Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
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A Review on Antimony-based Perovskite Solar Cells
Get PDFABSTRACT. Over the past decade, lead halide perovskite light absorbers have been the conventionally used perovskite light absorbers. However, there is an urgent call for alternative perovskite materials with toxicity levels and poor stability to UV radiations. Antimony-based perovskites have proven to be a material with unique optoelectronic properties, conventional fabrication processes, low-toxicity levels and high stability values. In this review, we look into the structure of antimony perovskites, the various research achievements over recent years, and the challenges and opportunities ahead for this budding technology. The review also highlights the various computational, theoretical and experimental studies done by researchers to highlight the peculiar Lead-free perovskite materials and their distinctive features. Although the efficiency levels of these devices are not very high, the improvements they have made with remarkable stability characteristics make them a viable candidate for commercial perovskite photovoltaics.Keywords: Perovskite Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Technology, Leadfree Perovskites, Solar Cell Materials, Antimony-based Perovskite
Sintesis Metal-Doped Carbon Nitride Nanosheets sebagai Pengurai Limbah Pewarna secara Fotokatalisis
Get PDFABSTRAK. Pada perairan Sungai Bengawan Solo, limbah pewarna batik hasil produksi industri sekitar mencemari sungai dalam kadar rhodamine-B yang tinggi. Salah satu upaya yang efektif untuk mengatasi pencemaran di lingkungan perairan adalah melalui proses degradasi menggunakan fotokatalis dengan bantuan sinar-UV. Pada riset ini, digunakan fotokatalis carbon nitride nanosheets dengan doping zirkonium dan kobalt. Penambahan doping pada g-C3N4 nanosheets mampu meningkatkan kinerja fotokalitik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh berbagai jenis doping terhadap kinerja fotoremediasi katalis carbon nitride nanosheets sehingga dapat menentukan jenis doping yang paling efektif dalam meningkatkan kinerja carbon nitride nanosheets untuk meredemidiasi limbah cair batik. Metode yang digunakan untuk mensintesis Co-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets dan Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets dilakukan dengan sintesa g-C3N4 nanosheets murni menggunakan melamin dan amonium sulfat yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 600°C. Selanjutnya dilakukan impregnasi doping Zr dan Co pada g-C3N4 nanosheets menggunakan vacuum evaporator. Pengujian efektifitas katalis dalam mendegradasi rhodamine-B dianalisa menggunakan uji X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Spektrofotometer UV-Visible. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan g-C3N4 nanosheets yang terdoping Kobalt dan Zirkonium dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mendegradasi rhodamine B. Berdasarkan data absorbansi dari fotokatalis yang diuji, fotokatalis Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets menunjukkan hasil yang paling optimal dalam mendegradasi rhodamine-B dengan penurunan konsentrasi rhodamine-B hampir mendekati 0.Kata Kunci: Co-doped g-C3N4 Nanosheets, Fotokatalis, Fotoremediasi, Zr-doped g-C3N4 Nanosheets Abstract. Batik dye waste pollutes the Bengawan Solo River in high levels. One of the effective efforts to overcome pollution in the aquatic environment is through a degradation process using photocatalysts with UV-rays. In this research, carbon nitride nanosheets as photocatalyst with zirconium and cobalt doping was used. The addition of doping on g-C3N4 nanosheets was able to improve the photocatalytic performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various types of doping on the photoremediation performance of carbon nitride nanosheets. Synthesize Co-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets and Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets was carried out by synthesizing pure g-C3N4 nanosheets using melamine and ammonium sulfate that calcined at 600°C. Afterwards, the mixture was impregnated by Zr and Co-doped using a vacuum evaporator. The effectiveness of the photocatalyst to degrading rhodamine-B was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. The result shows that photodegradation performance of Co and Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets has increased. Based on the absorbance data of photocatalysts, the Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets photocatalyst give the most optimal results in degrading rhodamine-B with the final rhodamine-B concentration close to zero.Keywords: Co-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets, Photocatalyst, Photoremediation, Zr-doped g-C3N4 Nanosheet
