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An agile best practice framework for information technology project management / Jayasaegaran Sithambaram
No full textThe demand for success in IT projects is increasing, commanding careful attention to the factors impacting project success. Organisations are embracing the agile method due to its popularity and the benefits it yields. The agile manifesto provides a set of values and principles, but does not provide solutions for best practice in managing and delivering successful projects. Project issues and challenges are discussed in literature, with the absence of a best practice framework for the management of agile projects. This research aims to identify the factors from literature and the industry practitioners, to produce a validated best practice framework for the successful management of agile projects. A Systematic Literature Review initially compiled the factors impacting projects from the existing literature, followed by a Grounded Theory research which identified if the exact findings in literature are also impacting the industry practitioners. From 175 selected literature, 37 prominent factors affecting agile project success were identified. An initial list of 111 factors, along with proposed mitigation methods were then compiled from the industry practitioners. Comparing both findings, a list of 55 unique factors were produced using the Delphi technique, environmental scanning, and emerging issues analysis, segregating them into four categories: Organisation, People, Process and Technical. Various factors impacting agile projects were discussed in literature, with an absence of a holistic review to determine the critical factors which are impacting the success of projects in the industry. Project governance and the proper implementation of agile methods was the most addressed factor in literature, followed by people related factors. Literature suggests sound understanding of the agile principles with proper governance, by people with the right attitude, knowledge, skills and teamwork. The practitioners mainly discussed the process and people categories, with key issues on the misalignment of agile with the business objectives, the lack of understanding of agile principles, lack of teamwork and required skillset. The findings were used to develop a best practice framework evaluated by a panel of practitioners who found the framework comprehensive, relevant and applicable. A set of scenarios were created based on historical data, employing expert review to verify the validity, suitability and usefulness of the framework. The feedback received was verified against literature and used to fine-tune the framework and develop a tool, expected to assist in the successful management of agile projects.
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Development of cellulose-reinforced alginate microbeads for optimal encapsulation and delivery of palm-based vitamin E / Goh Kar Yin
No full textIn this study, pH sensitive microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced alginate microbeads were synthesized for oral administration of vitamin E. Long and network-like hydrophilic microfibrillated celluloses with widths ranging from 8 to 40 nm, having −COOH functional groups were isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunches via ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation. Cellulose derivatives, hydrophobic trimethylsilyl celluloses with the functional groups of −Si(CH3)3 were also produced via silylation. Palm-based vitamin E was loaded into the oil-in-water emulsions prior to the immobilization into calcium-crosslinked alginate microbeads. The vitamin E-loaded emulsions were first characterized and the influence of the emulsions’ properties on the microbeads were evaluated. Two parameters were manipulated in the production of oil-in-water emulsions: type of cellulose and type of surface-active agents employed in the emulsion stabilization. Oil-in-water emulsions for loading vitamin E were produced using polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80):polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij® 35) or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate as surface-active agents with the addition of various concentrations of celluloses (0.0, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.175, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 %w/v). Two distinct natures of celluloses were utilized in this study, which are hydrophilic APS-oxidized celluloses or hydrophobic trimethylsilyl celluloses. The emulsions were evaluated for the average droplet diameter, viscosity and rheological behaviors. Emulsions stabilized by Tween 80:Brij 35, using hydrophilic APS-oxidized celluloses as nanofillers were observed to exhibit the smallest average droplet sizes with moderate rheological properties. Whereas, emulsions stabilized by hydrophobic trimethylsilyl cellulose, employing 1.5 % w/v Tween 80:Brij 35 (0.5:0.5 w/w ratio) as surface active agents exhibited nanometer scale droplet diameters with most remarkable rheological behaviors. In the contrary, the emulsions employing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate as emulsifier showed micron range droplet sizes with poor rheological behavior regardless the concentration