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Protecting AI-Generated Inventions under the UK's IP Regulatory Regime
No full text86-100The United Kingdom is one of the world's oldest and most progressive IP legal systems. UK presents one of the most
pragmatic and conscientious IP legal systems when regulating unconventional technologies such as Artificial Intelligence
(AI) and AI inventions. By adopting a blend of conservative and progressive approaches to AI regulation, the UK's IP legal
system promises to be one of the most robust, optimal and collegial AI regulatory jurisdictions for critical legal analysis and
examination. UK's regulatory and policy regime for AI and AI inventions is emerging from the multi-stakeholder and multiinstitutional
consultative process in which the perspectives from eminent academics, experts from industry, state regulatory
and research institutions are being solicited and synthesized. The UK is currently undertaking a consultation on the impact
of artificial intelligence (AI) on intellectual property (IP) Law, specifically on patents and trade secrets.
The outcomes of this consultation will help shape the UK's IP framework, ensuring it remains fit for purpose in the
digital age and encourages innovation while protecting the rights of inventors and creators. The research paper critically
examines the legal and economic intricacies and ramifications of the UK's quest to fashion a futuristic yet conscientious
IP legal regime for regulating AI and AI-generated inventions. By adopting a doctrinal, critical legal and economic analysis
approach, the research paper first examines the fitness of the UK's patent, copyright and trade secret laws for protecting
AI-generated inventions to accentuate the regimental and regulatory inadequacies therein. The paper cross-examines how
such regulatory inadequacies and implications are being resolved through the consultative engagements between the UK's
Artificial Intelligence Office under the auspices of the UK's Intellectual Property Office and experts from academia
and industry
Generative AI, Text & Data Mining and the Fair Dealing Doctrine: Examining the New Problem with the Old Regime
No full text77-85Nowadays, AI systems can produce creative output, such as paintings, poetry, music, etc. Text and Data Mining (TDM)
techniques are used to ‘train’ Artificial Intelligence (AI) and for other R&D in AI. This article focuses on the governance of
TDM in India. The author has argued that Section 52 of the Indian Copyright Act may handle copyright aspects of TDM
activities. Still, there is a need for legislative intervention for fair governance and to take care of some challenges associated
with it. The first part of the article talks about the scope of the principle of “fair dealing” in governing copyright aspects
associated with TDM in India. In the second part, while explaining the TDM exceptions in other countries, the author has
argued how the socio-economic condition in India favours a liberal exception of copyright to carry out TDM activities, how
the narrow exception like in the EU’s Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM) may prejudice the
society and overall development in India. The author has argued that liberal TDM exceptions like Japan would benefit India
even though there are challenges by AI firms to exploit the copyrights of the holders. In the third part, the argument of
liberal TDM exceptions is supported by major socioeconomic factors like the state of the domestic economy and linguistic,
social and cultural diversity
Hydrogel-based bio-inks: Current progress and future directions in 3D printing
No full text11-24Hydrogel-based bio-inks have become a cornerstone in the advancement of 3D bioprinting, particularly for tissue
engineering applications. This review explores the current progress and future directions in the development of hydrogelbased
bio-inks for 3D printing. Hydrogels, with their high water content and biocompatibility, closely mimic the natural
extracellular matrix, making them highly suitable for creating tissue scaffolds. Recent advancements include the
enhancement of mechanical properties, printability, and bioactivity through the incorporation of nanomaterials and the
combination of natural and synthetic polymers. These improvements have led to better structural integrity and functional
capabilities of printed scaffolds. The integration of bioactive molecules and growth factors within hydrogel matrices has
further promoted cell proliferation and differentiation, and enhancing tissue regeneration. However, challenges such as the
need for standardized protocols, improved printing resolution and precision, and the development of bio-inks that can
support complex cellular microenvironments are still exiting. Future research is likely to focus on developing
multifunctional bio-inks capable of adapting to diverse biological and mechanical needs. This includes stimuli-responsive
hydrogels and novel bioprinting techniques like microfluidic-based and laser-assisted printing. Addressing these challenges
and exploring new directions will significantly advance the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Phenotypic antibiotic resistance: Involvement of genes and additional factors
No full text281-286The rise of antibiotic resistance poses a critical threat to humanity. This review explores phenotypic antibiotic resistance, a mechanism by which bacteria transiently adapt to survival in the presence of antibiotics. We explore the underlying mechanisms, including alterations in the bacterial envelope, efflux pumps, and enzyme activity. The roles of the mar operon, a key regulatory system, are also discussed. Recent discoveries in compounds that induce phenotypic resistance and novel detection methods are also highlighted. We conclude by emphasizing the clinical significance of this phenomenon and exploring future research directions to combat this growing challenge
