13474 research outputs found
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Diversity and abundance of fish larvae in the Klang Strait in relation to anthropogenic impacts / Cecilia Chu
No full textThe estuarine area of the Klang Strait, located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, harbours many species of fish inside its mangrove creeks and deltaic islands. The Klang estuary is indeed known as the spawning, nursery, and feeding ground for many coastal fishes with economic or ecological importance. However, only one study has ever been conducted which described the larvae of two species of engraulids that occur in the area. The current study was therefore conducted in an attempt to identify and describe the species of larvae or larval families that occur in the Klang Strait. DNA barcoding method was used to identify larvae by matching of DNA sequences. Of the 250 individual larvae that were selected for molecular identification, 193 DNA sequences were successfully sequenced. A total of 48 putative species were identified, which belonged to 21 families of larval fishes in 7 different orders. Gobiidae was the most diverse family containing at least 13 species. On the other hand, Ambassidae, Clupeidae, and Blenniidae contained only one to two species despite being abundant. Currently, there is a lack of reference sequences for speciose and non-commercial fish families such as Gobiidae, Blenniidae, and Callionymidae. Nevertheless, the DNA barcoding method is a useful tool for routine identification of fish larvae. The other objective of the current study was to determine the changes in larval fish assemblages of the Klang Strait after 28 years of coastal development. Archived larval samples from 1985-1986 and 2013-2014 collections were assessed. A Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) experimental design was established, which included 13 months of sampling prior to the installation of the Kapar Power Station in 1987, and another eight months of sampling since its operation. Substitution of the bottom-dwelling rare families such as the Triacanthidae and Draconettidae with the families Soleidae, Scorpaenidae, and Opistognathidae was observed between the two sampling periods, but dominant families such as Gobiidae, Clupeidae, Sciaenidae, and Engraulidae remained the most abundant. The total larval abundance significantly increased at control stations after impact, which was mostly attributed to the increased abundance of preflexion stage of Gobiidae, Sciaenidae, Engraulidae, Cynoglossidae, and Callionymidae, as well as the preflexion and yolk-sac stages of unidentified taxa. The shift in larval abundances in the Klang Strait was significantly correlated to increased sea surface temperatures and lower pH levels. In contrast, copepod abundance was an unlikely factor that contribute to the increase or decrease of larval fish abundance in this study. This implies that the broad trophic spectrum of estuarine fishes also extends to their larval stages. Therefore, cascading effect on the feeding and growth of larvae due to a reduction in abundances of large-bodied copepod can now be refuted
An assessment of coastal headland along Negeri Sembilan coastline in Malaysia for tidal energy extraction / Goh Hooi Bein
No full textLarge tidal currents usually can be observed around coastal headlands due to their geometrical effects. This coastal feature may become attractive tidal energy extraction site for electricity generation. Straits of Malacca consists of some recognized tidal stream energy sites in the world, but their detailed characteristics were previously unknown. This thesis focuses on the exploration of tidal stream energy along Negeri Sembilan coastline. The main objectives of this study is to achieve tidal current turbine deployment with maximum tidal energy extraction exploitability with minimal environmental impact. Resource assessment was done at multiple headlands along Negeri Sembilan coastline in the first stage of the study using a detail hydrodynamic numerical model. The model was then refined at a key site, the Tg Tuan Headland, the most promising tidal stream site among the four selected headlands. The country can save about RM 13.4 million (~ USD 3.2 million) of natural gas per year as a total amount of 185 GWh or 660 TJ of natural gas can be replaced every year with tidal current turbine installation at Tg Tuan Headland. Artificial energy extraction was parameterised at the sub-grid-scale via porous plate in the developed numerical model. This study was set to measure the energy production potential and to gauge the effects of tidal energy extraction in different configurations: depth, array in different numbers of row, and single and cumulative tidal arrays on the coastal environment. The result on depth effect assessment showed that depth of deployment is not significant in changing the current speed and extractable electrical power. The difference is less than 0.002 m/s and 0.02 MW compared D1 (highest) and D8 (lowest) mean current speed and electrical power extraction for about 7 m difference. For array effect assessment, diminishing returns on the power generation