of APS-oxidized cellulose. Alginate microbeads were then fabricated by dripping vitamin E-loaded emulsions into crosslinking solution. Results showed that highest compressive strength of 58.8 kPa was obtained for microbeads containing Tween 80:Brij 35-stabilized emulsions with 0.25% w/v hydrophilic oxidized celluloses. This indicated that APS-oxidized celluloses participate in the formation of densely packed and three-dimensional matrix structures of microbeads by interacting with calcium ions via their -COO− groups. Likewise, the highest encapsulation efficiency of 98.7% was also achieved by the 0.25% APS-oxidized cellulose reinforced alginate microbeads containing Tween 80:Brij 35-stabilized emulsion. In addition, the alginate/cellulose microbeads were more resistant against swelling in low pH condition because of the enhanced stability promoted by the bio-based celluloses. The microbeads showed slow release of vitamin E in the simulated gastric pH fluid but tend to release in the simulated intestinal pH fluid to allow the absorption of the drug. However, APS-oxidized cellulose-reinforced alginate microbeads containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate-stabilized emulsions exhibited lower encapsulation efficiency with unusual high in vitro release of vitamin E. In vitro drug release data of all the evaluated microbeads were fitted well into Ritger-Peppas model. 1H NMR spectra showed that vitamin E retained its chemical structure after encapsulation into alginate-based microbeads
Understanding the psychological experience and perspective of frontline healthcare workers and psychological first aid providers during the covid-19 pandemic: A qualitative study / Hemavathi Shanmugam
No full textBackground: The growing number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases since
December 2019 has led to burnout and psychological distress among the frontline
healthcare workers (HCWs). In Malaysia, remote Psychological First Aid (PFA) via
teleconsultation was launched to ameliorate the mental health distress among HCWs.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand the psychological experience
and perspective of frontline HCWs and PFA providers as a guide in improvising the
delivery of the remote PFA service during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methodology: A descriptive qualitative research design based on semi-structured
individual in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 30 participants from the
University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Malaysia consisting of 20 frontline HCWs
and 10 PFA providers. The study assessed frontline HCW’s experience in handling their
duties, the psychological stress they experienced, their coping strategies as well as their
understanding regarding psychological first aid services. As for the PFA providers, we
assessed their experience in administrating PFA, the challenges they encountered and
their strategies to improve the PFA service. Transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi's
phenomenological analysis method.
Results: Three themes emerged from the data analysis of frontline HCWs, where they
reported negative emotions in the early stages such as fear, uncertainty, fatigue, and
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sadness followed by adaptations of healthy coping strategies. However, frontline HCWs
lacked awareness and showed apprehension to PFA service. As for PFA providers, the
three themes recorded were challenges associated with remote PFA, administrative
difficulties due to lack of PFA guidelines and the need for modification of the existing
PFA services.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that frontline HCWs would benefit from early
psychological assessment and that existing PFA needs to be improvised with follow-up
psychosocial interventions due to the ongoing nature of the pandemic
Application of palm oil clinker as fine aggregate replacement in stone matrix asphalt mix design / Ali Mohammed Ali Babalghaith
No full textThe palm oil industry is growing annually which results in a large number of waste materials that are disposed in landfills. To decrease the adverse effects of the wastes on the environment and to improve several properties of asphalt pavement mixture, conventional aggregate materials in the production of asphalt pavement was replaced with palm oil clinker (POC). This leads to green, sustainable, and preserved nature where the dependency on the aggregates from natural sources can be reduced. This research aimed to investigate the effect of POC as a replacement for fine aggregate utilisation in stone matrix asphalt (SMA) design. Six categories of asphalt mixtures were prepared with different POC content at various levels namely, 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. To determine the Marshall properties and optimum binder content, asphalt mixture samples with different percentage of asphalt binder content (5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, and 7.0%) were prepared. Subsequently, optimum bitumen content was used to prepare other sets of asphalt mixture samples to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of the asphalt mixtures. The mechanical properties of SMA mixtures with different percentages of POC replacement were