels. The repression of TERC was the most likely to be responsible for the upregulation of CCND1 protein and SOD2 mRNA levels. Berberine treatment showed the largest downregulation and upregulation of CDK4/CDK4 and SOD1 levels, respectively indicating additive effects of berberine. TERC knockdown resulted in the highest [H2O2] in HCT 116. The downregulation of TERT and/or TERC caused a G0/G1 phase arrest, which was primarily due to the overexpression of CCND1 protein, in addition to decreased S and G2/M phases. The reduction in HCT 116 cell size was mostly caused by TERT downregulation. Relative telomere length (RTL) was later reduced as a result of TERT, TERT and/or TERC downregulation which decreased RTA. HCT 116 with decreased RTA was closely clustered in the PCA indicating similarity of the metabolic profile. Glutamic acid was the most consistent metabolite across the three strategies, positively correlated with RTA, and potentially involved in oxidative stress mechanism
Analisis pemikiran Rashad Khalifa dalam pentafsiran al-Quran dan kesannya di Malaysia / Hanisah Zafirah Fouzelah
No full textRashad Khalifa merupakan kelahiran Mesir yang berlatar belakang sains iaitu pakar dalam bidang biokimia tumbuh-tumbuhan. Beliau telah menetap di Amerika Syarikat bersama keluarganya iaitu isteri dan anak-anaknya. Meskipun berlatar belakang ilmu dari bidang sains, namun Rashad Khalifa telah menceburi bidang al-Quran dan pentafsiran al-Quran serta telah menjadi seorang pelopor kepada teori kod Quran bagi angka 19 atau lebih dikenali sebagai angka kod 19. Teori yang dijumpai oleh Rashad Khalifa ini telah menggemparkan dunia Islam dan telah mendapat perhatian daripada beberapa cendekiawan barat. Selain dikenali sebagai pelopor angka kod 19 Rashad Khalifa juga turut dikenali sebagai seorang Quraniyyun dan anti-hadith berdasarkan pentafsiran al-Quran yang dibuat oleh beliau.Rashad Khalifa mempunyai ramai pengikut termasuklah di Malaysia iaitu Kassim Ahmad. Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menghuraikan teori pentafsiran al-Quran pada zaman Rashad Khalifa, mengenal pasti biografi beliau dan karya-karya yang dihasilkan oleh beliau, mengkaji pemikiran beliau berkaitan pentafsiran al-Quran dalam karya-karyanya dan menganalisis pengaruh pemikiran beliau dalam pentafsiran al-Quran di Malaysia. Penyelidikan ini merupakan penyelidikan kualitatif yang menggunakan kaedah pengumpulan data dan kaedah analisis data. Kajian ini akan mengeluarkan pemikiran-pemikiran Rashad Khalifa di dalam pentafsiran al-Quran yang bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam berdasarkan dua karya iaitu Quran : The Final Testament dan Quran : Hadith And Islam. Pemikiran-pemikiran beliau ini akan dibincangkan dan dibahaskan berdasarkan dalil-dalil menurut akidah Ahli Sunnah Wal Jamaah. Seterusnya penyelidikan ini akan melihat pengaruh pemikiran Rashad Khalifa dalam bidang pentafsiran al-Quran yang berjaya memasuki Malaysia
On some methods of feature engineering useful for craniodental morphometrics of rats, shrews and kangaroos / Aneesha Pillay Balachandran Pillay
No full textThis study examines the craniodental morphology of biological organisms using functional data analysis (FDA). Traditional morphometrics (TM) often uses large numbers of morphometric features to study shape variation among biological organisms. However, this can lead to data redundancy, meaning that the features may contain overlapping information. This study proposes using recursive feature elimination (RFE) method to reduce data dimensionality and select the most important attributes based on predictor importance ranking. RFE was applied to the craniodental measurements of Rattus rattus (R.rattus) data to select the best feature subset for both male and female rats. A comparative study based on machine learning algorithms was also conducted by using all features and the RFE-selected features to classify the R. rattus sample based on the age groups. The results showed that the RFE-selected features were able to improve the classification accuracy of the machine learning algorithms. However, the linear measurements used in TM can only detect changes in size and can be insensitive to geometrical transformations. Therefore, GM is used in the subsequent work as it is more sensitive to changes in shapes. Functional data geometric morphometrics (FDGM) for 2D landmark data is introduced and its performance is compared with the classical GM method. FDGM was applied to 2D craniodental landmark data obtained from 90 crania specimens of three shrew species based on three craniodental views (dorsal, jaw, and lateral). The discrete landmarks were converted into continuous curves and represented as linear combinations of basis functions. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were then applied to the GM method and FDGM method to observe the classification of the shrew species. The results showed that the FDGM approach produced better results in separating the three clusters of shrew species compared to the GM method. Machine learning approaches were also performed using predicted PC scores obtained from both methods (combination of all three craniodental views and individual views). These analyses favoured FDGM, and the dorsal view of the shrew skull was revealed to give the best representation for distinguishing between the three shrew species. This work also introduces FDGM for 3D landmark coordinate data. FDGM and GM were applied to distinguish dietary categories of kangaroos (fungivores, mixed feeders, browser, and grazer) using landmarks obtained from crania of 41 kangaroo extant species. The results showed that FDGM was able to improve the reconstruction error and distinguish dietary categories of kangaroos better than GM. Simulation studies were conducted to show the general effectiveness of FDGM compared to GM method for both 2D and 3D landmark data. The results obtained from the simulation studies and application to real data showed that FDGM performed better than GM when PCA and LDA were employed. Thus, FDGM provides a powerful and flexible framework for analysing shape variation in geometric morphometrics research
A comparative study of sevoflurane sedation with tci propofol sedation in dialysis dependent end stage renal failure patients for transposition of brachiocephalic fistula repair / Lee Wen Xin
No full textEnd-stage renal failure (ESRF) is associated with increased anesthetic risks such as perioperative hypotension and cardiovascular events, resulting in higher perioperative morbidity and mortality. The primary objective was to assess whether sedation with sevoflurane would be superior to TCI propofol in maintaining hemodynamic stability among ESRF patients undergoing brachiocephalic fistula repair.
Methodology:
We conducted a prospective study involving thirty-one end-stage renal failure (ESRF) patients scheduled for brachiocephalic fistula repair surgery, randomly assigned to either the SEVOFLURANE or TCI PROPOFOL group. Each participant received ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia comprising supraclavicular brachial plexus block and pectoralis II block. Sevoflurane was delivered from general anaesthesia machine via nasal CPAP mask, while TCI Propofol was administered intravenously through a TCI pump. Demographics and medical details were retrieved from the hospital's electronic medical record system (EMR) and anaesthetic records. Subsequently, the data was transcribed into a structured data collection form and analyzed utilizing SPSS version 23. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. Results:
The sevoflurane group demonstrated a more stable MAP trend without significant changes (p-value: 0.36) notably at 30 minutes compared to the propofol group which exhibited a drop of 20% in MAP (p-value: 0.02). In contrast, the variation in heart rate remained nonsignificant for both groups throughout.
Within the sevoflurane group, there was a notable reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (F (2.679) = 3.96, p = 0.03) and systolic blood pressure (F (2.20) = 7.57, p = 0.004. Heart rate within the sevoflurane group also exhibited a significant decrease (F (2.96) = 3.67, p = 0.03).Within the propofol group, significant variations were observed in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (F (1.91) = 4.51, p = 0.03) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) also exhibited noteworthy changes within the group (F (2.14) = 7.35, p = 0.005. However, unlike the sevoflurane group, heart rate (HR) in Group P did not demonstrate significant changes within the group (F (6) = 1.405, p = 0.24).