was obtained, where peak power production from L6 (9.2 MW) was 97% of its total electrical power capacity, less than the corresponding values for each row of the smaller array, even though considerably low extraction was made with considerably large gap 10D was assumed in between each turbine. Comprehensive numerical models were developed to investigate the interaction risk of single and cumulative tidal array (1.5 km x 1.5 km) effect along the Negeri Sembilan Coastline, where, the sites are with combination of higher and lower peak velocities. Several aspects have been studied that included hydrodynamic mechanisms, bed shear stress, sediment transport and monsoonal variation in the assessment. For cumulative impact assessment, the analysis results showed positive exploitability for implementing sites with combination of higher and lower peak velocities with close proximity (~ 10 km), where the interference to each tidal array is less than 10% to each other. The results from this study can be used as basis to provide spatial and temporal information for further assessment of tidal energy extraction impacts to the environment. The outcomes yielded from this study would be a good source of reference to the authorities in decision making related to deployment of tidal turbine near Tg Tuan Headland
Mapping seagrass habitat and characterising Dugong feeding preferences in Sibu-Tinggi Archipelago, Johor / Heng Wei Khang
No full textThe dugong (Dugong dugon) is a marine mega-herbivore that is a seagrass community specialist. Seagrass meadows are eminently essential to dugongs as their main feeding grounds. The species’ feeding behavioural patterns are often associated with the features of the seagrass habitat. Elucidating such behavioural patterns is vital for understanding how a designated space is used. In Malaysia, the Sibu-Tinggi Archipelago, is regarded as one of the most important habitats for dugongs, hosting a significant local population due to the presence of extensive subtidal seagrass meadows. Field surveys were conducted in 2016 – 2018, across three seasons influenced by the northeast monsoon. An underwater towed video and spatial interpolation method was used to map the meadow extent and seagrass coverage in the Sibu Archipelago, while field sampling of seagrass was conducted around both Sibu and Tinggi Islands to investigate dugong feeding habits and preferences. The mapped meadow was found to be by far the largest known seagrass bed in Malaysia with an areal size of 12.88 km2. The meadows experienced a reduction of areal extent from the inter-monsoon and pre-monsoon to only 76% of the original size during the post-monsoon. Seagrass coverage similarly declined from mode 76-100% cover to mode 0-5% cover. At local scale (<10 km2), dugongs demonstrated a spatially clustered feeding pattern by maintaining a feeding patch size of 1.4 - 4.2 km2 across seasons. Two feeding patterns were detected which are likely influenced by seagrass coverage; 1) dispersed feeding occurred when seagrass meadows were in low (mode 0 – 25% cover) and high (mode 76-100% cover) seagrass covers, while 2) concentrated feeding occurred when the seagrass coverage was moderate (mode 26-75% cover). Feeding hotspots were mainly distributed off the southwest of the Sibu Archipelago, consistently between the southernmost tip of Pulau Sibu Besar and Pulau Sibu Tengah across the seasons, while feeding coldspots were mostly found around the edges of the meadow. Seagrass cover in the feeding hotspots was significantly higher than in the feeding coldspots, indicating that dugongs were strategically feeding in response to seagrass quantity. Generalized linear modelling identified the aboveground biomass and the ratios of aboveground:belowground biomass of Halophila ovalis as the most potential drivers of feeding area selection in the Sibu-Tinggi meadows (with combined explained deviances of 38.0% out of 56.0%), highlighting the role of the quantity of H. ovalis among the other factors. The proportion of silt-clay in the sediment was also selected by the model to explain the presence of dugong feeding (with explained deviances of 11.99% out of 56.0%). Although food quality parameters were absent in the final model, dugong feeding areas were associated with seagrasses with high nitrogen (0.14 - 2.13%), starch (1.53 - 3.11%) and fibre (3.02 - 14.98%) concentrations, but with low carbon (19.08 - 37.08%) and C:N ratios (15.97 - 264.84). Interspecies nutrient comparisons showed that the high starch and low fibre concentrations likely made H. ovalis and Halodule uninervis the most favoured food species, besides their fast regeneration characteristic which provides the benefit of continuous food supply to the dugongs. This in-depth study of dugong spatial and feeding ecology in subtidal seagrass meadows provides important baseline information to monitor changes in the species’ core habitats and identify important areas for conservation and habitat management
Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti atherogenic activities of selected extracts from Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél in comparison between conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques / Nur Amalina Amirullah