investigated by analysing the resilient modulus, wheel tracking, dynamic creep, indirect tensile strength, Cantabro durability, and indirect tensile fatigue. The results showed that the POC is suitable as a substitute of fine aggregates in SMA mixture up to 100% and fulfil the mixture specification criteria concerning the Marshall stability, flow, quotient and volumetric properties. However, the percentage of POC substitution of fine aggregates was has merely influenced the optimum binder content. Based on the overall SMA mixture mechanical properties, the POC can be substituted as fine aggregates up to 100%. The suggested POC optimum was 60% where the SMA mixtures showed the best performance. In summary, the use of POC in pavement construction is feasible and can decrease the pollution issue related to mass disposal of POC
Mycoremediation and fungi-assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated landfills soil / Auwalu Hassan
No full textThe research is aimed to study the bioremediation of heavy metal landfill leachate contaminated soil using consortia of indigenous filamentous fungi and indigenous plants. Thirteen identified fungal isolates were used to formulate the consortia for mycoremediation. The mycoremediation was carried out in three phases, namely laboratory trial 1 using five consortia, laboratory trial 2 with varied concentrations of inoculum, and field application. The fungi-assisted phytoremediation was carried out in two phases: laboratory trials using Alocasia calidora, Prosopis juliflora, and Jatropha sp. and field trial using A. calidora. The analyses conducted included soil physicochemical and biological parameters, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for soil, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for fungi, photosynthetic pigments in plants, Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) for plants, and enzymes assay in soil, fungi, and plants. The biosorption of metals in liquid medium showed that the highest removal was 90% at 50 mg/L. The biosorption increased with an increase in pH. In the laboratory trial 1, the soil amended with a consortium of all isolated fungi had best metal removal as 77% (for As) and 71% (for Mn). In laboratory trial 2, soil amended with 30% inoculum showed better removal of 80% As. In the field application, the range of metals removal was 36% - 67% in the treated soil. The FTIR showed the presence of methylene, amine, alkyl, phenol, and peroxide functional groups in the bioremediated soil. The treated A. calidora had maximum accumulation of Ni (201.77 mg/kg) and Pb (220.32 mg/kg) in the shoots and Pb (347.51 mg/kg) and Zn (523.02 mg/kg) in the roots. Fungi inoculated P. juliflora accumulated more Fe (1208.67 mg/kg) and Zn (452.71 mg/kg) in the shoots and Pb (142.66 mg/kg) and Zn (125.51 mg/kg) in the roots. Fe (953.20 mg/kg) was highest in the shoots of treated Jatropha sp. and Ni (153.50 mg/kg) in the root. In the field phytoremediation, Pb (320.32 mg/kg) and Fe (306.04 mg/kg) were maximally accumulated in the shoots and roots, respectively. An upregulated activity of POD, CAT, and APX was observed in the inoculated plants. Various metabolites that aided the metal tolerance, growth, and accumulation were found in the plants (Tryptophan, Indole-acrylic acid, 5,7,2’,3’-Tetahydroflavone, 5,2-Dihydroxy flavone, Scutellarein-6-glucoside, tripeptides, S-(4-Nitrobenzyl) glutathione). The prediction models fitted well with the bioremediation data. It is concluded that fungi bioaugmented soil allowed better metal removal than the untreated soil. The inoculation of A. calidora, P. juliflora, and Jatropha sp. with fungal organisms can be utilized as an effective strategy for enhancing tolerance, growth, and metal removal from polluted soil
A post-adoption framework for Malaysia open government data / Mimi Nurakmal Mustapa
No full textToday, the call for greater transparency from the public administration is progressively apparent. Publishing non-confidential government data to the public is one of the initiatives adopted by many governments today to embrace transparency practice. The initiative of publishing non-confidential government data and accessible by the public for limitless re-use is known as Open Government Data (OGD). The Malaysian government adopted OGD innovation in 2014 and since established a centralised government open data portal. However, after several years of adoption, OGD implementation among government agencies remains unclear. Furthermore, the extant literature on OGD adoption largely focused on the factors that influence OGD adopters’ decisions, whereas the actual use of OGD is more critical. The underlying factors of keeping the adopter continuing or discontinuing OGD implementation in the post-adoption phase are unexplored. Moreover, taking from previous experience, many government innovations were hampered in an inertia state after the adoption phase. Driven from these issues, this study explored the OGD adoption phases and identified the OGD post-adoption factors in the Malaysian public sector. With the stance that the phenomenon can be measured, the positivism philosophy is also applied for this study. Anchored by the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework, and innovation adoption process theory, the OGD post-adoption framework