The induction time was notably shorter (p-value: 0.007) in the propofol group, on average 5.0 minutes (IQR 2.5-7.5), compared to the sevoflurane group's 8.8 minutes (IQR 7.5-11.3). However, there was no significant difference in recovery time (p value 0.54) between the two groups, with propofol group averaging 5 minutes (IQR 2.5-5 minutes) and sevoflurane group also at same value.
Conclusions:
Sevoflurane may be a better sedation agent compared to TCI propofol for end stage renal failure patients by providing a more stable haemodynamic profile with minimal side effects. However, sevoflurane may take longer time to induce patient compare to TCI propofol
Pengaruh budaya politik terhadap penglibatan politik belia Melayu di Marang, Terengganu / Azrie Azeh
No full textBelia ialah aset negara yang akan mewarisi kepimpinan negara pada masa hadapan. Oleh itu, kajian berkaitan dengan budaya politik golongan belia Melayu ini sangat penting dan memberi penumpuan kepada faktor aspirasi belia, pendidikan politik, media massa, pembentukan budaya politik belia Melayu dalam penglibatan politik golongan belia. Kajian ini mendapati, masih ramai dalam kalangan belia hari ini yang tidak berdaftar sebagai pemilih dan tidak berminat untuk melibatkan diri dalam politik, serta tahap penglibatan politik mereka adalah rendah. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti pembentukan budaya politik yang mempengaruhi penglibatan belia Melayu dalam politik, menganalisis hubung-kait pengaruh media massa dalam mempengaruhi budaya politik golongan belia dan menghuraikan faktor pendidikan serta pengaruh media massa terhadap budaya politik golongan belia Melayu dan penglibatan belia dalam politik. Kajian ini dilaksanakan di daerah Marang yang terletak di kawasan pinggir bandar Terengganu. Dua metodologi digunakan, iaitu kuantitatif, dengan mengedarkan borang soal-selidik kepada responden dan kualitatif, menggunakan kaedah temu bual. Seramai 455 orang belia berumur sekitar 15 hingga 39 tahun menyertai kajian ini. Terdapat sembilan orang informan yang terlibat dalam kajian ini. Sebelum kajian sebenar dilaksanakan, kajian rintis dijalankan terlebih dahulu bagi memastikan tahap kebolehpercayaan instrumen yang digunakan tidak diragui. Hasil analisis kajian ini mendapati, faktor demografi responden jantina, umur, pendidikan, media massa, pendapatan dan pekerjaan turut mempengaruhi aspirasi belia, pendidikan politik belia, budaya politik belia dan penglibatan belia dalam politik, tetapi berada pada tahap yang lemah. Analisis korelasi kajian juga turut mendapati hubungan aspirasi belia, pendidikan politik, media massa, budaya politik dan penglibatan belia dalam politik mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dan positif. Walaupun hubungan korelasi hanyalah sederhana dan lemah, tetapi hubungannya adalah positif. Keputusan ini menunjukkan bahawa, terdapat hubungan signifikan yang mempengaruhi budaya dan penglibatan politik belia. Dapatan daripada kajian temu bual bersama sembilan orang informan, menunjukkan faktor demografi turut mempengaruhi pembentukan budaya politik belia Melayu dalam penglibatan politik. Selain itu, kajian ini mendapati, wujud beberapa faktor lain lagi yang mempengaruhi budaya belia Melayu kawasan pinggir bandar melibatkan diri dalam politik, antaranya faktor keluarga dan persekitaran setempat. Kajian ini juga mendapati, terdapat dua jenis budaya politik yang menjadi amalan belia di kawasan kajian, iaitu budaya tradisional dan budaya politik baru, berdasarkan kepada lokasi tempat tinggal belia. Terdapat beberapa pandangan yang dikemukakan oleh informan berkaitan faktor persekitaran, keluarga, masa, minat dan hubungan sosial