No full textCardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. They cause about 25% of deaths in public hospitals and hence the most common cause of deaths there. On the average, Malaysians develop heart problems at a younger age compared to nationalities in other Southeast Asian countries. Atherosclerosis is the major contributing pathophysiology underlying cardiovascular diseases. It is defined as the thickening of the atherosclerotic walls due to endothelial injury. Various factors contribute to atherogenesis including hypertension, oxidative stress, hyperlipidaemia, and chronic inflammation. Drug usage for the treatment of various cardiovascular conditions have undesirable side effects such as muscle pain, physical weakness, tiredness, and digestive problems. Thus, complementary therapeutics using safer natural compounds are sought. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél, also known as the Grey Oyster mushroom, is widely used in cuisines. Aside from its enjoyable texture and flavour, the mushroom has also been proven to possess multiple health properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-atherogenic potential of P. pulmonarius both in in vitro and in vivo models. The P. pulmonarius extracts were prepared using conventional (hot water and Soxhlet) and ultrasonic techniques. The activities of these extracts were evaluated using several antioxidant assays, and extracts with the best activities were chosen for further analyses. Two extracts from the ultrasound extraction: E2 (50 min, 140 W) and E3 (30 min, 140 W), and the Soxhlet extract were chosen for characterisation and in vitro cell work using murine macrophage cells, RAW 264.7. The E2 extract exhibited remarkable anti- inflammatory activities as it was able to significantly suppress nitric oxide production at a low concentration of 6.25 μg/mL. The E2 extract at 100 μg/mL also inhibited NF-κB activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Due to its superior activities, the E2 extract was chosen for the in vivo experiments using Wistar-Kyoto rats. In this study, the animal model was used to determine the toxicity of the P. pulmonarius E2 extract, as well as its preventive and protective effects. The E2 extract was proven to be non-toxic to the Wistar-Kyoto rats, as it had a lethal dose of over 2000 mg/kg body weight (b. w.). This showed that the P. pulmonarius extract was safe to be consumed. In the treatment experiment, rats were concurrently treated with the E2 extract as well as a high fat diet. Data from the treatment experiment showed that the E2 extract had hypolipidaemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects in rats. Histological analyses showed that the E2 extract preserved hepatocyte architecture in rats fed with high fat diet. In the preventive experiment, the rats were pre-treated with the E2 extract, and subsequently treated with high fat diet. The preventive study aimed to investigate the potential of the extract to confer protective effects in the rats even when they had stopped receiving the E2 treatment. Data from the preventive experiment proved that the E2 extract had hypolipidaemic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, and anti-oxidative effects. The results from the in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the anti-atherogenic activities of the E2 extract. Thus, the P. pulmonarius extract has the potential to alleviate and prevent atherosclerotic conditions
A comprehensive dark matter analysis on the spiral galaxy NGC 4321 (M100) / Tan Wei Shen
No full textThe dark matter analysis on the spiral galaxy NGC 4321 (M100) is studied by considering the nine different dark matter profiles so far lacking in the scientific literature, i.e. Pseudoisothermal, Burkert, NFW, Moore, Einasto, core-modified, DC14, coreNFW and Lucky13 profiles. In this thesis, the rotation curve analysis was done on the galaxy NGC 4321 by using nonlinear fitting of star, gaseous and dark matter halo equations with selected VLA HI observation data. Among the nine dark matter profiles, four dark matter profiles (DC14, Lucky13, Burkert and Moore profiles) showed declining features and hence found to be not suitable for this galaxy. This is concluded to be mainly due to the characteristics of those dark matter profiles and also due to the varying levels of problems within the internal region fittings. For the remaining five accepted dark matter profiles, the analysis was conducted by using the reduced chi-square test. Four out of the five accepted dark matter profiles lie within the range of 0.40
Potential control of the seed bug Elasmolomus pallens by entomopathogenic fungi and assessment of its risks for the transmission of aflatoxins / Umaru Fredrick Fidelis