is developed and validated. The outcome of this study seeks to guide the OGD implementation in the post-adoption phase in the Malaysian public sector. This study adopted an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design in which the quantitative is the dominant method complement by the qualitative method. The data collection started with semi-structured interviews with four field experts in OGD implementation. Subsequently, combining interviews with government agencies and documents analysis, the initial post-adoption factors of OGD were obtained. The empirical data is collected from 266 government agencies in Malaysia’s public sector using a survey questionnaire. This study employed the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) as the factor analysis’s primary statistical technique. The statistical analysis indicates that three factors from the organisational context (Culture, Top management support, IT competency), two factors from the technological context (Relative advantage, Complexity), and OGD principles significantly contribute to the OGD implementation in the post-adoption phase. While factors from the environmental context (Incentives, Data demand) and one factor from the technological context (Compatibility) have an insignificant contribution to the OGD implementation in the post-adoption phase. This study contribution is threefold in theoretical, conceptual, and practice. The study contributed theoretically by introducing the post-adoption framework of OGD innovation. Conceptually, this study introduces new factors from the environmental context for OGD post-adoption, namely incentives and data demand. In practicality, this study’s outcome allows policymakers to strategize for sustainable OGD implementation from the data provider’s perspective. The drawback of this research is shown by the survey method, which used a single point of time horizon for data collecting. A longitudinal or case study approach is suggested for future research to understand OGD assimilation in the public sector better
Genesis and paleoenvironment of the paralic neogene coals in the Mukah-Balingian area, central Sarawak Basin, Malaysia / Nor Syazwani Zainal Abidin
No full textA study utilizing high-resolution macroscopic, microscopic, and geochemical analyses was conducted on the Neogene Mukah – Balingian coals in Sarawak, Malaysia, emphasizing on intra-seams and whole seam variations of the coals, and their associated sedimentary rocks. The analyses were performed on 90 coal samples to describe changes in the coal facies, peat development and its precursors, their associations in sequence stratigraphy, and depositional conditions of the peat/coal. The Early Miocene to Middle Miocene Mukah coal, Balingian Formation is characterised by bright, banded bright, banded dull, and dull coal lithotypes. Humotelinite (average range 41.2% – 60.8% m.m.f), resinite (average range 1.3% – 10.3% m.m.f), semifusinite (average range 0.7% – 2.3% m.m.f) and clarite microlithotypes (30.4% – 84.5% c.m.f) are predominantly observed throughout the studied coals. The mineral matter and carbominerite are found in low amounts (< 20%). Low sulphur, low ash yield, atomic ratios of hydrogen/carbon (mean 1.10 wt. %), oxygen/carbon (mean 0.90 wt. %), and carbon/nitrogen (mean 38.20 wt. %), and biomarker distributions support the source of organic matter of the Mukah coals from mainly terrestrial input sources under sub-oxic (mainly) to oxic within freshwater mires. A complete succession from topogenous to ombrogenous was identical for peat evolution. The basal section of the coal bench is dominated by humocollinite-liptinite rich coal or humocollinite-mineral matter-rich coal, while the middle section is characterised by humotelinite-rich coal and overlain by humotelinite-liptinite rich coal. The temporary development of rheotrophic – ombrotrophic mires occurred due to water table fluctuations that strongly depend on the ever-wet climate changes and syndepositional tectonics during the Neogene, which resulted in a balanced to high peat accumulation and preservation. A maximum thickness of 35m of the peat deposits is postulated to have accumulated between a period of 10,000 to 175,000 years, in order to produce the Mukah coals. The Mukah coals are suggested to be deposited in a coastal- flood plain within an upper (mainly) to lower delta plain setting. Within this setting, telmatic coal facies is more prone and could be influenced by the transgressive (TST) to initial highstand (HST) cycles. The Late Pliocene Balingian coal of the Liang Formation is characterised by bright, banded bright, and banded dull coals lithotypes. Humodetrinite (average range of 40.9% – 60.0% m.m.f), suberinite (average range of 2.1% – 12.0% m.m.f), semifusinite (average range of 0.1% – 1.9% m.m.f) and clarite microlithotypes (25.3% – 79.4% on c.m.f) are mainly observed throughout the studied coals. Mineral matter and carbominerite were found in low amounts in most of the samples. Peat doming is a significant factor resulting in upward brightness, dominance of humodetrinite over humotelinite, low contents of inertinite, detrital mineral, ash, and sulphur, and also scarcity of alginite and pyrite minerals. This is indicative of mainly freshwater paleomires and terrestrial input sources during peat accumulation