Planning of Granular Activated Carbon Unit to Remove Ammonia and TSS at IPLT X, Kota Jakarta
Get PDFABSTRACT. Fecal sludge can be treated by conventional treatment such as pond stabilization which is commonly used to reduce organic concentrations. However, nutrients such as NH3 are still widely measured in the effluent. One of the sewerage treatments in the city of Jakarta, for example, experienced this condition. This study aims to design an appropriate technology to increase the efficiency of nutrient ammonia and total suspended solid (TSS) removal at Duri X IPLT. The unit added in the selected effluent treatment is Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). Design considerations are the characteristics of activated carbon, operating conditions (discharge and contact time), and operating mode (fixed-, expanded-, or fluidized-bed, pumped, or gravity flow). The Carbon Usage Rate for removing ammonia and TSS is 1.384 g/L and 0.378 g/L, respectively. Maintenance is required so that the granular activated carbon (GAC) unit can continue operating and functioning properly. Blockages in carbon transport pipes can occur in many pipes. This can occur due to a too-small pipe, a short bend radius of the pipe, a lack of speed, and a lack of cleaning of the pipe. The eroded pipe is also a common problem that often occurs in unlined mild steel and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), usually in sharp bends.Keywords: Sewerage, ammonia, TSS, design, GA
Kinetics Study on Hydrothermal Decomposition of Glucose in NaOH Solution with CuO Catalyst
Get PDFBiomass is an abundant resource of renewable energy and can be processed into various chemicals. In its development, hydrothermal decomposition became a method that was considered quite efficient. This study aimed to determine reaction kinetics and product composition of hydrothermal decomposition process with CuO catalyst. Experiment was conducted by heating 10 grams glucose in 80 mL NaOH solution at temperatures of 33, 50, 110, 210, 260, 280, and 288oC using CuO catalyst. Reaction was conducted in autoclave equipped with a magnetic stirrer. After being heated, autoclave was cooled to ambient temperature. Treated material is filtered to separate insoluble solid and liquid phases. After being separated, solid residue was dried in oven at 105oC for 24 hours. Filtrate composition was analyzed by GC-MS method and glucose concentration was analyzed by Lane Eynon method. Filtrate was atmospherically distilled at 100oC before GC-MS analysis to ensure that sample was free of water and glucose residue. According to kinetics calculation, reaction was 2nd order, activation energy was 28.894 kJ/mol, and pre-exponential factor was 4.17×104 min-1. GC-MS analysis showed that there were 20 compounds contained in product sample with 3 dominant compounds in form of 4,5-Dibromo-hex-2-enoic acid methyl ester, 2-Bromooctadecanal, and 9-Octadecenoic acid, propyl ester
Evaluasi Kinerja IPAL Individual SANFAB ST 600 dengan Penambahan Anaerobic Granule Bacteria terhadap Outlet IPAL Domestik di Dusun Karangmojo, Boyolali
Get PDFABSTRAK. Kabupaten Boyolali memiliki jumlah penduduk tertinggi kedua di eks-Karesidenan Surakarta sehingga limbah cair domestik yang dihasilkan juga tinggi. Hal ini mendorong upaya pengelolaan limbah domestik menggunakan SANFAB ST 600. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas kinerja IPAL Individual SANFAB ST 600 setelah diberi perlakuan dengan Anaerobic Granule Bacteria. SANFAB ST 600 memiliki volume 600 L dan berkapasitas 1-4 orang. Air limbah rumah tangga yang dialirkan ke inlet ST akan menuju ke settler, selanjutnya mengalir secara upstream dalam unit Anaerobic Filter dan terjadi penguraian zat pencemar oleh bakteri anaerobik. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada dua rumah di Dusun Karangmojo, Kabupaten Boyolali. Sampel diuji di BLKK Yogyakarta untuk parameter TSS, COD, BOD, konsentrasi Amonia, pH, dan ORP. Pada minggu ketiga di Rumah Bapak Wahyudi, karakteristik outlet ST memiliki nilai TSS 25,5 mg/L, Amonia 0,255 mg/L, BOD 25,01 mg/L, dan COD 47,92 mg/L sehingga sudah sesuai baku mutu. Dari hasil uji dilakukan perhitungan efektivitas pengolahan TSS, BOD, dan COD dengan cara menghitung selisih konstanta inlet dan outlet dibagi dengan konstanta inlet serta perhitungan rasio BOD/COD dengan membagi kadar COD dan BOD setiap sampel. Dari sumber limbah WC dan kamar mandi (Rumah Bapak Wahyudi) bakteri bekerja lebih efektif dibanding sumber limbah WC (Rumah Bapak Somowirejo) dengan efisiensi lebih dari 80% pada minggu ketiga penambahan bakteri. Kata kunci: Anaerobic Granule Bacteria, Efisiensi, Limbah Domestik, IPAL ST 600 ABSTRACT. Boyolali Regency has the second highest population in the residence of Surakarta so the domestic wastewater generation is also high. This led to the management of domestic wastewater using Individual WWTP SANFAB ST 600. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Individual WWTP SANFAB ST 600 after being treated with Anaerobic Granule Bacteria. The SANFAB ST 600 has a volume of 600 L and a capacity of 1-4 people. Domestic wastewater that flows into the ST inlet will go to the settler, then flows upstream into the Anaerobic Filter unit and decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. Sampling was carried out at two houses in Karangmojo, Boyolali Regency. Samples were tested at BLKK Yogyakarta for parameters of TSS, COD, BOD, Ammonia concentration, pH, and ORP. In the third week at Wahyudi's house, the characteristics of the ST outlet had a value of TSS 25.5 mg/L, Ammonia 0.255 mg/L, BOD 25.01 mg/L, and COD 47.92 mg/L so it already suitable with the standard. From the test results, the effectiveness of TSS, BOD, and COD reduction is calculated by the difference between the inlet and outlet constants divided by the inlet constant and also calculating the BOD/COD ratio by dividing the COD and BOD levels of each sample. From the source of WC and bathroom waste (Mr. Wahyudi's House) the bacteria worked more effectively than the WC source (Mr. Somowirejo's House) with an efficiency of more than 80% in the third week after bacteria addition.Keywords: Anaerobic Granule Bacteria, Efficiency, Domestic Wastewater, IPAL ST 60
Pemanfaatan Polimer Alam Kappa-Karagenan dan Glukomanan untuk Mikroenkapsulasi Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Get PDFABSTRAK. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) adalah olahan pertama minyak zaitun tanpa campuran ekstrak lainnya yang mengandung senyawa antioksidan berupa senyawa fenolik, tokoferol, squalene, klorofil, β-karoten, dan polifenol. Kandungan antioksidan ini mudah teroksidasi sehingga perlu dipertahankan dengan cara mikroenkapsulasi. Mikroenkapsulasi merupakan penyalutan tipis dengan polimer pada partikel kecil zat padat dan dispersi zat cair dimana ukuran partikel antara 1-5000 µm. Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan volume bahan inti dan komposisi campuran polimer pada mikroenkapsulasi EVOO dengan penyalut polimer alam kappa-karagenan dan glukomanan menggunakan metode koaservasi. Keberhasilan EVOO tersalut dalam polimer ditunjukkan berdasarkan rendemen mikrokapsul, Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), dan efisiensi enkapsulasi. Hasil riset didapatkan penambahan volume minyak dan campuran komposisi polimer berpengaruh terhadap efisiensi yang dihasilkan. Efisiensi enkapsulasi tertinggi terdapat pada penambahan volume EVOO 0,5 mL sebesar 74,996% dan komposisi polimer pada 0,2 g kappa-karagenan + 0,1 g glukomanan sebesar 77,5637%. Kata kunci: Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Koaservasi, Mikroenkapsulasi, Polimer Abstract. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the first processed olive oil without other extracts containing antioxidant compounds in the form of phenolic compounds, tocopherols, squalene, chlorophyll, β -carotene, and polyphenols. These antioxidants are easily oxidized so it need to be maintained using microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is a thin polymer coating on small solid particles and liquid dispersions where the particle size ranges from 1-5000 µm. The aim of the research is to determine the effect of the volume of core material and the composition of polymer mixture on EVOO microencapsulation using mixture natural polymer kappa-carrageenan and glucomannan by coacervation method. The success of coating EVOO by the polymer was demonstrated based on the yield, Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and encapsulation efficiency. The results showed that the addition of oil volume and a mixture of polymer compositions affected the resulting efficiency. The highest encapsulation efficiency was found in the addition of 0.5 mL EVOO which provides efficiency 74.996% and polymer composition at 0.2 g of kappa-carrageenan + 0.1 g of glucomannan which provides efficiency 77.5637%.Keywords: Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Coaservation Microencapsulation, Polymer
Kajian Teknoekonomi Bioetanol Berbahan Molasses Sebagai Alternatif Substitusi BBM