No full textElasmolomus pallens is a post-harvest insect pest which causes yield loss of peanuts and sesame in Africa and Asia. In view of mitigating the use of synthetic insecticides on the environment, this study evaluated the potential of entomopathogenic fungi for the biological control of E. pallens and assessment of the bug rostrum for its risks of aflatoxins transmission. Adults bugs were dipped briefly in different conidial concentrations of the isolates and observed at 25 ± 2 ℃, 80 ± 10 RH and 14: 10 L: D for 10 days. Dose-response bioassay employed dipping and filter paper methods for both 0.05% Tween 80 and 5% peanut oil formulations. In the dipping bioassay (Tween 80 formulations), A. flavus caused significant mortalities (F5, 60 =5.644, p ˂0.001) with LC50 of 6.75×106 conidia/ml and LT50 of 3.3 days as well as M. anisopliae (F5, 60 =6.493, p ˂0.001) with LC50 of 8.0×106 conidia/ml and 3.6 days. However, significant differences in virulence was obtained between A. flavus (M =44.56) and M. anisopliae (M =65.09) t (10) =4.830, p 0.228, when compared. In the filter paper bioassay, mortalities of E. pallens were significant; A. flavus (F5, 60 =4.394, p 0.103. Hydrolytic enzymes activity for A. flavus were 0.587 ± 0.202 U/ml (protease), 0.873 ± 0.028 U/ml (chitinase), 2.513 ± 0.017 U/ml (lipase) while M. anisopliae had 0.739 ± 0.155 U/ml (protease), 0.879 ± 0.023 U/ml (chitinase) and 2.592 ± 0.019 U/ml after 4 days of culture at 25 ℃. A strong positive (r = 0.999; p < 0.03) correlation was obtained for atoxigenic A. flavus while toxigenic strains correlated inversely (r = -0.999; p < 0.03) with E. pallens rostrums between the sampling locations. This study demonstrates that the isolates possess potential against E. pallens and should be considered ideal candidates for field applications
Parental satisfaction on inclusive and non inclusive education for pupils with autism spectrum disorder / Lee Yik Peng
No full textThe increasing number of children with autism increases the demand for education in Malaysia. More public and private schools are opening their classes for inclusion, while more centers are emerging in the country to offer various programs and therapy. Choosing the right education is the main problem that parents of children with autism are facing. Given the different types of education placements available in Malaysia, finding a suitable type of education that could satisfy parents can be tricky. Despite the lack of facilities and other factors, parents would still choose to place their child in public mainstream education. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of parental satisfaction towards inclusive and non-inclusive education for pupils with ASD in public and private schools or centers; and also to obtain feedback from parents on how to improve inclusive and non-inclusive education for children with ASD that will lead to parental satisfaction. The design of the study is a mix method design where the quantitative data is collected using a questionnaire developed by the researcher that is adapted by the PSP (Parental Satisfaction Scale), and data was collected from 120 parents from the inclusive and non-inclusive education setting. The qualitative data is collected through an interviewing 10 parents from both education setting. Findings from the quantitative data show that parental satisfaction from both inclusive and non-inclusive education setting is high. However, parental satisfaction for inclusive education was slightly higher compared to non-inclusive education. The researcher was also able to identify a few common themes that affects parental satisfaction and also identified some new ones from the data collected from the interview. Higher levels of satisfaction for parental satisfaction is higher for inclusive education could be due to the goals that parents have for placing their child in an inclusive education setting. However, the ability to enter mainstream education would not determine the pupil’s readiness for school and could form problems in the process of obtaining education. Future research could be done to examine the well being of pupil’s with autism in mainstream education
Modelling and development of asphalt pavement thermoelectric energy harvesting system using subterranean cooling / Khairun Nisa Khamil
No full textIn this study, waste heat from Malaysia's road pavement was utilized to develop a system using thermoelectric energy harvesting (TEH) with a subterranean cooling method. As there are various of thermoelectric module (TEM) on the market, this makes it challenging to select the right TEM for a particular application and most manufacturer does not share all the required information. Hence, the fundamental equations were modelled using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the characterization of a suitable thermoelectric module (TEM) was investigated using different placement configurations for a rapid output performance. Meanwhile, a three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) model is developed using a COMSOL Multiphysics as a replacement model to assess various problems affecting the system properties, predict the outcome and optimize without engaging the actual experiment. The system structure consists of the heat receiver down to the system's cooling element to produce high-temperature differences for the selected TEM. Sustaining the maximum power point (MPP) required a particular load resistor and current from TEM, and the MPP current depends on the