and is further supported by petrographic indices, atomic ratio, and biomarker data. Mesotrophic to ombrotrophic (mainly) paleomires were also inferred. A complete succession of domed peat is characterized by humodetrinite-rich coal in the basal section, humotelinite-liptinite-rich coal in the middle section, and humodetrinite-rich coal in the top section. The thick coals in ombrotrophic mires reflect an extremely convex-matured dome, while thin coals represent a low-gradient dome within mesotrophic – ombrotrophic mires. The lack of basin subsidence, seasonal dry/wet climates, and water level fluctuations resulted in a low to high accumulation and peat preservation rate during peat growth. Peat was originally 10 to 70m thick and evolved between 20,000 and 350,000 years in a lower delta plain environment. The dome is interpreted to be protected from marine water flooding and lacustrine influence by the presence of adjacent vertically stacked shoreface deposits. The peat formation of the Balingian coal is thus suggested to be formed mainly in telmatic mires during the late lowstand (LST) and initial transgressive (TST) cycles. Based on the analyzed coals in this study, the compositional variations, geochemistry, and thicknesses of the coal seams have resulted in different characters, architecture, and history of the Neogene peat-to-coal evolution in the Mukah – Balingian areas, Sarawak
Vocabulary builder model for autistic children / Maryam Rastikazerooni
No full textMost children with autism suffer from impairments in specific cognitive processing styles, social skills, and communication skills, which affect the academic performance of those children in pre-school. The difficulties in language comprehension and communication skills result in the lack of motivation, attention, satisfaction, and interaction in this population, thus causing the children to encounter deficits in learning and especially learning vocabulary. Many Mobile-Based interventions (MBI) have been developed to address the deficits in this population. However, there are very few vocabulary builders’ software which focus on improving the vocabulary learning skills as well as providing consistent motivation for autistic children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a new Mobile-Based Intervention Vocabulary Learning Model using the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and Digital Storytelling (DS) together to help children with autism in acquiring English vocabulary learning skills. In this study, the design science research method (DSRM) was used which is a 6-step method for developing and evaluating the prototype. This study developed an MBI English vocabulary learning model, implemented as a prototype Mobile-based system and the system was conducted to evaluate the performance of children and usability of the prototype by 10 autistic pre-school-aged students. The evaluation results show that the software prototype is very useful, effective, and of a usable performance to help in addressing the vocabulary learning deficits in this group of kids. The autistic students showed significant improvement in terms of word learning performance and retention after using the MBI English Vocabulary learning for 3 weeks (15 sessions). More comprehensive models for learning vocabulary comprehension with sentence construction are considered for future work
Ownership structure, corporate governance and earnings management in China / Li Honglin
Get PDFTo address the inherent inefficiencies of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), China has adopted partial and gradual privatization reforms and a series of corporate governance reforms, such as introducing independent directors and audit committees, and reestablishing audit firms. These reforms have resulted in the emergence and rise of private-owned enterprises (POEs) and improved the management efficiency of SOEs in China. Driven by the stronger earnings management motivations of POEs and the potentially greater effect of corporate governance in POEs, this study is conducted to examine whether Chinese SOEs perform a lower level of earnings management than Chinese POEs and whether corporate governance mechanisms (i.e. board independence, audit committee independence and external auditor) can moderate the difference in earnings management between them. This study selects 582 A-share companies from the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SHSE) and Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) from 2015 to 2018. The conceptual framework of the study is deduced based on agency theory and the non-profit goals of SOEs. The results show that SOEs perform a lower level of earnings management than POEs in China. The explanation for this phenomenon is that the non-profit goals of SOEs and the Chinese government long-term protection have relatively alleviated the principal-agent conflicts within SOEs, thereby reducing their motivations to manipulate earnings. Results also show that Big 4 firms can effectively reduce the difference in earnings management between Chinese SOEs and POEs. It is attributed to the more severe principal-agent conflicts within POEs and their stronger motivations to manage earnings. Hence, Big 4 firms are faced with higher constraining effects on the earnings management of POEs.