Get PDFABSTRAK. Konsumsi energi pada sektor transportasi di Indonesia sangat besar dikarenakan penggunaan BBM yang sangat besar. Besarnya proporsi penggunaan BBM untuk transportasi juga diikuti dengan besarnya subsidi pemerintah untuk BBM. Data sepanjang tahun 2010-2020 menunjukkan realisasi subsidi BBM selalu lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang dianggarkan. Sehingga perlunya alternatif untuk mengurangi konsumsi BBM pada sektor transportasi. Dari sisi teknis peluang penggunaan bioetanol generasi 1 (G1) berbahan molasses mudah di aplikasikan karena proses yang sederhana. Dari analisis ekonomi terlihaat bahawa projek ini layak dilakukan ketika NPV dan DCFROR bernilai positif, sehingga saat harga molasses 1.500,00/ Kg dan harga bioetanol 15.000,00/ liter projek ini layak dilakukan, begitu juga ketika harga molasses 2.061,00/ Kg dan harga bioetanol 16.000,00/ liter serta ketika harga molasses 2.061,00/ Kg dan harga bioetanol 15.000,00/ liter, namun ketika harga molasses 2.061,00/ Kg dan harga bioetanol 12.113,00/ liter projek ini tidak layak dilakukan karena NPV dan DCFROR bernilai negatif. Dari hasil simulasi tersebut diketahui bahwa harga molases dan bioetanol sangat berpengaruh terhadap realisasi substitusi BBM dengan bioetanol, selain itu ketersedian bahan baku yaitu molasses juga perlu diperhatikan untuk menjaga kontinuitas proses. Kata Kunci: Bahan Bakar, Bioetanol, Ekonomi, Transportasi ABSTRACT. Energy consumption in the transportation sector in Indonesia is very large due to the very large use of fuel. A large proportion of the use of fuel for transportation is also followed by the number of government subsidies for fuel. Data throughout 2010-2020 show that the realization of fuel subsidies is always higher than the budgeted one. So the need for alternatives to reduce fuel consumption in the transportation sector. From a technical point of view, the opportunity to use bioethanol generation 1 (G1) which is made from molasses is easy to apply because of the simple process. From the economic analysis, it can be seen that this project is feasible when the NPV and DCFROR are positive, so when the molasses price is 1.500,00/Kg and the bioethanol price is 15,000.00/liter this project is feasible, as well as when the molasses price is 2.061,00/Kg and the price of molasses is 2.061,00/Kg. bioethanol 16.000,00/liter and when the price of molasses is 2.061,00/Kg and the price of bioethanol is 15.000,00/liter, but when the price of molasses is 2.061,00/Kg and the price of bioethanol is 12.113,00/liter this project is not feasible because of NPV and DCFROR have a negative value. From the simulation results, it is known that the price of molasses and bioethanol is very influential on the realization of the substitution of fuel with bioethanol, the availability of raw materials or molasses also needs to be considered to maintain the continuity of the process.Keywords: Fuel, Bioethanol, Economy, Transportatio
Pengaruh Fraksi Minyak dan Emulsifier serta Kecepatan Pengadukan terhadap Karakteristik Emulsi Minyak Biji Bunga Matahari (Helianthus annuus L.) dalam Air (M/A)
Get PDFABSTRAK. Emulsi M/A basis krim minyak biji bunga matahari memiliki keunggulan menjaga kelembaban kulit, anti inflamasi, mudah diaplikasikan, tidak lengket, dan mudah dicuci dengan air. Formula memiliki peran penting dalam pembuatan basis krim karena formula yang tidak tepat menyebabkan perubahan sifat dan karakteristik yang drastis. Percobaan ini dipelajari untuk mengetahui pengaruh fraksi emulsifier, fraksi minyak biji bunga matahari, dan kecepatan pengadukan terhadap karakteristik basis krim. Karakteristik yang diamati adalah daya sebar, diameter globula, dan stabilitas basis krim. Basis krim dibuat dalam beberapa formula dan berbagai kecepatan pengadukan ketika fase minyak dituangkan ke dalam fase air secara bertahap. Suhu kerja dijaga antara 60-70 oC selama 30 menit saat pencampuran. Pengamatan daya sebar dan diameter globula dilakukan setiap 5 menit, sedangkan stabilitas hanya diamati pada akhir proses. Perlakuan terpilih berupa kecepatan pengadukan 2000 rpm pada pengemulsi 4% dan minyak biji bunga matahari 10% menghasilkan basis krim dengan daya sebar 7,1 + 0,68 cm dan diameter globula 12,7 + 1,62 µm. Semua formula dan kecepatan pengadukan menghasilkan basis krim M/A dengan stabilitas yang baik.Kata kunci: basis krim, emulsi M/A kecepatan pengadukan, minyak biji bunga matahari, emulsifierABSTRACT. The O/W emulsion of sunflower seed oil base cream has the advantage of maintaining skin moisture, anti-inflammatory, easy to apply, not sticky, and easily washed off with water. A Formula has an important role in a base cream manufacturing due to improper formula causing drastic changes in the properties and characteristics. These experiments were studied to investigate the effects of fraction of natural emulsifier, fraction of sunflower seed oil, and impeller speed on the base cream characteristics. The characteristics observed were spreadability, globule diameter, and stability of the base cream. The base cream was prepared in some formulas and various of impeller speeds when the oil phase was poured into the water phase gradually. The working temperature was kept between 60-70oC for 30 minutes of mixing. Observations of the spreadability and the globule diameter were conducted every 5 minutes, while the stability just observed at the end of process. The treatment of 2000 rpm of impeller speed on 4% of emulsifier and 10% of sunflower seed oil resulted in the base cream with spreadability of 7.1 + 0.68 cm and globule diameter of 12.7 + 1.62 µm, while all of the formulas and impeller speeds resulted in O/W base cream having good stabilityKeywords: Base Cream, Impeller Speed, Natural Emulsifier, O/W emulsion, Sunflower Seed Oil