temperature difference to generate high power. Therefore, a power management circuit (PMC) with a boost converter capability and an MPP tracker applicable to the ambient temperature of the asphalt road surface was determined in this study. Based on the results, the modelling using MATLAB/SIMULINK has expedited estimating the electrical performances of specific parameters needed using any on-the-shelf module. Using a smaller TEM size and the configuration placement between the cascading module on the module caused the heat to transfer much more efficiently and significantly influenced the output generated. The internal resistance obtained from the modelling was used for load matching to attain the maximum power transfer from a source to a load used in the field experiment. Whereas the FEA's simulation results were validated with the experimental result, given a margin of error of less than 5%, the results give a 95% confidence level. The temperature difference and output generated from the system are influenced by the conduction shape factor and the radiation heat transfer on the TEHs structure. The novel TEHs structure consists of a heat receiver with a dimension of 10 cm by 20 cm and two cylindrical rods anchored between an aluminium plate welded under a 6.5 cm by 20 cm of bottom plates as a cooling element gives a maximum of temperature difference 23.2 °C with 1.02V of the output voltage. Based on the feasibility studies with an application, the TEHs have effectively fully charged 5 Farad supercapacitors within 3 hours to use automatic street LED lights, substantiating TEHs design's significance. The present study represents a new perspective for self-sustainable TEHs design integrated with the high cooling performances of the H-shape element in subterranean cooling
Geochemistry and remediation of Fe, Mn, and as in groundwater from quaternary alluvium, lower Kelantan Basin, North-Eastern Coast of Peninsular Malaysia / Usman Abdullahi Usman
No full textThe lower Kelantan Basin is predominantly drained by Kelantan, SemeFrak, Kemasin,
and Pengkalan Datu rivers. The Kelantan river traverses about 85 percent of Kelantan
state. These fluvial systems flow towards the northwest before discharging into the South
China Sea. Application of thin-section petrography, field emission scanning electron
microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (FESEM-EDX), Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-analysis, and laser
Raman spectral analysis methods can be combined to characterize iron-ores and
distinguish clay minerals in alluvial soils. The integrated methodology developed for this
work provides the basis for a generic mineral characterization toolkit. Five main alluvial
soil types have been defined in the upper layer of the lower Kelantan Basin, Malaysia:
sand with low clay content, clay sand, sandy clay, mottled clay, and mud-sand. The soils
contain significant concentrations of iron-ore minerals, kaolinite, chlorite and subordinate
illite. The groundwater pH ranges from 5.14 to 8.75 which shows the slightly acidic to
alkaline character of the aquifers discharge to gaining streams. The average abundance of
cations in solutions is Na+ > Ca+ > K+ > Mg+2, and anions HCO3- > Cl-1 > SO4
-2.
Groundwater hydrochemical facies are dominated by Na - HCO3 groundwater types.
Coupled models of the upper layer mineral compositions and aqueous geochemistry are
used to establish the sources of iron and manganese in the groundwater of lower Kelantan
Basin. High concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese in the groundwater of the
lower Kelantan Basin are related to sodium chloride groundwater types. Thermodynamic
modelling of Fe2+/Fe3+ and S2-/SO4
2- redox pairs shows the state of redox disequilibrium
in the groundwater. The redox state controls mineral precipitation and dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides and acid volatile sulphides. The speciation modelling of the groundwater
samples show the presence of ferric iron complexes and aqueous sulphides, despite
supersaturation with respect to hematite, goethite, and pyrite. Dissolved manganese in the
groundwater possibly originated from the dissolution of amorphous oxide-hydroxide and
siderite, having substituted for iron as a minor impurity. The research study was carried
out to evaluate trace metals concentrations in groundwater of Lorong Serai 4, Hulu
Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. The results show that the concentration level Fe, Mn and As
concentrations exceed their acceptable limit. The groundwater geochemical data of the
area are used in establishing the source of Fe, Mn and As metal ions. Evaluation of
Fe2+/Fe3+ and S2-/SO4
2- redox couples and thermodynamic modelling indicates that the
groundwater of the area in redox disequilibrium. Aqueous arsenic and manganese are
possibly derived from the dissolution of pyrite (arsenopyrite) and amorphous oxidehydroxides,
respectively. The high concentration of iron in the shallow groundwater in
the area primarily the result of silicate rock weathering of ferroan igneous and
metamorphic minerals with a minor contribution from the oxidation of iron sulfides.