However, the results indicate that board independence and audit committee independence cannot reduce the difference in earnings management between them. The reasons are that independent directors fail to improve the effectiveness of the board and the audit committee in China, and both the functions of independent directors and audit committee overlap with the board of supervisors within Chinese firms. From the theoretical perspectives, this study fills research gaps by illustrating clearly the relationships among ownership structure, corporate governance and earnings
management. This study also adds to agency theory by pointing out that the incidence of earnings management and the effectiveness of corporate governance in constraining earnings management vary with the severity of the principal-agent conflicts. Specifically, in firms with more severe principal-agent conflicts, earning management is more likely to occur, and the effectiveness of corporate governance in reducing earnings management is more significant. Besides, the findings of this study give implications to policymakers and market watchdogs that POEs are more likely than SOEs to manipulate earnings. However, this research has several limitations, including the limited timeframe, single research context, failure to consider other potential determinants of independent directors’ performance, and failure to generalize the effectiveness of independent directors in other cases
Facies characteristics and depositional setting of the miocene Tajau member (KUDAT Formation): A sand-dominated submarine fan system / Hafzan Eva Mansor
No full textThere have been many disagreements regarding the stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Miocene Tajau Member of the Kudat Formation, northern Sabah, Malaysia. This work describes and discusses the stratigraphy and facies characteristics of the unit. Forty (40) sections, covering a total thickness of 2 288 m, were logged in order to conduct a detailed facies and bed type analysis of the Tajau Member. Twelve (12) facies have been identified, interpreted as the deposits of subaqueous sediment density flows, which are common processes in deep marine depositional settings. These include debrites, hyperconcentrated density flow deposits and turbidites. Several of the turbidite facies display evidence for hydraulic jumps, which are also common processes in deepwater settings and probably indicate changes in slope topography or loss of flow confinement. Facies previously identified by previous workers as hummocky cross-stratification in the Tajau Member, which was used to support a shallow marine interpretation, is better interpreted as supercritical antidunes developed in high-density turbidites, based on the coarse-grained texture, spaced layering and association with other subaqueous density flow deposits. Trace fossils characteristic of the Nereites ichnofossils are also diagnostic of a deep marine depositional environment. Eight bed types are recognized in the Tajau Member: i) tripartite beds with a debrite (BT 1) interpreted as hybrid event beds recording downslope flow transformation between turbulent and laminar states; ii) Beds showing a mixture of depositional, erosional and bypass features (BT 2, BT 4, BT 5) interpreted as recording transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow conditions triggered by hydraulic jumps; iii) bipartite beds with a basal massive sandstone overlain by fine-grained facies (BT 3) interpreted as hyperconcentrated flow with evidence of down-current flow transformation; iv) bipartite beds with a basal high-density turbidite overlain by a low-density turbidite and separated by a grain-size break (BT 6) interpreted as deposition of turbidity current with evidence of flow bypass; v) basal tractive structures capped by fine-grained facies as the product of reworking of very coarse- to coarse-grained sediments caused by lateral spreading of turbulence flow; and vi) Bouma Tbcde sequences (BT 8) interpreted as the deposits of high-to-low-density turbidity currents. The bed types reflect down-current evolution of bipartite turbulent flows, with associated transformation into co-genetic debris flows. The facies and bed type analysis has enabled the construction of a depositional model for the Tajau Member which consists of: 1) a proximal depositional zone in the centre of the study area, which was dominated by hydraulic jumps and sediment bypass of turbidity current, which represents a channel-lobe transition zone (CLTZs/BTA 1); and 2) a distal depositional zone in the north-and-south of the study area, dominated by tabular, sheet-like elements bioturbated with the Nereites ichnofossil, of depositional lobe sub-environments (i.e. lobe-axis/BTA 2, lobe-off axis/BTA 3, frontal lobe fringe/BTA 4, and distal lobe fringe/BTA 5)