Pemurnian Minyak Biji Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Minyak Goreng
Get PDFABSTRAK. Minyak biji kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) merupakan salah satu sumber daya yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai alternatif pengganti minyak sawit dalam produksi minyak goreng karena kadar air dan bilangan peroksidanya yang lebih rendah. Namun, kandungan asam lemak bebas (FFA) dan asam sianida (HCN) yang tinggi dalam minyak biji kesambi memerlukan pemurnian lebih lanjut sebelum komersialisasi. Pada penelitian ini, proses pemurnian minyak biji kesambi dilakukan dengan teknik degumming, adsorpsi, dan netralisasi. Proses degumming dilakukan dengan menggunakan asam fosfat selama 20 menit. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses adsorpsi menggunakan zeolit 25% (b/b) selama 14 jam. Proses netralisasi selanjutnya dilakukan dengan natrium hidroksida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 32,87 g gum dihilangkan selama proses degumming. Uji asam pikrat membuktikan bahwa adsorpsi menggunakan zeolit mengurangi kandungan HCN, yang menunjukkan bahwa minyak yang diolah aman untuk dikonsumsi. Hasil pengujian FFA menunjukkan bahwa kadar FFA akhir untuk setiap proses berturut-turut adalah 7,25, 6,46, 6,21, 0,17%. Kajian ini mengungkap potensi minyak biji kesambi sebagai minyak goreng masa depan dengan meningkatkan kualitasnya sehingga dapat memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia. ABSTRACT. Kesambi seed oil (Schleichera oleosa) is one of the resources that can be utilized as an alternative to substitute palm oil in cooking oil production due to its lower moisture content and peroxide value. However, the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) and cyanide acid (HCN) contents in kesambi seed oil require further purification prior to commercialization. In this study, the purification process of kesambi seed oil was carried out with degumming, adsorption, and neutralization techniques. The degumming process was conducted using phosphoric acid for 20 minutes. Afterward, the adsorption process was carried out using 25% (w/w) zeolite for 14 h. The neutralization process was subsequently performed with sodium hydroxide. The results showed that as much as 32.87 g of gum was removed during the degumming process. The picric acid tests verified that the adsorption using zeolite reduced the HCN contents, which indicates that the treated oil is safe to consume. The FFA test results showed that the final FFA content for each process was 7.25, 6.46, 6.21, 0.17%, respectively. This study unfolds the potential of kesambi seed oil as future cooking oil by improving its quality that can satisfy the Indonesia National Standard
Batch mode treatment of wastewater from the Maroua artisanal tannery using silica extracted from rice husks and silica/sand mixture
Get PDFABSTRACT. Tanning activity consumes high volumes of water resulting in large volumes of highly colored polluted wastewater being discharged to the environment. In this study, the discoloration of the wastewater of the local artisanal tannery using SiO2 synthesized from rice husks and silica/sand mixture at different process conditions was investigated. The results revealed that the discoloration process is favorable for both adsorbents at 35oC with maximum of 61% for sand/SiO2 mixture system and 64% for SiO2 system. The presence of NaCl electrolyte enhanced the discoloration for both adsorbents increasing from 44% for sand/SiO2 mixture at 0 NaCl to 72% at 0.5M NaCl and from 49% for SiO2 system at 0 NaCl to 63 % at 0.5M NaCl. Increasing the amount of sand from 0.2 to 1 g at fixed SiO2 of 0.1 g in sand/SiO2 mixture showed discoloration from 40-41 % while increasing SiO2 in SiO2 alone system from 0.05 to 0.5 g had a discoloration of 45-71%. Results of this study shows that sand a very abundant local and worldwide material can be complemented with silica in a very low cost tannery wastewater discoloration process.Keywords: Tannery, Wastewater, Silica, Sand, Discoloratio