Magnetite coated with graphene oxide (Fe3O4-GO) nanoparticles (NPs), were
synthesized, characterized and the adsorption preliminary experiments were carried out
and the Fe3O4-GO NPs show enhanced removal (Fe > As > Mn) capacity over graphene
oxide (GO)
Lagu Sewang masyarakat Orang Asli sebagai sumber kurikulum pengajaran dan pembelajaran prabacaan kanak-kanak prasekolah / Siti Nor Khalis Harun Narasid
No full textLagu Sewang merupakan sebuah irama,nyanyian atau jenulang (bahasa suku kaum Semai) tradisional orang Asli yang dinyanyikan dalam berbagai-bagai fungsi acara seperti hiburan, buka cinta, perkahwinan, memuja semangat padi dan juga perubatan. Lagu Sewang ini menjadi hiburan utama dan identiti bagi masyarakat orang asli. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti elemen sumber kurikulum pengajaran dan pembelajaran Prabacaan berasaskan Lagu Sewang Masyarakat Orang Asli (LSMOA) bagi kanak-kanak Prasekolah berdasarkan pandangan pakar. Oleh itu, tiga objektif utama kajian telah ditetapkan: a) mengenalpasti kesesuaian LSMOA dalam aktiviti pembelajaran Prabacaan kanak-kanak Prasekolah, b) mengenalpasti isi kandungan sumber pembelajaran berasaskan LSMOA dalam aktiviti pembelajaran Prabacaan kanak-kanak Prasekolah, dan c) mengenalpasti strategi pengajaran berasaskan LSMOA dalam aktiviti pembelajaran Prabacaan kanak-kanak Prasekolah. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah Teknik Fuzzy Delphi (TFD) bagi menentukan elemen sumber kurikulum pengajaran dan pembelajaran Prabacaan berasaskan LSMOA bagi kanak-kanak Prasekolah. 20 orang pakar dari bidang prasekolah, bahasa dan lagu tradisi Orang Asli dipilih sebagai panel bagi menentukan elemen-elemen yang bersesuaian kepada sumber kurikulum ini. Pada fasa awal, sorotan literatur dan temubual bersama lima orang pakar digunakan untuk mendapatkan tema dan elemen utama sumber kurikulum bagi soal selidik TFD. Instrumen ini mengandungi 30 sub item beradasarkan tiga tema utama kajian dan digunakan sebagai instrumen untuk mendapatkan persetujuan pakai melalui TFD untuk menentukan sumber kurikulum yang relevan. Ringkasnya, dapatan TFD bersama 20 pakar menunjukan keseluruhan pakar bersetuju dengan keseluruhan elemen-elemen yang dicadangkan dalam kajian ini. Bagi elemen kesesuaian LMSOA dalam aktiviti pembelajaran, konstruk ini mencapai nilai persetujuan pakar yang tinggi iaitu 92.88% (>75%). Seterusnya, bagi elemen isi kandungan sumber pembelajaran, nilai persetujuan pakar juga adalah tinggi iaitu 96.0% (>75%). Akhir sekali, bagi elemen strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran, konstruk ini mencapai nilai persetujuan pakar yang tinggi iaitu 94.16% (>75%). Kesimpulannya, dapatan kajian ini telah menggariskan elemen-elemen yang bersesuaian untuk pembangunan sumber kurikulum pengajaran dan pembelajaran prabacaan kanak-kanak prasekolah berdasarkan LSMOA. Sebagai implikasi, dapatan kajian ini boleh dijadikan rujukan untuk pembangunan sumber kurikulum bagi perlaksanaan dalam konteks sebenar di prasekolah Orang Asli di Malaysia bagi meningkatkan penguasaan kemahiran prabacaan kanak-kanak